Study On The Psycho - Social Problems Faced by Transgenders With Special Reference To Nedumpuram Region."

Bachelor of Social Work
“A STUDY ON THE PSYCHO – SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACED BY

TRANSGENDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
NEDUMPURAM REGION.”
A Dissertation submitted to Mahatma Gandhi University in partial fulfilment of the
Requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Social Work
Submitted by
JINSON RAJU
Reg. No. 180021099102
Under the supervision of
Mr. Akhil Shaji Mathew
SAHYAJYOTHI ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE KUMILY

2018-2021
Sahyajyothi Arts & College

Sahyajyothi Arts & Science College Kumily

(Affiliated to M.G. University, Kottayam)
Owned and Run by the MALANKARA CATHOLIC ARCHDIOCESE of Thiruvalla
1st Mile, Kumily P.O, Idukki District, Kerala – 685509, Tel. 04869 222085, 8111955105
E-mail: sahyajyothicollege@gmail.com, Web: www.sahyajyothi.ac.in
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this dissertation titled, “A STUDY ON THE PSYCHO – SOCIAL
PROBLEMS FACED BY TRANSGENDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
NEDUMPURAM REGION.” is a work done by JINSON RAJU of VI semester, Bachelor of Social
Work under the guidance and supervision of Mr. Akhil Shaji Mathew and submitted to Mahatma
Gandhi University for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Social Work.
Place: Kumily Prof. M. J. Mathew
Date: Principal
Sahyajyothi Arts &Science College, Kumily

Sahyajyothi Arts & Science College, Kumily

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this dissertation titled, “A STUDY ON THE PSYCHO – SOCIAL PROBLEMS
FACED BY TRANSGENDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NEDUMPURAM
REGION.” is a record of genuine work done by JINSON RAJU of VI semester Bachelor of Social
Work and submitted to Mahatma Gandhi University for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Social
Work, under my guidance and the dissertation has not formed the basis of award of any degree/
diploma/ associate/fellowship or similar title to any candidate of any university.
Place: Kumily Mrs. Thasneema M. Kabeer
Date: Head of the Social Work Department

Sahyajyothi Arts &Science College, Kumily


CERTIFICATE
NEDUMPURAM REGION.” is a record of genuine work done by JINSON RAJU of VI semester
Bachelor of Social Work and submitted to Mahatma Gandhi University for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Social Work, under my supervision and guidance and the dissertation has not formed the
basis of award of any degree/ diploma/ associate/fellowship or similar title to any candidate of any
university.
Place: Kumily Mr. Akhil Shaji Mathew
Date: Dissertation Genuine guide
Department of social work
Sahyajyothi Arts & Science College


CERTIFICATE
NEDUMPURAM REGION.” is a record of genuine work done by JINSON RAJU of VI semester
Bachelor of Social Work and submitted to Mahatma Gandhi University for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Social Work, under my supervision and guidance and the dissertation has not formed the
basis of award of any degree/ diploma/ associate/fellowship or similar title to any candidate of any
university.
Place: Kumily
Date:
Examiner 1: Examiner 2:

DECLARATION
I, JINSON RAJU hereby declare that this dissertation titled, “A STUDY ON THE PSYCHO –
SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACED BY TRANSGENDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
NEDUMPURAM REGION.” is a record of genuine work done by me under the guidance of Mr.
Akhil Shaji Mathew and no part of this has been produced before any university for the award of
degree, diploma or certificate, to be best of my knowledge and belief.
Place: Kumily JINSON RAJU
Date: Reg. No.180021099102

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to God Almighty for having blessed me with his wisdom and knowledge.
First, I would like to thank the management, Sahyajyothi Arts and Science College headed by Prof.
M. J. Mathew (Principal) and Mrs. Thasneema M. Kabeer head of Social Work Department for
supporting me to complete my work as part of my curriculum.
I am indebted with at most gratitude to Mr. Akhil Shaji Mathew my research guide who has been
instrumental in moulding my research work. I deeply acknowledge his timely interventions and
motivation he has showered upon me, which had been significant in completing the research in
successful manner.
I would also like to thank Mr. Akhil Shaji Mathew for his valuable class on research. Thasneema M.
Kabeer and Mr. Akhil Mathew Shaji, and Ms. Shilpa Mathew for their guidance and training
sessions on SPSS software package for data analysis and interpretation.
I also thank for the cooperation received from the students in other departments for providing me the
data required to complete the research process
I thank my family who stood by me throughout the process and my friends for the support. I am
grateful to all who have in one way or the other helped me in accomplishing this work by contributing
their valuable comments and suggestions.

PREFACE
The word ‘Transgender” has been derived from the Latin word ‘trans’ and the English word ‘gender’.
Different sorts of individuals come under this category. No particular form of sexual orientation is
meant through the term transgender.
This study aims to investigate the psycho-social problem faced by transgenders, their economic status
and also social empowerment through various governmental programmes and inclusion trends, the
major problems faced by the community in the society.
The sampling method used for this study was convenience sampling. In like manner, survey forms
were prepared with unique set of questions for the transgender community members. The respondents
were randomly chosen from the Nedumpuram region to conduct survey. Furthermore, SPSS was
instrumented to data analyses and interpretation. A total of 60 people participated in this study from all
the Transgender community of Nedumpuram region.
This study was able to find out about the psycho-social problem faced by transgenders, their
economic status and also social empowerment through various governmental programmes and
inclusion trends, the major problems faced by the community in the society.

CONTENTS
TITTLE SHEET
CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PREFACE
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
CHAPTERIZATION
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER2 – REVIEW OF LITERATURE
CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 4 – DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
CHAPTER 5 – FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS, AND CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLES
Sl. Table Page
TITLE
No No. no.
1. 1. AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS
2. 2. SEX OF THE RESPONDENTS
3. 3. RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS
4. 4.
Sl. Diagram QUALIFICATIONS OF THE RESPONDENTS Page
No5. 5.
No. ANNUAL INCOME TITLE OF THE RESPONDENTS no.
6.
1. 6.
1. ECONOMIC AGE OF THEOF
STATUS THE RESPONDENTS
RESPONDENTS
2.7. 7.
2. OCCUPATION
SEX OF THE OF THE RESPONDENTS
RESPONDENTS
3.8. 8.
3. NEGLECT
RELIGIONIN THE
OF FIELD OF EDUCATION
THE RESPONDENTS
9.
4. 9.
4. PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED BY
QUALIFICATIONS OF THE RESPONDENTSTHE HOUSEHOLD
10.
5. 10.
5. OBJECTIONS
ANNUAL INCOME FROMOF RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
THE RESPONDENTS
11.
6. 11.
6. SUFFERED MENTALLY BEING
ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS A TRANSGENDER
12.
7. 12.
7. OPPOSITION
OCCUPATION FROM
OF THEGENERAL PUBLIC
RESPONDENTS
13.
8. 13.
8. OPPORTUNITIES DENIED BEING
NEGLECT IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION A TRANSGENDER
14.
9. 14.
9. SATISFIED
PROBLEMSWITH YOUR OWN
EXPERIENCED BYGENDER IDENTITY
THE HOUSEHOLD
15.
10. 15.
10. OBJECTIONS FAMILY
FROM OF OWN
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
16.
11. 16.
11. OTHER TRANSGENDER PEOPLE
SUFFERED MENTALLY BEING A TRANSGENDER IN FAMILY
17.
12. 17.
12. TOILET FACILITIES
OPPOSITION FROM GENERALAVAILABLE PUBLIC
18.
13. 18.
13. SOCIETY CHANGED COMPARED
OPPORTUNITIES DENIED BEING A TRANSGENDER TO PAST
19.
14. 19.
14. CONSIDERATION
SATISFIED WITH YOUR GIVEN
OWNISGENDER
INADEQUATE IDENTITY
20.
15. 20.
15. DIFFICULT FOR OTHERS TO
FAMILY OF OWN INTERACT WITH YOU
21.
16. 21.
16. GENDER
OTHER REASSIGNMENT
TRANSGENDER PEOPLE SURGERY
IN FAMILY
22.
17. 22.
17. WANT
TOILETTO BE TREATEDAVAILABLE
FACILITIES AS EQUALS
18. 18. TRANSGENDER PEOPLE ARE MORE
SOCIETY CHANGED COMPARED TO LIKELY TO PAST
BE SEXUALLY
23. 23.
19. 19. CONSIDERATION ABUSED
GIVEN IS INADEQUATE
20. 20. PSYCHOLOGICALL ISSUES RELATED
DIFFICULT FOR OTHERS TO INTERACT TO GENDER WITHIDENTITY
YOU
24. 24.
21. 21. GENDER EVER FELT SUICIDAL
REASSIGNMENT SURGERY
22. 22. PUBLIC IS PREPARING
WANT TO BE TO TREATED
HEAR AND ASUNDERSTAND
EQUALS YOUR
25. 25.
TRANSGENDER PEOPLE PROBLEMS
ARE MORE OPENLY
LIKELY TO BE SEXUALLY
23. 23. FRIENDS FROM TRANSGENDER COMMUNITY ARE MORE
26. 26. ABUSED
PSYCHOLOGICALL ISSUES HELPFUL
RELATED TO GENDER IDENTITY
24.
27. 24.
27. FELT STIGMATIZED WHEN NEGLECTED
EVER FELT SUICIDAL BY THE SOCIETY
28. 28. PUBLIC IS PREPARING MEDICAL
TO HEAR PROBLEM
AND UNDERSTAND YOUR
25.
29. 25.
29. MENTAL PRESSURE
PROBLEMS OPENLY
30. 30. AFRAIDFROM
FRIENDS OR ASHAMED
TRANSGENDER OF BEING A TRANSGENDER
COMMUNITY ARE MORE
26.
31. 26.
31. SATISFIED HELPFUL
IN PERSONAL LIFE
32.
27. 32.
27. FELT STIGMATIZED SATISFIED
WHENINNEGLECTED
SOCIAL LIFEBY THE SOCIETY
33.
28. 33.
28. SATISFIED IN VOCATIONAL
MEDICAL PROBLEM LIFE
34.
29. 34.
29. SOUGHT HELP OF ANY
MENTAL PRESSURE COUNSELLOR
35.
30. 35.
30. WAYS TAKEN
AFRAID TO OVERCOME
OR ASHAMED MENTAL
OF BEING DIFFICULTIES
A TRANSGENDER
36.
31. 36.
31. NEEDSATISFIED
FOR REHABILITATION
IN PERSONAL LIFE CENTRES
37.
32. 37.
32. REDUCTION OFSATISFIED
STRESS THROUGHIN SOCIAL JOB OPPORTUNITIES
LIFE
38.
33. 38.
33. SHARE MENTAL
SATISFIED PROBLEMS
IN VOCATIONAL LIFE
39.
34. 39.
34. FRIENDSHIP HELPS GET RID OF
SOUGHT HELP OF ANY COUNSELLOR MENTAL CONFLICTS
40.
35. 40.
35. INSPIREND
WAYS BY SOMEONE
TAKEN FROM THE
TO OVERCOME TRANSGENDER
MENTAL SOCIETY
DIFFICULTIES
36. 36. NEED FOR REHABILITATION CENTRES
37. 37. REDUCTION OF STRESS THROUGH JOB OPPORTUNITIES
38. 38. SHARE MENTAL PROBLEMS
39. 39. FRIENDSHIP HELPS GET RID OF MENTAL CONFLICTS
40. 40. INSPIREND BY SOMEONE FROM THE TRANSGENDER SOCIETY
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION
All societies assign specific adult roles based on sex which is emphasized in the process of socialization.
For many people, the terms sex and gender are used interchangeably. However, although sex and gender
are closely related, there is a subtle difference between the two. Sex refers to biological status as male or
female. It includes physical attributes such as sex chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, internal
reproductive structures, and external genitalia.
Gender is a term that is often used to refer to the individual’s internal feelings and experiences of gender,
which may or may not resemble with the sex assigned at birth and ways that people act, or feel about
themselves, which is associated with boys/men and girls/women. While aspects of biological sex are the
same across different cultures, aspects of gender may not be.
Human society is a complex organization of human relationships. The implications of such a structural
conception are that the human being act and interact with each other in accordance with their role they
play. ‘TRANSGENDER’ is an umbrella term used to describe anyone whose gender identity does not
match with the assigned birth gender. It is a state of one's "gender identity" not matching one's "assigned
sex.
Transgender is a group whose identity is beyond the notion of conventional gender structures. The present
paper attempts to delve deep into sociological positions of transgender in the society i.e., their role
definitions with in family and within society. Being belonging to their category is treated as a curse to a
family and they are treated at the margins within the society. Their marginalized role looking at their lives
in the society.
 Hindu and the Transgender: -

The Indian transgender transgenders of Aravanis ritually marry the Hindu god Aravan and then
mourn his ritual death (seen) in an 18-day festival in Koovagam, India. Many practices a form of
syncretism that draws on multiple religions; seeing themselves to be neither men nor women,
transgenders practice rituals for both men and women. Transgenders belong to a special caste. They
are usually devotees of the mother goddess Bahuchara Mata, Lord Shiva, or both.
 Transgenders and Lord Shiva: -

One of the forms of Lord Shiva is a merging with Parvati where together they are Ardhanari, a god
that is half Shiva and Half Parvati. Ardhanari has special significance as a patron of transgenders,
who identify with the gender ambiguity.
 Transgenders in the Ramayana: -

In some versions of the Ramayana, when Rama Ayodhya for his 14- year exile, a crowd of his
subjects follow him into the forest because of their devotion to him. Soon Rama notices this, and
gathers them to tell them not to mourn, and that all the "men and women" of his kingdom should
return to their places in Ayodhya, he finds that the transgenders, being neither men nor women, have
not moved from the place where he gave his speech. Impressed with their devotion, Rama grants
transgenders the boon to confer blessings on people during auspicious inaugural occasions like
childbirth and weddings. This boon is the origin of badhai in which transgenders sing, danced, and
give blessings.
 Transgenders in the Mahabharata: -

Mahabharata includes an episode in which Arjun, a hero of the epic, is sent into an exile. There he
assumes an identity of a eunuch-transvestite and performs rituals during weddings and child births
that are now performed by transgenders.
 Islam and the Transgender: -

In Muslim social orders and societies, individuals are normally anticipated to carry on in accordance
with their biological sex (and/or ascribed sex personality) and they are given a gender of either a
male or female. As per a few religious authors/researchers, the Quran expressly perceives that there
are a few individuals who are neither male nor female. They can’t end that the verses 42:49- 42:50
(Surah Ash Shura) in fact depict the assortments of sexual introduction.

1.1. TRANSGENDER – Meaning

The most accepted definition currently for the term transgender seems to be “People who were assigned a
gender, usually at birth and based on their genitals, but who feel that this is a false or incomplete
description of themselves.” (USI LGBT Campaign Transgender Campaign, 2007). It is often used as an
umbrella term to mean those who defy rigid, binary gender constructions, and who express or present a
breaking and/or blurring of culturally prevalent/stereotypical gender roles. Transgendered persons usually
live full or part time in the gender role opposite to the one in which they were born.
In contemporary usage, "transgender” is used to describe a wide range of identities and experiences,
including but not limited to: pre-operative, post-operative and non-operative transsexual people; male and
female cross-dressers (sometimes referred to as "transvestites", "drag queens", or "drag kings");
intersexed individuals; and men and women, regardless of sexual orientation, whose appearance or
characteristics are perceived to be gender a typical. The term transgender does not imply any specific
form of sexual orientation; transgender people may identify as heterosexual, homosexual or as bisexual.
The term trans man refers to female-to-male (FtM) transgender people, and trans woman refers to male-
to-female (MtF) transgender people. Some transgender individuals experience their gender identity as
incongruent with their anatomical sex and may seek some degree of sex reassignment surgery, take
hormones or undergo other cosmetic procedures. Others may pursue gender expression (masculine or
feminine) through external self-presentation and behaviour.

1.2. SPECIAL SOCIAL SYSTEM OF TRANSGENDER

COMMUNITY
Transgenders are stigmatized people. So, like all other stigmatized people they are marginalized. For this
they cannot share all the social events frequently. So, they have to lead their life in different pattern.
Usually, they cannot mix with general people. So, they lived in different community and they have
special social system.
They have different house where they lived together with other Transgenders. They also communicate
with all other Transgenders all over the country. They have some special symbolic languages which is
called as multi language and religious practices. Generally, Transgenders did not do any salary-oriented
job. Traditionally they don't involve in business. But at present some Transgenders are engage in
business.
Major occupation Traditionally the Transgenders earn their living by performing at life-cycle
ceremonies, such as the birth of a child-formerly only for male children, who are much desired in India,
but today sometimes for female children as well and at marriages and they also serve the goddess in her
temple.
The attraction that the Transgender role holds for some individuals is the opportunity to engage in sexual
relations with men, while enjoying the sociability and relative security of an organized community; these
advantages are apparent in contrast to the insecurity and harassment experienced by the effeminate
homosexual living on his own. But, whether with husbands or customers, sexual relations run counter to
the cultural definitions of the Transgender role, and are a source of conflict within the community.
Transgender elders attempt to maintain control over those who would 'spoil' the Transgender reputation
by engaging in sexual activity. While the core of the positive meaning attached to the Transgender rule is
linked to the negation of sexual desire, the reality is that many Transgenders do, in fact, engage in sexual
activities.
These are three types of Transgenders: -
A) Real Transgender
B) Male Transgender
C) Female Transgender

1.3. SOME FEATURES OF TRANSGENDER/ TRANSEXUAL

DEVELOPMENT
Most two-year-olds know whether they are girls or boys. Children use the pronouns ‘‘her’’ or ‘‘him’’
when referring to females or males by the age of three (Grossman & D’Augelli, 2007). Some children
show gender-nonconforming behaviour causing parents and society to start shaping behaviour to ﬁt what
they consider normal early in the child’s life.
Cross-gender identification may be demonstrated by preferences for activities associated with the
opposite sex, such as choosing gender- nonconforming roles in fantasy play or wearing the clothing of the
opposite sex. Among transgender boys, feminine traits typically emerge early in development. In the case
of females, the fetish element is less important or almost absent. In both sex there is an obsessive striving
to change appearance and behaviour to mimic that of the opposite sex. A recent study suggests that
gender nonconforming girls have a range of gendered self-concepts, and develop identities to
accommodate an authentic sense of self rather than transition within a limited binary gender system
(Pardo, 2008).
Adolescence is a confusing time during which children learn the skills required to become healthy adults.
They experience significant intellectual, emotional, and physical developments during this bridge to
adulthood. This is equally true to the transgender adolescent, but they have the added disadvantage of
coming of age in a society in which their identities are stigmatized.
Gender transition is the period during which transsexual persons begin changing their appearances and
bodies to match their internal gender identity. While in transition, they are very vulnerable to
discrimination and are in dire need of support from family and friends. However, many parents react
negatively when they reveal their gender identities. They are often rejected, neglected, or abused by their
guardians and choose a life on the streets rather than remain in hostile environments.
Recent developmental explorations of transgender identities suggest that trans people typically go
through a process of dissonance, exploration, and disclosures that, when successful, leads to identity
resolution. (Pardo,2008). Following initial feelings of gender dissonance, transgender individuals
typically experience a period of identity confusion and exploration.
This may be a time of excitement and struggle as the person seeks to develop a sense of true self while
balancing feelings of guilt and shame, pressures to conform, and the need for secrecy. Individuals may
adopt social modifications such as using cross- gender pronouns or gender-neutral names; other strategies
include immersion in transgender communities and disclosures about being transgender (Grossman &
D'Augelli, 2006; Pardo, 2008).
Most transsexual men and women suffer from great psychological and emotional pain due to the conflict
between their gender identity and their original gender role and anatomy. They find their only recourse is
to change their gender role and undergo gender reassignment therapy. This may include taking hormones
or having sex reassignment surgery (SRS) to modify their primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

The requirements for hormone replacement therapy vary greatly. Often a minimum time period of
psychological counselling is required, and a minimum time spent living in the desired gender role in
order to ensure they can function psychologically in that role. Prevalence statistics estimate that
approximately 1in 30,000 biological males and 1 in 100,000 biological females seek sex reassignment
(American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Physicians who perform sex-reassignment surgery (SRS)
require the patient to live as the opposite gender in all possible ways for at least a year (this is termed
"cross-living") prior to the start of surgery.
SRS consists of processes transsexual women and men take in order to match their anatomical sex to their
gender identity. Not all transgenders undergo sexual reassignment surgery (either because of the high cost
of such surgery, medical reasons, or other reasons), although they live constantly in their chosen gender
role; these people are often called non-operative.

1.4. CAUSES OF TRANSGENDERISM

There is growing evidence that the transgendered conditions is due to a person's nature rather than the
nurture received early in life. Scientific evidence has shown that certain brain-structures in the
hypothalamus (the BSc region) determine each person’s core gender feelings and innate gender identity.
These structures are "hard-wired" prenatally in the lower brain centres and central nervous system (CNS)
during the early stages of pregnancy. If something goes amiss in the early stages of pregnancy the sex
hormones do not have the usual action on the integration of the foetus’s brain. In these cases, children are
born having a brain-sex (neurological sex) and innate gender identity opposite to that indicated both by
their genes and their genitalia. Since these infants look normal, they will be raised in the wrong gender
for their brain-sex (neurological sex). Being raised in the wrong gender causes them profound gender
dysphoria and mental anguish as they grow up.
Early theories were based on the belief that gender is learned behaviour. People believed that
transgenderism was a lifestyle choice and this belief led to the social stigma attached to the term. Some of
the psychological factors which have been linked with transgenderism are parental rejection, absence of
father during childhood, having emotionally-distant father, peer pressure, perfectionism, media images,
self-rejection and poor self-esteem which may be reinforced by hostile reception from society.

1.5. DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS OF TRANSGENDERS
1.5.1. Relationships, Family and Community

Few studies have focused on TGNC people’s relationships and family. Of 10,739 articles in
scholarly family therapy journals, only 9 focused on transgender issues (0.0008%). Studies are
mostly qualitative and samples are small. Some studies conceptualize how parents or spouses
deal with a loved one’s transition, depicting loss, grief and cognitive restructuring. While
family support is a protective factor in coping with minority stress and associated with better
quality of life, family rejection is as high as 57% and 19% reported family violence. Among
transgender women of colour, family rejection in childhood had lifelong negative sequelae.
Research on families with a transgender parent is scarce. An early study by Green showed that
children of transgender parents did not differ from children raised in more traditional settings.
A few studies examined changes in the parent-child relationship after transition; younger age at
transition and a positive relationship between parents proved protective. TGNC people’s work
life is also largely unexamined. Social stigma may disrupt or delay education and career
development, and transgender people worry about the impact of transition on the job. In a U.S.
national survey, 38% of transgender adults reported problems getting a job and 23% reported
losing a job because of being transgender. TGNC people are more likely to be unemployed
(33% vs. 12%) and live under the poverty level (31% vs. 9%).
Research is needed to better understand the challenges encountered in the workplace and how
these can be prevented or overcome. Incarceration is a public health concern disproportionately
affecting transgender women. Among a U.S. sample of 3,878 transgender women, 19%
reported incarceration. Transgender women of colour were 1.8 to 3.3 times more likely to
report incarceration than White women. The housing of TGNC people in custody in sex-
segregated facilities and their access to care remain contentious. Interventions are needed for
transgender women affected by the syndetic of incarceration, HIV, mental illness, and
substance use (e.g., R34DA038541).
1.1.1.5.2. Brain Development

Research on the brain of TGNC individuals can clarify etiology of gender dysphoria and
provide clinically relevant information about the effects of puberty suppression and gender-
affirming hormone therapy on the brain. Post mortem studies conducted in the Netherlands
have linked gender dysphoria to sex differences in the brain.
MRI studies using voxel-based morphometry, cortical thickness, and diffusion tensor imaging
indicate that the transgender man’s brain phenotype consists of a mixture of feminine,
masculine and defeminized characteristics, whereas the transgender woman’s phenotype
consists of feminine, masculine and demasculinized characteristics.
fMRI studies have focused on sexually dimorphic characteristics, such as mental rotation,
handedness, and response to erotic stimuli. PET studies have addressed hypothalamic responses
to putative pheromones acting in a sexually dimorphic manner (Berglund et al, 2008). These
studies point toward the existence of distinct phenotypes of the brain for both transgender
women and men. More integrative work is necessary
to illuminate etiology and understand the effects of hormone therapy on the brain and related
health and quality of life indicators.
Among nontrangender women, menopausal oestrogen therapy has been associated with smaller
regional volumes in frontal, temporal and limbic regions as well as the hippocampus. Among
women aged 65 and older, oestrogen therapy was associated with greater brain atrophy. In
addition, female sex steroids increase the risk of meningioma. These data are relevant for aging
among TGNC people; the metabolic mechanism that produces changes in the brain of those
receiving lifelong hormone therapy needs to be better understood.
1.5.1.3. Aging and End-of-Life

Transgender people aged 50 and older are at higher risk for poor physical health, disability,
depression, and perceived stress compared to their LGB counterparts. These differences are in
part due to fear of accessing health services, lack of physical activity, internalized stigma,
victimization, and lack of social support. Barriers to care are amplified by the lack of available
culturally competent services. In addition, ageism, lack of affordable housing, and lack of
family support appear to besiege TGNC older adults.
It is not uncommon for TGNC individuals to present for transition-related care in mid or later
life when social, identity, and biological forces appear to converge and affect the clinical
presentation. Changes in cortisol secretion and the down regulation of sex steroids and other
hormones possibly intensify gender dysphoria. The impact of these factors on quality of life of
transgender older adults has not been adequately studied. A review of research on end-of-life
care yielded no studies related to TGNC people in hospice or similar situations.
This despite reports that transgender people fear that their gender identity will not be respected
in long-term care and hospice facilities. One case report outlined some of the challenges
transgender elders and their providers might face.

.6. HAZARDS (Issues faced by Transgenders)

1.1.1. Gender Dysphoria
Gender dysphoria improves with gender-affirming treatment. Satisfaction with treatment is high
(> 80%, regrets < 2%) (16). However, outcome research has primarily followed a binary model
of gender, evaluating treatment with hormones, social transition, and surgery, in that order.
Gender identity and expression, and gender-affirming interventions have become increasingly
diverse. This diversity and the corresponding outcomes have not been systematically evaluated.
Gender dysphoria is a diagnosis in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
5th Edition (15).
1.1.2. Identity Development

Theories of transgender identity development include typologies and stage models. Typologies
differentiate TGNC individuals based on age of onset of gender dysphoria, degree of cross
gender identification or gender role nonconformity, and sexual orientation. Stage models
describe a series of developmental tasks. For example, Bockting & Coleman distinguish among
five stages, acknowledging how stigma attached to gender nonconformity shape’s psychosocial
identity development. Stage models are informed by qualitative research and clinical
experience, yet have not been tested empirically. Project AFFIRM, a longitudinal study of
transgender identity development across the lifespan (R01HD79603), includes an examination
of developmental tasks and stages.
1.1.3. Sexual orientation

TGNC individuals may be attracted to men, women, and/or other TGNC people. Sexual
orientation may affect transgender identity development and vice versa. For example,
transgender men attracted to women may identify as lesbian before coming out as transgender,
while other transgender men or women may not explore their attractions toward men until after
transition. Vulnerabilities and sexual health needs may differ by sexual orientation.
1.1.4. HIV
Research has shown disproportionate prevalence of HIV, AIDS-related mortality, and
uncontrolled viral load among transgender women. Transgender men who have sex with men
reported high rates of sexual risk behaviour. Few tailored interventions have been tested, yet
several trials are underway. There are no transgender-specific guidelines for Prep, despite
evidence suggesting unique barriers to uptake and adherence.
HIV-positive transgender women are less likely to receive Anti-Retroviral Treatment (ART)
and showed worse adherence than other groups. They face complex psychosocial challenges

that complicate their access to HIV care, including past negative experiences, giving priority to
transition-related care, and concerns about ART and hormone interactions.
Interventions need to address lack of adherence self-efficacy. Integration of hormonal and HIV
care may facilitate adherence and decrease self-administered hormone use.
1.1.5. Sexual functioning and satisfaction

Few studies have assessed sexual functioning. In an intervention study, TGNC participants
reported difficulty getting aroused (38%), low sexual desire (34%), difficulty reaching orgasm
alone or with a partner (35% and 28%, respectively); some transgender women attributed their
sexual functioning problems to hormone therapy (13%). A review of research on sexual
functioning after hormones and surgery, mostly conducted in Europe, found rates of low sexual
desire among transgender women comparable to those of nontrans gender women, while sexual
desire of transgender men increased with hormone therapy and surgery.
1.1.6. Reproductive Health

In a recent study of transgender men who had delivered a child, 80% used their own eggs, 61%
had used testosterone previously, and some pregnancies were unplanned. Questions remain
about long-term fertility and best practices to preserve (before hormone therapy) or regain (after
hormone therapy) fertility in both transgender men and women, and to retain ovaries after
hysterectomy for possible future harvesting in transgender men. Questions also remain about
the impact of prior testosterone use on a current pregnancy, how long before pregnancy
testosterone should be discontinued, and how to counsel a pregnant patient who still has
circulating testosterone levels.
1.1.7. Sex Work

Sex work is common, particularly among transgender women, attributed to economic hardship,
employment discrimination, and lack of health insurance coverage for transgender-specific
care. HIV prevalence is more than five times as high among transgender compared to nontrans
gender female sex workers, and substantially higher than among transgender women not
engaged in sex work. Qualitative research suggests that transgender women may be introduced
to sex work by finding community on the street and, initially, as part of their quest to affirm
gender identity. Research is needed to understand sex work in context of identity development
and to test interventions aimed to reduce harm and improve sex work conditions.

1.1.7. ADJUSTMENTS THEY TAKE IN LIFE

1.1.1. Transgender families Adjustments
Research shows that a significant number of transgender people have children, and that the
rates of parenthood currently tend to be higher among trans women than among trans men,
mainly because the majority of trans women became parents before they embark on a social
gender role transition (Fundamental Rights Agency, 2014; Meatmans, Ponnet, & De Cuypere,
2014; Rosser, Oakes, Bockting, & Miner, 2007; Sales, 1995; Stotzer, Herman, & Hasenbush,
2014). This sex ratio in parenthood is likely to change in the future, as case reports and surveys
are emerging of trans men who become pregnant after female-to-male gender transition (Light,
Obedin-Maliver, Sevelius, & Kerns, 2014), and technically assisted reproduction through
fertility treatments.
It is also established that many transgender people are not living with their children under the
same roof (Fundamental Rights Agency, 2014; Grant et al., 2011). From a clinical practice and
research perspective, we know that, in many trans families, divorce is common when a married
partner starts a social gender role transition (Motmans, Ponnet, & De Cuypere, 2015). Studies
have shown that transgender people are often discriminated against, during legal custody
processes, because of their transgender identities (Grant et al., 2011; Lynch & Murray, 2000;
Pyne, Bauer, & Bradley, 2015; Stotzer et al., 2014).
Only recently, research has started to shed light on the experiences of children who have
witnessed the social gender transition of one of their parents (Dierckx, Mortelmans, Motmans,
& T'Sjoen, In review; Dierckx, Mortelmans, Motmans, & T’Sjoen, 2015; Dierckx, Motmans,
Mortelmans, & T’Sjoen, in review). Concern that children of transgender parents may exhibit
atypical gender behaviour, gender identity, and/or sexual orientation has not been clinically
proven (Green, 1998). Members of transgender families often criticize the narrow focus that
health care professionals have when a parent’s social gender transition takes place, and the fact
that there is a lack of family support and long-term follow-up (Dierckx, Mortelmans, et al.,
2015).
Many transgender people indicate they would like to see an increased level of support for those
close to them (Davies et al., 2013). When children are present in trans families, the need for
professional supportive services, including family therapy, is important, and the lack of family
therapists with knowledge of issues related to social gender role transition and being
transgender may be a major source of frustration and misunderstanding. Conflicting
information regarding how and when to inform children, as well as negative attitudes of some

health care professionals regarding the chance of relationship survival, are often mentioned in
transgender families with children (Dierckx, Mortelmans, et al., 2015).
Families of transgender people are often confronted with feelings such as loss, shame, grief,
betrayal, guilt, fear and anger and, at the same time, can be confronted with rejection and social
stigmatisation in their social surroundings (Church, O’Shea, & Lucey, 2014; Haines, Ajayi, &
Boyd, 2014; Sales, 1995). Social isolation and the fear of being rejected can cause high levels
of stress within transgender families. The medical, legal and administrative aspects of a social
gender role transition further compound the high stress levels within transgender families.
There are also personal issues for families to consider, which include the emotional responses
(positive and negative) from the trans person, the partner, the children, family and friends, and
questions about the well-being of the children, about one’s sexual orientation and about the
relationship with the partner.
There are many emotional issues to deal with. Transgender family members are quietly aware
of these emotional responses and their consequences, as research has shown that, among adult
transgender respondents, the average waiting time between the realization that they are trans
and the time of first contact with a professional to talk about these feelings was ten years. The
most cited reason not to act according to the felt gender identity was the relationship with their
partner and the fear of losing family ties and contact with their children (Motmans, 2010).
On many occasions, a burn out, depression, suicide attempt or other severe mental health
problem acts as a trigger for an adult transgender person to come out as trans and deal with the
aforementioned perceived emotional obstacles. Far less researched, but nevertheless important
to mention, are the situations in which an adult transgender person has a parent of a certain age.
Even when these parents have accepted the felt gender identity (and/or social gender role
transition) of their child, a re-emergence of shame and going back into the closet may occur
when the parent is placed in a residential or nursing home or other care facility.
Being confronted with new surroundings, other residents of a similar (older) generation, and
care staff, can make it a challenge to explain the trans identity and social gender role transition
of their adult child. Social workers and other care staff working in these care facilities are often
unfamiliar with such situations, and may benefit from information, education and training.
1.1.2. Children with Trans Parents Adjustment

It has been well established in the minority stress literature that chronic psychological stress
resulting from membership of a stigmatized social group is linked to poorer psychological
health outcomes in sexual minority persons (Meyer, 2003; Rostosky & Riggle, 2017). Meyer
(2003) highlighted multiple ways in which minority stress might be experienced, including via
distal (external) stressors (e.g., experience of rejection, violence or discrimination) and via
proximal (internal) stressors (including fear of discrimination, the internalization of negative
beliefs about one’s identity, and the stress of having to conceal that identity).

Resilience factors that can alleviate the effects of the experience of minority stress on mental
health include experiencing emotional and social support from others who share the minority
identity, community membership, and pride in one’s minority identity (Meyer, 2003). Other
work has expanded the minority stress model for trans and gender nonconforming people. The
gender minority stress framework (Testa, Habarth, Peta, Balsam, & Bockting, 2015) has been
used to demonstrate similar relations between minority stressors and resilience factors and
mental health outcomes in trans samples (Bockting, Miner, Swinburne Romine, Hamilton, &
Coleman, 2013; McLemore, 2018; Testa et al., 2012).
Given that trans individuals experience high rates of minority stressors irrespective of their
country of residence (Grant et al., 2011; Testa et al., 2012; Women and Equalities Committee,
2016), it is not inconceivable that the children of trans parents could also be considered
members of a minority group and may also experience minority stress. Connolly (2006) argued
that stigma surrounding trans identities may influence trans people’s immediate and extended
families in covert and overt ways, for example, family members may internalize transphobic
beliefs and this may influence their interactions with their trans family member.
Several studies have found that children with trans parents have experienced challenges related
to societal transphobia, including harassment by peers (Dierckx et al., 2017; Freedman et al.,
2002; Haines et al., 2014). Others have reported children’s fear of stigmatization and bullying
(Veldorale-Griffin, 2014) and those children may attempt to conceal their trans parent’s identity
to some extent (Church et al., 2014; Haines et al., 2014). Whereas all of these experiences could
potentially directly affect children’s psychological well-being as conceptualized by the minority
stress model, it is also possible that dyadic minority stress processes may be relevant in this
sample.
Stress contagion, a type of stress proliferation, occurs when an individual’s experience of

minority stress at an individual level negatively affects a partner’s psychological health
(Pearlin, 1999) and has been demonstrated in both same-sex couples (Frost et al., 2017) and
among trans women and their cisgender male partners (Gamarel, Resiner, Laurenceau, Nemoto,
& Operario, 2014). It is plausible that minority stress experienced by a parent could also affect
child adjustment, directly through stress proliferation and indirectly via parenting.
Experiences of parent-experienced minority stress relate to adjustment problems in children,

specifically higher parent-reported stigmatization is associated with hyperactivity in boys and
low self-esteem in girls aged 4–8 years in lesbian mother families (Bos & van Balen, 2008) and
with higher rates of externalizing problems in 4-to 8-year-olds in lesbian mother and gay father
families (Golombok et al., 2018).
Similarly, stigmatization reported by 17-year-olds in lesbian mother families was associated

with higher rates of both externalizing and internalizing problems, but close positive parent-
adolescent relationships buffered the effects of stigmatization on adolescent adjustment (Bos &
Gartrell, 2010). To date, no empirical research has examined whether trans parents’ experiences
of minority stress are related to child adjustment or parent–child relationship quality.

1.1.8. . GENDER INDENTITY DISORDER

Unlike sexual orientation, transgenderism - technically "gender identity disorder” (GID) - is still deemed
a mental illness by the American Psychiatric Association. Medical professionals tend to believe that
transgenderism is a medical and mental health condition that may require treatment. The medical
approach recognizes sex within a binary construct of male or female, and gender within a linear binary:
men are masculine, women are feminine. With its primary focus on SRS, the medical model does not
leave room for a broader range of healthy transgender identities. Gender Identity Disorder (GID) now
identifies persons whose physical sex does not match their (internal) gender identity, and distinguishes
between childhood gender nonconformity and gender conflict persisting into adulthood. According to the
most recent DSM, GID is characterized by:
Strong and persistent cross-gender identification
Persistent discomfort with [one’s biological] sex, or a sense of inappropriateness in the gender role of that
sex, and
Clinically significant distress. (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).
There is disagreement among transgender leaders about attempts to remove GID from the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Some want it removed because it pathologizes gender variance,
while others want it to remain because a GID diagnosis can provide medical coverage and access to care.
According to Winter (2007) “the psychiatric theologisation of transgenderism may indeed be enhancing
the access of trans people in the developed world to subsidised medical care. But trans people worldwide,
with different needs, different priorities, are paying the price”

1.1.9. TRANSGENDER IDENTITY MODELS

The Authentic Model (also known as the Transgender Model) posits that gender exists on non-binary
continuums of male and female dimensions. In this model, successful identity development is open to
individualized trajectories. Identity consolidation (and thus healthy emergence from adolescence) does
not require SRS as in the medical model.
Rather, identity is achieved via authentic self-actualization; that is, a sense of self-coherence regardless
of identity labels, physical appearance, or gender role. The authentic model also discusses gender
nonconformity as a natural human variability and not a mental disorder (Denny, 2004).
Bilodeau (2003) introduced a model of transgender identity development that closely mirrors D’Augelli
(1994) framework for homosexual individuals. There are six processes that transgenders work through on
the way to a healthy identity:
1. Exiting a traditionally gendered identity - involves recognizing that one is gender variant.
2. Developing a personal transgender identity- focusing on knowing oneself in relation to the gender
variance.
3. Developing a transgender social identity- creating a network of support for one’s identity.
4. Becoming a transgender offspring- coming out to family members and revaluating these familial
relationships.
5. Developing a transgender intimacy status- establishing intimate personal and emotional relationships.
6. Entering a transgender community- becoming involved politically and socially with transgender
communities. This model removes some of the stigma that has come with transgender research and
turned the focus back onto the transgender person as an individual. It validates what the person is feeling
and the many areas they must endure change in order to establish a healthy gender identity.
Today, researchers and advocates support an Eco developmental approach for exploring transgender
identity development. This framework is not limited by what is socially expected; instead, researchers
may consider multiple interacting systems of biology and environment (at home, in school, in a society,
etc.).
By considering interacting systems, researchers are better able to explore the meanings and
representations of changing identity labels over time (Grossman & D'Augelli, 2006; Pardo, 2008).
Transgenders in different cultures Transgender persons have been documented in many cultures and
societies from antiquity until the present day. However, the meaning of gender variance may vary from
culture to culture.
Every society contains individuals who do not fit into the culture’s dominant sex/gender categories -
persons born intersexed (hermaphrodites), those who exhibit behaviour or desires deemed appropriate for
the "opposite" sex/gender, or those who, while conforming outwardly to culturally normative gender
roles, experience themselves in conflict with these roles in some fundamental ways.
Historically, transgender communities have attempted to appropriate (with varying degrees of
success) rituals, folklore and legends in order to obtain a sense of self-validation and carve out a niche for
themselves in the traditional social structures. In various cultures, transgenders were seen as having
special powers due to their assumed ‘third sex’ dimension, and were allowed to take part in semi-
religious ceremonies.
Often, they were tolerated and allowed to live in the role of the other sex, to pursue their occupations
(including that of sex work), cross-dress, and display other forms of transgender behaviour. Nevertheless,
they were often segregated and excluded from many occupations and community practices, and even
traded as slaves.
The hijra, an alternative gender role in India, is culturally conceptualized as neither man nor woman.
Hijras are viewed with ambivalence in Indian society and are treated with a combination of mockery,
fear, and respect. Although hijras have an auspicious presence, they also have an inauspicious potential.
(Nanda, 2002)
Their traditional occupation is to collect payment for their performances at weddings and the birth of a
male child; today they also perform for the birth of girl children, collect alms from shopkeepers, act as
tax collectors, and even run for political office.
They also are widely known as prostitutes, both in the past and present. In terms of their gender identity
and role, Kothi’s like hijras are transgender persons who identify themselves with the feminine gender.
However, whereas hijras often settle into a fixed gender role after castration, Kothi’s display a dual
gender identity alternating between the masculine role of the husband demanded in the marriage
relationship and the feminine role in the same-sex relationship outside.
There are roughly one million Hijras in India, representing approximately one in every 400 post pubertal
persons born male. This very large prevalence (~1:400) of the Hijra in India, most of whom have
undergone ‘nirvan’ (a sex change by ancient surgical means), is strong evidence that the intense
transgender condition is far more prevalent than traditional western psychiatrists and psychologists have
ever been willing to admit.
Community members generally live-in groups of five to ten people who function as a family. The
community is organised around the 'guru-chela' (teacher-student or leader-follower) relationship, one
based on hierarchy and power. (Pisal & Bandewar, 2005).
In Thailand kathoey, defined as a third sex, a variant of male or female, having characteristics of both,
live and work openly both in rural and urban areas. Like the waria in Indonesia and the bakla in the
Philippines, kathoeys are particularly associated with feminine beauty and glamour and widely admired
for their feminine grace and elegance.
In Malaysia, the local term for male transsexuals is mak nyah, and pak nyah for females. According to
Teh (2001) they are labelled as sexual deviants and are generally shunned by society.

Muslim transsexuals in Malaysia, who form the majority in the transsexual community, share similar
characteristics to transsexuals in other parts of the world. However, due to their religious beliefs many of
them have accepted the fact that they are not allowed to have the sex change operation.
Among the native tribes in North America, transgenders had the choice to cross dress and live as women.
In Mexico, Central America and South America males who are feminine are subjected to extremely
intense ridicule and stigmatization. As a result, many of them in Latin America remain in a state of fear
and repression, are terrified about showing their gender feelings, and mostly never attempt to resolve
their gender conditions.
In 1972, Sweden was the first country to pass special legislation regulating surgical and legal measures
required for sex reassignment, thereby granting the sex-reassigned person the rights and obligations of the
new sex (Wålinder & Thuwe, 1976). Japanese have a positive attitude towards transgenders.

1.1.10. PSYCHOSOCIAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSGENDERS

There is an interrelation between our thinking, feeling and behaviour or the psychological realm
and what happens in the social realm which includes family, society culture and norms. This interrelation
is called psychosocial. If the society accepts one’s behaviour, one can adjust in the society. If it is not
accepted one cannot find a balance between one’s needs and society’s expectations.
This imbalance can have an impact on individual’s thinking, emotions and behaviour and can lead to
psychosocial problems (anxiety, low self-esteem, guilt etc) which can affect well-being and quality of
life. Psychological symptoms are the manifestations of psychosocial problems. Society are very harsh on
gender-variant people. Some transgender people have lost their families, their jobs, their homes and their
support. Transgender children may be subjected to abuse at home, at school or in their communities. A
lifetime of this can be very challenging and can sometimes cause anxiety disorders, depression and other
psychological illnesses
According to Israel and Tarver (1997), the most common mental health issues transgender persons
experience are depression as well as adjustment, anxiety, personality, and post-traumatic stress disorders.
While the transgender state itself is not any longer considered to be unhealthy, the stress of dealing with
the confusion and society’s negative response can lead to numerous other problems. They appear to be at
risk for mental health problems like other persons who experience major life changes, relationship
difficulties, chronic medical conditions, or significant discrimination on the basis of minority status.
Many transgender patients experience distress and anxiety about their gender identity, and may have less
familial and peer support as compared to non-transgender individuals (Bockting, Huang, Ding, Robinson,
& Rosser, 2005). Ettner (1999) stresses the devastating effect of shame on the development of a positive
identity.
Schaefer and Wheeler (2004) identified guilt as underlying a host of psychological problems facing the
gender-variant individual. In addition, the process of transitioning to the other sex brings up a myriad of
specific challenges, some anticipated and others harder to predict.
Transgender clients face many possible losses in their lives. (Miller,1996). Choosing to be openly gender
variant, in particular the transition process for a transsexual, can result in the loss of family and friends
who disapprove or do not understand. The loss can be particularly traumatic if, as is often the case, the
disclosure or discovery of the person’s transgender status is unplanned. “In many circumstances, being

forced or even choosing to disclose without being fully prepared for what disclosure involves can have
devastating consequences.” (Israel and Tarver, 1997).
There is some evidence that transgendered persons may be less likely to seek treatment for depression,
fearing that their gender issues will be assumed to be the cause of their symptoms, and that they will be
judged negatively. The loss of a job and place in the community are also very real possibilities. Even for
those people who successfully chose to keep their transgender status private, there is loss. “Denied the
opportunity to speak our stories, transsexuals are denied the joy of our histories.” (Bornstein, 1995).
Sixty percent of trans youth experience violent assaults (Moran & Sharpe, 2004) and 32% attempt suicide
(Fitzpatrick, Eaton, Jones, & Schmidt, 2005). Parental rejection leads to low self-esteem and negative
self-image (Bolin, 1988). Transgender youth are marginalized both in mainstream society and in lesbian,
gay, bisexual (LGB) social groups, compounding their risk. Fitzpatrick and colleagues (2005) found that
trans college students reported 32% more hopelessness, suicidal ideations, and suicide attempts than them
non-trans LGB peers. Reis and Saewyc (1999) reported that 80% of youth harassment originated in
judgments about gender expression, regardless of sexual orientation.
Gender-variant young people may have relationship difficulties with family and peers, depression, and a
high risk of being victimized by violence and harassment (Di Ceglie, Freedman, McPherson, &
Richardson, 2002). Winter (2009) found that many trans people in Asian countries who drop out of
education early, especially those drifting into the city with little education or few family contacts, find it
difficult to get a job.
They experience some form of victimization as a direct result of their transgender identity or
presentation. This victimization ranges from subtle forms of harassment and discrimination to blatant
verbal, physical, and sexual assault, including beatings, rape and even homicide. The majority of assaults
against transgender persons are never reported to the police. Available evidence suggest the need to
address alcohol and substance use among Hijras/TG communities.
Hijras provide several reasons justifying their alcohol consumption that range from the need to 'forget
worries' (because there is no family support or no one cares about them) to managing rough clients in
their sex work life. However, alcohol use is associated with inability to use condoms or insist their clients
to use condoms, and thus increase risk for HIV transmission and acquisition. (TGIssueBrief, UNDP, VC,
Dec2010)
1.1.1. Psychological problems faced by Transgenders
 Psychological problems are separate and individual. Not all transgender people have psychological
problems. Being transgender, itself is not a psychological problem
 They might struggle with anxiety and depression possibly related to dysphoria, discrimination in
areas such as employment and housing, as well as discrimination by transphobic people in general.
They definitely face discrimination in dating relationships, as the majority of people say they
wouldn’t date transgender people regardless of sexual identification or orientation. Many transgender
people have a history related to suicidal ideation and possibly attempts.

 Discrimination in areas such as employment and housing are also political issues. Transgender
people should have the same civil rights as everyone else. Health insurance coverage for
transitioning related medical and surgical treatment is a political issue, and potentially a bigger one.
 Availability of treatment and insurance coverage is important for young transgender people is
important. Delaying puberty and/or beginning hormonal treatment to allow them to go through
puberty according to how they identify is critical. After puberty takes place, it can’t be reversed.
Expensive surgery later can’t come close to accomplishing the same things as going through puberty
the right way the first time. Of course, risks and costs of future related surgery are prevented as well.
1.1.2. Social problems faced by Transgenders
 Quality of Life
Quality of life is the subjective judgment of the extent to which one is living the good life. This
perception of the good life may be based on feelings of happiness, meaning in life, and inner peace. The
definition of quality of life is different for everyone. The main thing that determines quality of life is our
ability to enjoy all that life has to offer. For instance, the ability to walk, talk, see and feel all contributes
to our overall quality of life. A quality life is a life full of meaning and purpose. A high-quality life is
also a life of freedom from tyranny.
If a person is happy, has inner peace, and perceives that his or her life is meaningful, then the person
could be viewed as being successful and achieving a high quality of life. Quality of life (QOL) defined
as a person's perception of his or her physical and mental health (Wong, Cronin, Griffith, Irvine, &
Guyot, 2001), covers broad domains including physical, psychological, economical, spiritual and social
well-being. QOL is described by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “people’s perception of
their situation in the culture and the value system they live in related with their goals, standards,
expectations and ideas" (Alleyne, 2003).
It is a broad ranging concept affected in a complex way by the person's physical health, psychological
state, personal beliefs, social relationships and their relationship to salient features of their environment.
The term QOL is used to evaluate the general well-being of individuals and societies. The term is used
in a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international development, healthcare, and politics.
Standard indicators of the QOL include not only wealth and employment, but also the built
environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure time, and social belonging
(Gregory, Derek,2009).
It cannot be simply equated with the terms of health status, lifestyle, life satisfaction, mental state, or
well-being; it is rather a multidimensional concept incorporating the individual’s perception of those
and other aspects of life. Researchers at the University of Toronto's Quality of Life Research Unit
define QOL as “the degree to which a person enjoys the important possibilities of his or her life”. Their
Quality-of-Life Model is based on the categories “being”, “belonging”, and “becoming”, respectively
who one is, how one is connected to one's environment, and whether one achieves one's personal goals,
hopes and aspirations.

In the clinical setting, individuals suffering from psychological disorders have low QOL. In studies it
has been found that QOL is negatively correlated with levels of anxiety, major depression, and
psychological distress in psychiatric inpatients, university counselling centre outpatients and nonclinical
undergraduate populations (Frisch, 1994). Because anxious personality is characterized by joylessness,
negativity, and dissatisfaction with life (Millon, 1996) it can be expected that anxious personality
should correlate negatively with overall level of self-reported QOL. Outside of basic health care needs,
the goal of medical therapy for transgender people is to improve their quality of life by facilitating
transition to a physical state that more closely represents their sense of themselves.
 Self Esteem
Self-esteem reflects a person’s overall self-appraisal of one’s own worth. Self-esteem encompasses both
beliefs and emotions. Psychologists usually regard self-esteem as an enduring personality characteristic
(trait self-esteem), though normal short-term variations (state self-esteem) occur. Self-esteem can apply
specifically to a particular dimension or have global extent. Branden in (1969) defined self-esteem as "...
the experience of being competent to cope with the basic challenges of life and being worthy of
happiness". This two-factor approach, as some have also called it, provides a balanced definition that
seems to be capable of dealing with limits of defining self-esteem primarily in terms of competence or
worth alone.
Maslow (1954) states that no psychological health is possible unless the essential core of the person is
fundamentally accepted loved and respected by others and by himself. Self-esteem allows people to face
life with more confidence, benevolence and optimism, and thus easily reach their goals and self-
actualized There is accumulating evidence that positive self-esteem can be an antidote to depression.
Self-esteem serves as a buffer from the onslaught of anxiety, guilt, depression, shame, criticism and other
internal attacks. Rivas Torres and Fernandez (1995) examined the relationship among self-esteem, health
values, and health behaviours among adolescents.
They found a significant relationship between self-esteem and general health behaviour for both younger
and older adolescents, and that self-esteem accounted for a significant percent of the variance in mental
health behaviour, social health behaviour, and total health behaviour. Bernard, Hutchison, Lavin, and
Pennington (1996) found high correlations among self-esteem, self-efficacy, ego strength, hardiness,
optimism, and maladjustment, and all of these constructs were significantly related to health.
According to McKay and Fanning (2000) low self-esteem has its roots in early experiences of abuse or
abandonment thus highlighting the influence of home on self-esteem. Harter (1993) said that people’s
judgment about themselves is an important factor of self-esteem. An important basis for self-judgment is
how well one ‘stacks up’ against a reference group. The concept of social comparison has implications in
understanding differences in self-esteem of members in groups that are discriminated such as the gender
variant groups.
It is assumed that individuals who are clear about their gender identification draw referents from an
organized system of beliefs as to the psychosexual meaning of being a male or female. As a
developmental process, individuals incorporate the resultant composite of a set of beliefs about

appropriate gender roles, sexual preference, psychological makeup, and physical appearance into their
sense of self. Evaluative processes accompany this integration. A transgender perceives his or her gender
identity to be incongruous with the apparent anatomical reality and this results in a boundary stress
between core gender identity and physical characteristics
Gender variant children are much more likely to run away from home and even attempt suicide than their
heterosexual peers, probably as a form of escape from dysfunctional family system that resists the notion
of a child with a nonconforming identity. They may learn to compartmentalize their lives, placing the
secret parts of themselves deep inside. They develop a conformist exterior self that follows the rules of
the family system and allows them to function in relative safety until they are able to arrange to move to
an environment that is healthier or accepting.
A negative body image in some transgenders has been linked to emotional distress. Transgenders have
been described as fundamentally disliking their biological sexual characteristics. (Hoeing, 1985).
According to Benjamin (1966) transgenders exhibit intensely negative attitude towards their genitalia.
For many individuals among the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community, several
factors could play key roles in causing their self-esteem to drop: rejection from family, friends or
religious organizations, the media and looks, ethnicity, financial status, drugs and/or alcohol, HIV/AIDS
as well as other health related issues, prejudice, discrimination, and stigmas (Riddle- Crilly, 2009). By
becoming aware of one’s personal identity and accepting who they are, many of them have gained a
higher self-esteem through their own self- efficacy. Some argue that self-views are connected to an
individual’s values and goals, and that they strongly influence their global self-worth (Pelham & Swann,
1989).
When a FtM transgender, for instance, sees his transition as his wholeness and this helps his self-esteem
increase, he becomes a happier, a more positive individual and can be much more productive.
Stonewall’s report, towards a Healthier LGBT Scotland (2003) found that “low self-esteem, anxiety and
depression are common experiences for many LGBT people.” The report finds that "problems associated
with homophobia and transphobia in early life, such as bullying and low self-esteem, can continue into
adulthood and have serious, long-term negative health and social consequences for individuals
affected".
The sting of emotional abuse carries the same effect on self-esteem as physical or sexual abuse.
Transgender has its own built in Catch 22. (Peters, 2005) since one need very high self-esteem to
successfully deal with being transgendered, but simply being transgendered is one of the great forces
sapping self-esteem.
 Social anxiety
Anxiety, like worry, is a form of fear. It is a “persisting distressful psychological state arising from an
inner conflict”. The distress may be experienced as a feeling of vague uneasiness or foreboding, a feeling
of being on edge, or as any of a variety of other feelings, such as fear, anger, restlessness, irritability,
depression, or other diffuse and nameless feelings. In Social anxiety a person is afraid of social situations
and has a fear of being judged unworthy by others. Peer victimization is a social risk factor for internal
distress.
People with a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder find social situations nerve wracking, from mixing with
friends to speaking in public. A number of explanations have been proposed for why they feel this way,
including that they are pre-occupied with creating the right impression. Weisman and her colleagues
(2011) claim that people with social anxiety are overly concerned with social hierarchy, and struggle with
what's called the affiliative side of relationships. In simple terms this means they tend to perceive social
situations as being competitive and judge themselves as having a lower rank compared to others and they
also have difficulty forming close relationships.
Some researchers have explored the relationship between anxiety and various forms of bullying. It
appears as though some forms of bullying are more strongly linked to anxiety than other forms. Storch
(2003) has shown that overt victimization (i.e., experiencing attempts or threats to harm one’s physical
wellbeing), and relational victimization (i.e., experiencing attempts or threats to harm one’s peer
relationships), were both associated with heightened levels of social anxiety for males and females aged
13 to16 years. Students who were bullied in multiple forms endorsed higher social anxiety levels than
those who reported one form of victimization.
Students who reported relational victimization seemed to have higher levels of social anxiety. Boys 14-18
years of age who were bullied by being called “gay” endorsed higher levels of anxiety than their peers
who were bullied for other reasons? (Swearer, Turner, Givens & Pollack, 2008), Thus, being called “gay”
seemed to be more strongly linked to anxiety than other forms of victimization.
Research has indicated the role of ‘core’ or ‘unconditional' negative beliefs (e.g., I am inept) and
'conditional' beliefs (e.g., If I show myself, I will be rejected) in social anxiety. Some of the negative core
beliefs among transgenders are as follows
I'm fundamentally different, and don't fit in.

I'm not worthwhile unless I'm accepted by those I admire.
I can't be accepted by others unless I meet their expectations.
If someone got to know the real me, they wouldn't accept me.
If I draw attention to myself, others will see something they won't like.
In order to be accepted by those I admire; I must compensate for my deficiencies by excelling in some
way.
I'm not good enough to be accepted by the people I admire.
These are among the common core beliefs that generate problems like social anxiety, depression, and
self-esteem. Young people who sense they are in some way different easily learn some of these self-
destructive core beliefs.
For most children and adolescents, different is not good. Being accepted by peers is essential to young
people. For most young people, being different or non-conformist feels good only if theirs is a group of
similarly different and non-conforming friends who accept and value them.
Young people who sense they may be lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT) are especially
vulnerable to this dynamic of social unacceptability resulting in negative core beliefs. They are often
being told that they are sick, sinful, disgusting and should not exist. Many who cannot hide their
differences become the target of violence.
Transgenders face this dilemma of being labelled everywhere they go. They are continuously conscious
of the way they appear towards the public, and hope that the public will perceive them for the gender they
want to be, without repercussions.

Studies in animals and humans show that psychological abuse can have long-lasting consequences.
People who are bullied on a constant basis are under a lot of stress, and if the situation is not taken care of
in the proper time, the victims might suffer from social anxiety and depression.
Litvin (2011) of Rockefeller University in New York showed that stress can have a huge impact on the
brain, just as alcohol can affect the liver, and smoking can affect the lungs. The researchers conducted
their experiments on mice, which respond to the stress in a manner very similar to the one in which
humans do.
Many times, people with social anxiety prefer to be alone. Even when they are around familiar people, a
person with social anxiety may feel overwhelmed and have the feeling that others are noticing their every
movement and critiquing their every thought.
Isolation can occur before a person comes out as transgender, or after gender-role transition—when a
person tries to “pass” and limits association with other transgender people or when he or she experiences
overt stigma. Shame associated with gender nonconformity can lead some people to feel unlovable or to
feel insecure about their abilities to establish and maintain intimate relationships
1.11. ATTITUDE TOWARDS TRANSGENDERS IN INDIA

An attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual’s degree of like or dislike for
something. Attitudes are generally positive or negative views of a person, place, thing, or event.
Attitudes are judgments which develop on the ABC model (affect, behaviour, and cognition). The
affective response is an emotional response that expresses an individual’s degree of preference for an
entity. The behavioural intention is a verbal indication or typical behavioural tendency of an individual.
The cognitive response is a cognitive evaluation of the entity that constitutes an individual's beliefs about
the object. Most attitudes are the result of either direct experience or observational learning from the
environment.
Unchecked negative attitudes toward transgender persons may result in transphobia as well as
discriminatory treatment of transgender individuals. In our country there is a bias against transgenders
and a fair amount of ignorance. The common man in India is exposed more to eunuchs. There is a lot of
prejudice against eunuchs in our society and they face a huge amount of job discrimination and are often
forced to beg. There are people with a wide range of transgender-related identities, cultures, or
experiences including Hijras, Aravanis, Kothis, Jogtas/Jogappas, and Shiv-Shakthis.
In Tamil Nadu, some Aravani activists want the public and media to use the term 'Thirunangai' to refer to
Aravani. These people have been part of the broader culture and treated with great respect, at least in the
past, although an estimated 10 lakhs population in India has been more often socially ostracized. The
Constitution provides the fundamental right to equality, and tolerates no discrimination on the grounds of
sex, caste, creed or religion. The Constitution also guarantees political rights and other benefits to every
citizen.
But the third community (transgenders) continues to be ostracized. (Sathasivam, 2011). They suffer a
whole lot of mental, physical and sexual oppression in the society. The health and well-being of
transgender people suffers great harm by attitudes of intolerance and hatred toward diverse gender
expression. The Report by Peoples’ Union for Civil Liberties, Karnataka (September 2003) showed that
mainstream society’s deep-rooted fear of sexual and gender nonconformity manifests itself in the
refusal of basic citizenship rights to these communities.

Types of discrimination reported by Hijras/TG communities in the healthcare settings include: deliberate
use of male pronouns in addressing.
Hijras; registering them as 'males' and admitting them in male wards; humiliation faced in having to stand
in the male queue; verbal harassment by the hospital staff and co-patients; and lack of healthcare
providers who are sensitive to and trained on providing treatment/care to transgender people and even
denial of medical services. Hijras/TG communities face several sexual health issues including HIV. Both
personal- and contextual- level factors influence sexual health condition and access to and use of sexual
health services. For example, most Hijras/TG are from lower socioeconomic status and have low literacy
levels that pose barrier to seeking health care.
Often, healthcare providers rarely have adequate knowledge about the health issues of sexual minorities.
When a transgender is treated like an unequal or is humiliated by the ordinary people, there are not many
redressal mechanisms that are available to him. Thus, to put an end to all the inhuman behaviour towards
the transgender community it is very important that reforms are made in the existing laws and the law
officers are sensitized to adapt to a complete humanitarian approach while dealing with a person of
transgender community.
1.12. GOVERNMENT SCHEMES OR PROGRAMS AVAILABLE

TO TRANSGENDERS
1.1.12.2. Governmental Schemes
 Umbrella Scheme
Waking up to the cause of the transgender community, the government is all set to launch an
umbrella scheme to provide better education facilities to transgender children and provide
financial aid to out-of-work transgenders.
In a bid to address the social stigma, the umbrella scheme would also provide monetary benefit
to families with transgender children and encourage them not to abandon them. The ministry of
social justice and empowerment is giving finishing touches to an umbrella scheme which would
be launched in the next financial year.
The umbrella scheme would have five components – pre-matric and post-matric scholarship for
transgender children, support for vocational training of transgenders, pension for out-of-work
transgenders in the age group of 40 to 60 years and monthly monetary support for families with
transgender children. At present, there is no substantial monetary support from the government’s
side. Central assistance only comes in the form of paltry pensions of Rs 200 to Rs 400 per
month. The umbrella scheme would provide this support to the transgender community. The
monetary benefits would also be enhanced.
 TWELFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN AND TRANSGENDERS

The Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-17) proposed empowerment of the Transgender community
by advocating that line Ministries support their education, housing, access to healthcare, skill
development, employment opportunities and financial assistance.

Identification will be provided for Transgender persons in all Government and non-Government
records by introducing a separate column to include the third gender. The Ministry of Social
Justice and Empowerment along with the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
will determine the number of Transgender persons in India, map their socio-economic status in
order to create a law to protect interests of the Community and improve their living conditions
 SWEEKRUTI
The Government of Odisha formulated an umbrella scheme ‘Sweekruti’ to secure the rights of
transgender persons and ensure equitable justice. It recognises that transgender persons are
subject to discrimination and hardships in society.
The main objectives of the scheme are to create an enabling environment for transgender
persons, ensure their participation and social integration, strengthen the implementation of
various schemes and facilities, and promote measures for employment and socio-educational
services for transgender persons.
The scheme notes that there is no definitive data on the number of transgender persons in the
State.
It proposes that the State should conduct regular surveys of the number of transgender persons
with the assistance of transgender associations. This will ensure that transgender persons enrol
themselves in the schemes and programmes instituted for their benefit. A Multipurpose SMART
Card will be provided to all transgender persons.
This will enable enrolment in schemes and provision of services. It will also assist in monitoring
the benefits utilised and which services are required by transgender persons. The scheme
provides for scholarships for transgender students to help them complete their education.
 National Portal for Transgender Persons:

o It has been launched in consonance with the Transgender Persons (Protection of
Rights) Rules, 2020.
o It would help transgenders in digitally applying for a certificate and identity card from
anywhere in the country, thus preventing any physical interaction with officials.
o It will help them track the status of application, rejection, grievance redressal, etc.
which will ensure transparency in the process.
o The issuing authorities are also under strict timelines to process the applications and
issue certificates and I-cards without any necessary delays.
 Garima Greh:
o It has been opened in Vadodara, Gujarat and will be run in association with
the Lakshya Trust, a community-based organisation entirely run by the transgenders.
o The Scheme of ‘Shelter Home for Transgender Persons’ includes shelter facility,
food, clothing, recreational facilities, skill development opportunities, yoga, physical
fitness, library facilities, legal support, technical advice for gender transition and
surgeries, capacity building of trans-friendly organizations, employment, etc.

o The scheme will rehabilitate a minimum of 25 transgender persons in each home
identified by the Ministry.
o 10 cities have been identified to set up the 13 Shelter Homes.
1.1.22.2. Governmental rights

 The Right to Gender Recognition
For trans people, their very recognition as human beings requires a guarantee of a composite of
entitlements that others take for granted – core rights that recognize their legal personhood. As
the Global Commission on HIV and the Law pointed out, “In many countries from Mexico to
Malaysia, by law or by practice, transgender persons are denied acknowledgment as legal
persons.
A basic part of their identity – gender – is unrecognized”. This recognition of their gender is
core to having their inherent dignity respected and, among other rights, their right to health
including protection from HIV. When denied, trans people face severe impediments in accessing
appropriate health information and care.
Recognizing a trans person's gender requires respecting the right of that person to identify –
irrespective of the sex assigned to them at birth – as male, female, or a gender that does not fit
within the male–female binary, a “third” gender as it were, as has been expressed by many
traditionally existing trans communities such as hijras in India.
 The Right to Health

For trans people, their right to health can only be assured if services are provided in a non-
stigmatizing, non-discriminatory, and informed environment. This requires working to educate
the healthcare sector about gender identity and expression, and zero tolerance for conduct that
excludes trans people.
Derogatory comments, breaches of confidentiality from providers, and denial of services on the
basis of gender identity or HIV status are some of the manifestations of prejudice. The right to
non-discrimination that is guaranteed to all human beings under international law must be
enforced against actions that violate this principle in the healthcare system. Yet, a multi-pronged
approach that supports this affirmation of trans equality together with a sensitized workforce that
is capable of delivering gender-affirming surgical and HIV health services is necessary.
Building on the commitments made by the UN General Assembly in response to the HIV
epidemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) developed good practice recommendations in
relation to stigma and discrimination faced by key populations, including trans people.
These recommendations urge countries to introduce rights-based laws and policies and advise
that, “Monitoring and oversight are important to ensure that standards are implemented and
maintained.” Additionally, mechanisms should be made available “to anonymously report
occurrences of stigma and/or discrimination when [trans people] try to obtain health services”.
Fostering stigma-free environments has been successfully demonstrated – where partnerships

between trans individuals and community health nurses have improved HIV-related health
outcomes, or where clinical sites welcome trans people and conduct thorough and appropriate
physical exams, manage hormones with particular attention to ART, and engage trans
individuals in HIV education
 Freedom from violence and Discrimination

Systemic strategies to reduce the violence against trans people need to occur at multiple levels,
including making perpetrators accountable, facilitating legal and policy reform that removes
criminality, and general advocacy to sensitize the ill-informed about trans issues and concerns.
Strengthening the capacity of trans collectives and organizations to claim their rights can also
act as a counter to the impunity of violence. When trans people are provided legal aid and access
to judicial processes, accountability can be enforced against perpetrators. Sensitizing the police
to make them partners in this work can be crucial.
When political will is absent to support such attempts in highly adverse settings, trans
organizations and allies can consider using international human rights mechanisms, such as
shadow reports made to UN human rights processes like the Universal Periodic Review, to bring
focus to issues of anti-trans violence and other human rights violations against trans people.
Providing equal access to housing, education, public facilities and employment opportunities,
and developing and implementing anti-discrimination laws and policies that protect trans people
in these contexts, including guaranteeing their safety and security, are essential to ensure that
trans individuals are treated as equal human beings.

1.13. TRENDS TOWARDS INCLUSION

Transgenders have made significant social and legal gains in spite of the fact that they continue to face
discrimination. There have been many positive developments in Tamil Nadu in the last five years and
the community of transgenders has won major battles for inclusion, notable among which is a special
‘third gender’ category for transgenders on ration cards (identity documents). Tamil Nadu has also taken
affirmative action to achieve equality by reserving seats for third-gender students in government-owned
arts and science to third-gender people with the appropriate gender category. The state government also
gives subsidy to all those transgenders who wish to undergo surgical treatment for change of sex.
According to Anupama Sekhar (2008) transgender icons such as television host Rose and Noori of the
South India Positive Network have found a new visibility in the media. These new public faces of the
community are indicative of larger, fundamental changes in a group increasingly entering the
mainstream in Tamil Nadu. These emerging voices have been speaking not merely to the outside world,
but significantly, to each other as well.
One such safe space for sharing, dialogue and transformation is the Friends Club or Natpukoodam
attached to 22 Tamil Nadu AIDS Initiative (TAI)clinics across the state. At these drop-in centres, the
community has access to low-cost beauty services, food and clothes, banks as well as much-needed
information on safe sex practices. Tamil Nadu AIDS Initiative’s Peer Jeevan Collective, spread across
13 districts of Tamil Nadu comprises 1,650 peer educators (aptly called Peer Jeevans because of their
potential to give new life to their peers) reaching out to 30 transgenders in the locality with information
on STDs, HIV/AIDS and legal aid.
Additionally, the Jeevans distribute condoms, coordinate Self Help Groups and Friends Clubs and work
to address violence within 24 hours through the Araychi Mani rapid response mechanism. Vocational
training opportunities are increasingly becoming available. In November 2009, transgenders won the
right to be listed as ‘other’ rather than ‘male’ or ‘female’ on electoral rolls and voter identity cards.
Transgenders’ addition in the census of 2011 in the ‘others' category is hailed by the community
members and activists as a recognition which, they hope, will inch the "faceless people" closer to other
basic rights like voting and crimes against them being registered.
The Karnataka government has passed a resolution entitling them to 15% reservations under the 2A
category of the Backward Class Commission. National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) has included
the transgender in the definition of marginalised groups entitling them to avail of free legal aid
However, there are many challenges from within the community. The prevailing guru-chela system
prevalent in the community has often proved to be an obstacle for juniors seeking opportunities for a
better life. Senior community members have been slow in taking the lead.
1.14. CONCLUSION
Down the ages, our society has condemned and alienated people who do not conform to its norms.
Transgender persons are one such group of people who have been marginalized in many societies. Leading a
life as a transgender is far from easy because such people can be neither categorized as male nor as female
and this deviation is "unacceptable" to society's vast majority. Trying to eke out a dignified living is even
worse. Research shows that transgenders are even overlooked by the rest of the LGBT community.
Transgenders still float beneath the surface, most of them invisible, like the unseen portion of the iceberg.
One of the important problem’s transgenders face in the society is lack of social acceptance. Although they
have been part of every culture and society in recorded human history, they have only recently become the
focus of attention in psychological, medical and social research. Unchecked negative attitudes toward
transgender persons may result in transphobia as well as discriminatory treatment of transgender individuals
(Clamant, 2008).
As The (2002) puts it, ignorance is one of the reasons why people are prejudiced against transsexuals. As
the visibility of transgenders increases it is time to help them join the main stream of society. In order to
achieve this objective, it is necessary to understand the psychological issues and challenges they face as well
as examine the prevailing attitudes in the society. A major challenge in the mobilisation process has been
motivating the transgenders to actively demand rights and services.
There has been some progressive steps taken to improve their quality of life but this has come after years of
crushing social stigmatisation, abuse and general derision from the wider community. As one transgender
put it “They make documentaries about us and say all these interesting things, but when we walk out on the
street, we still get the calling and the whistles.”.
The study will also empirically examine the possibility of making a shift in the attitude by dealing with some
of the unexpressed fears towards this gender variant group. Discrimination is the anti-thesis of equality, and
it is the duty of all right-minded citizens to drive away discriminatory practices from all walks of life.
(Shukla, 2011)

CHAPTER 2:
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature is a systematic identification and summary of Britain materials that contain
information on research problem. It is a key step in research, it refers to an extensive, exhaustive and
systemic examination of Publication relevant to research project. By reviewing the literature, researcher
can easily find out the positive aspects to be studied and also provide wide knowledge about the topic.
It also helps to compare the past with the present situation and thereby further studies could be
conducted in the field. Each literature can be used to as an additional source that will provide clear idea
about the topic researcher is going to study. In this chapter we have include the empirical study done by
the various researches and the review of available study.
The review of literature contains the information about the psycho - social problem faced by transgender
2.1. Rena McDaniel on August 28-08-2013,

It is no surprise that transgender individual experience a kind of stress that cisgender (those who identify
with the gender they were assigned at birth) individuals do not. People who identify as transgender can
and often do experience stigma, discrimination, violence and internalized homophobia/trans phobia.
People who are transgender also are at higher risks for “loss pileups.”
Family, friends and romantic partners may not understand the transitional and not be able to provide the
needed support. There are many ways of dealing with the challenges that come with transitioning and
living as a transgender individual, some healthier than others. There are two primary coping styles that
people use to deal with difficult thing in life. Emotion-Focused and problem. Focused is also known as
facilitative and avoidant, respectively.
2.2. Heidi Levitt& Maria R. Ippolito, August (2014)

The experience of transgender identity by Heidi Levitt& Maria R. Ippolito, August (2014) is based upon
a grounded theory analysis of interviews with transgender-identified people from different regions of the
United States.
In this study participants held a variety of gender identities under the transgender rubric (e.g., cross
dresser, trans man, transwomen, butch lesbian). Interviews explored the participants’ experiences in
arriving at their gender identity. This paper presents three clusters of findings related to the common
processes of gender identity development.
This process was made possible by accessibility of transgender narratives that injected hope into what
was childhood replete with criticism and scrutiny. Ultimately, participants came to their identities
through balancing a desire for authenticity with demands of necessity-meaning that they weighed their
internal gender experience with considerations about their available resources, coping skills and the
consequences of gender transitions.
The implications of these findings are considered in terms of their contribution to gender theory,
research, and clinical support for transgender clients.

2.3. Aaron S Breslow’s
Study of psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity with a national sample of 552
transgender adults, tested hypotheses drawn from minority stress theory and positive psychology
research on stress –ameliorating processes. Specifically, the present study examined the relations of
minority stressors and individual-and group –level buffers of minority stress.
As expected, each minority stressor was positively correlated with psychological distress. In terms of
buffers, resilience– though not collective action- was negatively correlated with mediated the relation of
antitransgender discrimination with higher psychological distress. Moderation analysis indicated that
resilience did not moderate any of the relations of the minority stressors with psychological distress.
Additionally, stigma awareness –but not internalized transphobia-mediated the relation of anti-
transgender discrimination with higher psychological distress. Moderation analysis indicated that
resilience did not moderate any of the relations of the minority stressors with psychological distress.
However, contrary to prediction, collective action strengthened the positive relation of internalized
transphobia with psychological distress.
Furthermore, at high levels of collective action, internalized transphobia became a significant mediator
of the discrimination-distress relation. Strategies for developing individual and group level interventions
targeted toward transgender individuals who experience discrimination are discussed.
2.4. Mark Vosvick’s

Study psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity discusses history of marginalization,
lesbian, gay men, bisexual and transgender individuals experience stress associated with their minority
status, which may threaten self-esteem and psychological quality of life. mindful attention and esteem
are associated with increased mental health; however, these constructs have not been studied together in
a sample of LGBT people.
The hypothesized that mindful acceptance and self-esteem explains significant proportion of variance in
psychological quality of life of LGBT individuals, and that the relationship between stress and
psychological quality of life is moderated by mindful attention. The recruited 177 participants from the
Dallas/Ft. worth area Andrew performed both a linear regression analysis and two moderation analyses
to test our hypotheses.
Controlling for age and years of education, it is found that acceptance and self-esteem accounted for a
significant proportion of the variance in psychological quality of life. Moderation analyses revealed that
both mindful acceptance and self-esteem moderate the relationship between stress and psychological
quality of life of sexual and gender minorities.
2.5. Valentine SE
Transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) populations, including those who do not identified
with gender binary constructs are increasingly recognized in health care settings. Research on the health
of TGNC people is growing, and disparities are often noted. In this review, he examines 77 studies
published between January 1 ,1997 and march 22,2017 which reported mental health outcomes and
describe what gaps persist in this literature.

In general, depressive symptoms, suicidality, inter personal trauma exposure, substance use disorders,
anxiety and general distress have been consistently elevated among TGNC adults we also used the
minority stress model as a frame work for summarizing existing literature. While no studies included all
elements of the Minority Stress Model, this summary gives an over view of which studies have looked at
each element. Findings suggest that TGNC people are exposed to a variety of social stressors, including
stigma, discrimination and bias events that contribute to mental health problems.
Social support, community connectedness and effective coping strategies appear beneficial. He argues
that routine collection of gender identity data could advance our understanding mental health risk and
resilience factors among TGNC populations.
2.6. The article journal of consulting and clinical psychology

“The purpose of the current study was to examine facilitative and avoidant coping as mediators between
distress and transition status, social support and lose. He used methods: A total of 351 transgender
individuals participated in this study.
Participants completed measures on transgender identity, family history mental health concerns,
perceptions of loss, coping, depression and anxiety. Results of the study: the rates of depressive
symptoms and anxiety within the current study far surpass the rates of those for the general population.
The SEM results suggest that the processes for transgender women and transgender men are primarily
similar for depression and anxiety; avoidant coping served as a mediator between transition status and
both distress variables. Social support was directly related to distress variables, as well as indirectly
related through avoidant coping.
And finally, the results suggest the need for practitioners to focus on interventions that reduce avoidant
coping strategies, while simultaneously increasing social support, in order to improve mental health for
transgender individuals. Individuals who are in the beginning stages of their transition will use different
coping strategies than those who are in later stages; interventions should be adjusted on the basis of the
transition status of transgender clients.
In a study on transsexualism a review of etiology, diagnosis and treatment by department of child and
adolescent psychiatry, it is said that Utrecht, The Netherlands. transsexualism considered to be the
extreme end of the spectrum of gender identify disorders characterized by, among other things, a pursuit
of sex reassignment surgery (SRS).
The origins of transsexuals are still largely unclear. A first indication of anatomic brain differences
between transsexuals and non-transsexuals has been found. Also, certain parental (rearing) factors seem
to be associated with transsexualism. Some contradictory findings regarding etiology, psychopathology
and success of SRS seem to be related to the fact that certain subtypes of transsexuals follow different
developmental routes.
The observations that psychotherapy is not helpful in altering crystallized cross-gender identify and that
certain transsexuals do not show severe psychopathology has led clinicians to adapt sex reassignment as
a treatment option.
IN many countries, transsexuals are now treated according to the standards of care of the Harry
Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria association, a professional organization in the field of

transsexuals. Research on post-operative functioning of transsexuals does not allow for unequivocal
conclusions, but there is little doubt that sex reassignment substantially alleviates the suffering of
transsexuals. However, SRS is no panacea. Psychotherapy may be needed to help transsexuals in

adapting to the new situation or in dealing with issues that could not be addressed before treatment.
2.7. Kristen Clements, Rani Marx and Mitchell Katz, October (2008)
Attempted suicide among transgender person-The influence of Gender based discrimination and
victimization) says that the research's interviewed 292 male-to female and 123 females to make
Transgenders. Participants were recruited through targeted sampling, respondent-driven sampling, and
agency referrals in San Francisco. The prevalence of attempted suicide was 32%.
In a multivariate logistic regression analysis younger age i.e., less than 25% years, depression, a history
of substance abuse treatment, a history of forced sex, gender-based discrimination and gender-based
victimization were independently associated with attempted suicide. Suicide prevention interventions for
transgender persons are urgently needed, particularly for young people.
Medical, mental health and social workers should address this issue of depression, substances abuse, and
forced sex in attempt to reduce the suicidal behaviors among transgender. In addition, increasing societal
acceptance of transgender community and decreasing gender-based prejudice may help to prevent
suicide in this highly stigmatized population Mitchell Katz, October (2008)
2.8. Lisa Motte and John Ohle (2006)

Making homeless shelter safe for transgender people in volume 10, issue 2, explains that most homeless
shelter in the United States are segregated by sex, with placement based on assumption about a person's
gender. As a result, Transgender youth and adults, who identify as or express a gender different from
their birth sex, can experience extreme difficulties in obtaining adequate and safe shelter.
Many shelters are physically unsafe for transgender people, fail to provide adequate protections for their
privacy, or do not respect their autonomy to define their own gender identity. This article provides
information about transgender people, their experiences with poverty and homelessness, and how shelter
can be made safe and welcoming for them.
2.9. Rhonda J & Esther D. Rothblum (2008)

A study of transgender adults and their non-transgender siblings on demographic characteristics, social
support, and experiences of violence in volume 3, issue 3 describes that a national sample of 295
transgender adults and their non-transgender siblings were surveyed about demographics perceptions of
social support, and violence, harassment, and discrimination.
Trans women were older than the other 4 groups. Transwomen, transmen and gender queers were more
highly educated than non-transgender sisters and non-transgender brothers, but did not have a
corresponding higher income. Other demographic differences between groups were found in religion,
geographic mobility, relationship status, and sexual orientation.
Transgender people were more likely to experience harassment and discrimination than non-transgender
sisters and non-transgender brothers. All transgender people perceived less social support from family
than non-transgender sisters. This is the first study to compare Trans people to non-trans siblings as a
comparison group.

2.10. Polat, Yuksel, Discigil and Meteris (2005)

Found that in Turkey, an individual with gender identity disorder is stigmatized and isolated from
society. They examined the acceptance of gender identity differences by the families in 47 relatives of
39 transgendered individuals who applied to a psychiatry clinic for sex reassignment. Half of the
relatives who came to the interview were mothers. While 85.1% of the families considered themselves as
secular Muslims, 14.9% were very religious. Gender identity disorder was first noticed during puberty
(70.2%) or pre-puberty (17%). In 63.8% it was remarked that it was a shocking experience. One-third of
them felt responsible for it.
While 65.9% tried to change the situation by coercion, only 27.7% adopted a supportive attitude. The
majority of families tried to conceal the situation from their immediate environment and one-third did
not even inform their closest relatives. For half of relatives the mass media was their only source of
information whereas one-third received information from doctors. 40.4% of the families accepted the
transgendered identity and approved the sex reassignment surgery as a final step.
2.11. Winter (2006)

Had 195 MTF transgender with a mean age of 25.4 years, complete a questionnaire examining, their
beliefs about (a) attitudes (of parents and society) towards them (and to MTF transgender in general);
and (b) origins of their own MTF status. It was found that 62.9% of mothers and 40.6% of fathers
accepted or encouraged their child’s transgender from its first expression.
Cluster analysis revealed that, based on their beliefs, 97.1% of the sample could be divided into three
groups. Most (61.2%) fell into a „biogenic‟ group, emphasizing the role played by inborn biology, while
29.4% believed took a „peer psychogenic‟ view, emphasizing the role played by friends in the
development of their transgender. A small „eclectic‟ group (6.5%) believed that biology, karma and
parents combined to account for their transgender.
2.12. Ryan et al (2010)

Shows that accepting behaviours of parents and caregivers towards their LGBT children are protective
against mental health risks. LGBT young adults who reported high levels of family acceptance during
adolescence had significantly higher levels of self-esteem, social support and general health, compared
to peers with low levels of family acceptance.
LGBT young adults who reported low levels of family acceptance during adolescence were over three
times more likely to have suicidal thoughts and to report suicide attempts, compared to those with high
levels of family acceptance. High religious involvement in families was strongly associated with low
acceptance of LGBT children.
2.13. Southern Comfort Transgender Conference in Atlanta (2002)

Seven out of ten people included in the report, "Public Perceptions of Transgender People," say they are
familiar with the word transgender. A majority of respondents believe it is "all right" to be
transgendered. Fifty percent of those surveyed believe transgendered adults should be allowed to teach
in high schools, but only about 40% believe they should be allowed to be elementary school, gym class,

or day care teachers or scouting leaders. 74% say they would be OK working with a transgendered
person; 61% favour laws to prevent workplace discrimination; and 68% support hate crimes laws that
covert transgendered people.
After respondents were given the definition of what it means to be transgendered- an exercise that is
considered an abbreviated form of education- they had a somewhat less favourable attitude toward
transgendered people. Additionally, the poll found a very critical correlation between whether the public
sees being transgender as a moral issue and whether they think people have a choice about being a
transgender.
2.14. Human Rights Campaign Foundation Campaign (2002)

Showed that 61 percent of Americans believe that the country needs laws to protect transgender people
from discrimination. It is estimated that at least 15 transgender people are killed each year in hate-based
attacks, although this number may be higher based on transgender people’s common fear of going to the
police and widespread misreporting. Anti-transgender discrimination also occurs in housing, credit and
public accommodations.
2.15. Medley (2005)

Investigated the attitudes toward gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people from the point of view of
heterosexual males who attended private institutions. Data was collected through the dissemination of
the GLBT Attitude Assessment at four private colleges. Males who held conservative beliefs in their
political and religious orientations were significantly different than those who held liberal and moderate
beliefs. Respondents‟ attitudes were least positive toward transgender people.
2.16. Rye, Elmslie and Chalmers (2007)

Assert that negative attitudes toward transsexuals may be transformed into positive and empathic ones.
They proposed that a basic formula to produce more positive attitudes is a simple one: education plus
exposure – that is to say, “real life” exposure. Meeting a transgender person face-to-face, even in a
classroom setting, can have a positive impact on those who hold transphobic attitudes resulting from
ignorance of transgender issues. Such an experience may also have a strong effect on a student who was
personally questioning his or her gender and perhaps dealing with some of the same issues being
discussed.
2.17. Antoszewski, Kasielska, Jędrzejczak and Kruk-Jeromin (2007)

Aimed to determine the extent of the knowledge and the approach of Lodz college students toward
transsexualism and to find out what rights students would grant to transsexual persons. The
questionnaire studies were carried out in a group of 300 students.
About 53.6% of the students gave correct answer to the definition of transsexualism. Most of the
students thought that transsexuals should have the possibility of legal change of name (67%) or
undergoing hormonal therapy (70%) and surgical treatment (63.5%). Student’s attitude toward legal and
surgical sex change in transsexuals was positive.
Female students showed greater understanding of transsexual needs than male students. Winter (2007)
and his team of researchers looked at transphobia in seven countries. The results of a factor analysis
identified core attitudes and beliefs. Five factors were identified together explaining 52.1% of variance.

They were,
1) the belief that transwomen suffer from a mental sickness;
2) the belief that transwomen are not women, should not be treated as such, and should not be afforded
rights as women;
3) rejection of contact with transwomen in a variety of social situations, including among family
members and teachers;
4) rejection of contact with transwomen within one's peer group, and 5) the belief that transwomen
engage in sexually deviant behaviour.
Particularly strong, and fairly consistent across the seven countries involved, were the links between, on
one hand, the belief that transwomen suffer from a mental sickness and, on the other hand, the refusal to
regard or treat them as women or to afford them rights as women, as well as an unwillingness to accept
the idea of any social contact with them at all, either within one's family group or outside.
2.18. King, Winter and Webster (2009)

Examined the relationship between Hong Kong Chinese people's contact with transgender/transsexual
(TG/TS) people and attitudes toward transgenderism and transgender civil rights, based on Allport's
contact hypothesis. With a random sample of 856 Hong Kong Chinese persons aged between 15 and 64
they used the Chinese Attitudes towards Transgenderism and Transgender Civil Rights Scale
(CATTCRS).
Attitudes, assessed on both personal and institutional dimensions, were examined in relation to
participants' gender, age, educational level, religiosity, and previous contact with trans people. Results
suggest that previous contact with trans people was significantly associated with attitudes reflected in the
scale; decreased social distance, decreased social discrimination, and decreased transprejudice, increased
awareness of discrimination against trans people, increased support for equal opportunities, increased
support for post-operative transsexual civil rights, and increased support for anti-discrimination
legislation.
2.19. Gerhardstein (2010)

Investigated factors that contribute to negative attitudes toward, and discrimination against this
consistently marginalized group of people. The sample included 251 heterosexual undergraduate
students, including 131 men and 120 women.
Participants rated one of two vignettes, which were paired with one of four different pictures. The
vignettes described either a male-to-female or female-to-male transsexual, and the corresponding picture
depicted an individual whose appearance was stereotypically consistent with either the vignette
character's post-operative sex or his or her biological sex.
Participants reported more positive general perceptions and more positive evaluations of the transsexual
character's attractiveness as a friend or romantic partner when his/her appearance was congruent with the
desired sex.
Compared to women, men rated the transsexual character more negatively. There was also a significant
interaction for gender of the participant and sex of the transsexual, such that females rated the

attractiveness of the FTM transsexual significantly more positively than the MTF transsexual, whereas
men's attractiveness ratings for the FTM and MTF transsexuals were not significantly different.
2.20. San Francisco State University (2010)

Shows that accepting behaviours of parents and caregivers towards their LGBT children are protective
against mental health risks. LGBT young adults who reported high levels of family acceptance during
adolescence had significantly higher levels of self-esteem, social support and general health, compared
to peers with low levels of family acceptance. LGBT young adults who reported low levels of family
acceptance during adolescence were over three times more likely to have suicidal thoughts and to report
suicide attempts, compared to those with high levels of family acceptance. High religious involvement in
families was strongly associated with low acceptance of LGBT children
2.21. Frank Hart (2005)

Investigated the attitudes toward gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people from the point of view of
heterosexual males who attended private institutions. Data was collected through the dissemination of
the GLBT Attitude Assessment at four private colleges. Males who held conservative beliefs in their
political and religious orientations were significantly different than those who held liberal and moderate
beliefs. Respondents’ attitudes were least positive toward transgender people
2.22. Summer (2007)

His team of researchers looked at transphobia in seven countries. The results of a factor analysis
identified core attitudes and beliefs. Five factors were identified together explaining 52.1% of variance.
They were, 1) the belief that transwomen suffer from a mental sickness; 2) the belief that transwomen
are not women, should not be treated as such, and should not be afforded rights as women; 3) Rejection
of contact with transwomen in a variety of social situations, including among family members and
teachers; 4) rejection of contact with transwomen within one's peer group, and 5) the belief that
transwomen engage in sexually deviant behaviour.
Particularly strong, and fairly consistent across the seven countries involved, were the links between, on
one hand, the belief that transwomen suffer from a mental sickness and, on the other hand, the refusal to
regard or treat them as women or to afford them rights as women, as well as an unwillingness to accept
the idea of any social contact with them at all, either within one's family group or outside.
2.23. Richardton (2010)

Investigated factors that contribute to negative attitudes toward, and discrimination against this
consistently marginalized group of people. The sample included 251 heterosexual undergraduate
students, including 131 men and 120 women.
Participants rated one of two vignettes, which were paired with one of four different pictures. The
vignettes described either a male-to-female or female-to-male transsexual, and the corresponding picture
depicted an individual whose appearance was stereotypically consistent with either the vignette
character's post-operative sex or his or her biological sex.

Participants reported more positive general perceptions and more positive evaluations of the transsexual
character's attractiveness as a friend or romantic partner when his/her appearance was congruent with the
desired sex. Compared to women, men rated the transsexual character more negatively.
There was also a significant interaction for gender of the participant and sex of the transsexual, such that
females rated the attractiveness of the FTM transsexual significantly more positively than the MTF
transsexual, whereas men's attractiveness ratings for the FTM and MTF transsexuals were not
significantly different.
2.24. Newfield, Hart, Dibble and Kohler (2006)

Evaluated health related quality of life in female-to-male (FTM) transgender individuals, using the
Short-Form 36- Question Health Survey version 2 (SF-36v2). Using email, Internet bulletin boards, and
postcards, 446 FTM transgender and FTM transsexual participants were recruited.
Analysis of quality-of-life health concepts demonstrated statistically significant diminished QOL among
the FTM transgender participants as compared to the US male and female population, particularly in
regard to mental health. FTM transgender participants who received testosterone (67%) reported
statistically significant higher quality of life scores than those who had not received hormone therapy.
Hancock, Krissinger and Owen (2010) explored relationships between self-perceived QOL and
perceptions of femininity and likability associated with transgender voice. For male-to-female
transgender clients, QOL is moderately correlated with how others perceive their voice. This study
complements previous research reports that subjective measures from clients and listeners may be
valuable for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment in terms of how treatment influences voice related
QOL issues for transgender people.
2.25. The GLBT Health Access Project (2000)

Aimed to improve the health care received by trans people by exploring what a TG/TS person
experiences when she/he seeks health care. The study asked participants in four focus groups to report
on their experiences in obtaining routine health care as well as specialty services, and to discuss their
health insurance status.
The adult MtF group saw substance abuse treatment and HIV/AIDS care as being the key issue. The MtF
adult group said that endocrinology, mental health and primary care were their most important health
care needs. In all the focus groups, a constant theme was a perception of vast provider ignorance of trans
people and concerns. From the level of health care systems down to individual providers and frontline
staff, transgenders reported provider unawareness of, disrespect toward, and outright refusal of treatment
for their health needs, both basic and trans-related.
2.26. Karen, Schwartz & Trevor (2011)

Examined specific factors that might contribute to higher rates of social anxiety in these adolescents,
such as gender role nonconformity, discrimination, victimization, and decreased social support. They
also considered the potential (negative) effects of social anxiety on the behaviours of LGBT youth,
including increased alcohol and substance use, risky sexual behaviours, and suicidality.

2.27. Cameron & Kulick (2003)

Who worked among the Transgenders in India in today` s post-colonial world the status of the
mukhannathun in the societies of India and Pakistan has an ambiguous character that depends on
situations, geographical regions or simply on personal likes and dislikes? In general, one can say that
they are still respected in certain ways.
However, they also may be ridiculed at in some circumstances. In general Transgenders claim that in
northern India and in Pakistan they earn a lot more respect than in the Deep South. The highest respect
they still find in old cities with a rich Muslim heritage, especially Luck now which once was the seat of
the Nawab of Oudh. Indians, since colonial times confronted with European values and Western
exceptions, feel probably somehow unsure about their relationship to the Transgenders.
No one would ever dare to ridicule them face to face, but still people may make fun of them behind their
backs. Maybe the attitude that Transgenders have to face in India` s and Pakistan’s main entertainment
industry, the movie business, shows this ambiguity in attitude towards them in the best way.
In the past years there have been some serious Bollywood Movies in which Transgenders played the
main role in a dramatic plot (like in "Tamanna" and "Darmiyaan", describing the life of the mukhannath
Tikku), but they are also frequently hired to play "comical fun parts" in mainstream productions, giving
the reason for a "good laugh" in the audience. Actually, this reminds me a lot of how transgenders are
treated in western film industry.
Today Transgenders are very active in local politics. Especially in India, but also in Pakistan. And,
besides having been stigmatized during colonial times, many have an impressive number of voters. A
new slogan arose: "There is one solution to useless politicians, give the mandate to eunuchs."
In a town called Gorakhpur a Transgender with the name Asha Devi became mayor, another called
Kamala Jaan became mayor in Katni; nowadays there are many local Transgender politicians on the
Indian subcontinent, all following in the footsteps of "auntie" Shabnam (or Shabnam Mausi, as it is in
Hindi/Urdu), the first mukhannath member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly. In Hindu-folk-
lore there is an old legend according to which "in the end of time there will be an age in which the
Transgenders will rule", because of a blessing from God. Many Transgenders believe this time has
come!
2.28. Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010)

Transgender persons present as members of the gender opposite to the sex to which they were assigned
at birth (p.74). Transgender persons may identify as one or more of a number of identifiers, including
drag kings (female-to-male persons), drag queens (male-to-female persons), or cross-dressers (persons of
either birth sex).
Transgender is an umbrella term for individuals whose self-identification transgresses the socially
established gender categories of male and female. To better understand the complexities of the
transgender identity, it is necessary to realize that while gender and sex are two terms that are often used
interchangeably, they have two very different meanings.
The American Psychological Association (2010) defines sex as assigned at birth, a reference to one’s
biological status as either male or female, and as associated primarily with physical attributes such as
chromosomes, hormone prevalence, and external and internal anatomy. Gender refers to the socially
constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for males
and females.

These expectations influence the ways that people act, interact, and feel about themselves. Traditionally
gendered people fall into binary categories of male sex and masculine gender identity and female sex
and feminine gender identity. While aspects of biological sex are similar across different cultures,
aspects of gender may differ. Gender expression is the outward expression of gender roles to society or
the performance of gender.
An example would be a woman with female sex traits and a feminine gender identity who wears
traditionally gendered clothing, such as skirts and blouses, and carries herself in a feminine by crossing
her legs while sitting.
2.29. Kidd & Witten, 2008

Many different categories and types of people identify with the transgender and gender non-conforming
community. Transgender and trans- are terms used to categorize individuals who “transcend the
conventional boundaries of gender, irrespective of physical status of sexual orientation”
This all-encompassing term can be used to refer to transsexuals, intersex persons, cross-dressers, gender
non-conforming individuals, drag queens, drag kings, and gender queers. The expression of one’s
transgender identity varies greatly from person to person. Transgender identified people may or may not
pursue medical or hormone treatment to alter their physical appearance to match their internal identity.
A transgender person, such as a drag king or drag queen, may dress as the opposite gender for the
purpose of entertainment. Someone who identifies as gender queer or gender non-conforming may not
self-identify as transgender, but may experience similar discrimination and oppression as someone who
is transgender identified.
With the diversity of identities within the term “transgender,” developing a singular definition and
prescription for all transgender individuals is impossible. The research and literature that does exist
surrounding transgender individuals and their experiences attempts to better understand the greater
influencing factors.
2.30. Gagne, Tewksbury, and McGaughy (1997)

The social pressures that influence transgender identity formation through exploration of the coming-out
experiences for transgender individuals. The empirical extension of this study (1998) explored the social
context in which transgender individuals resist the normative expectations of sex and gender. The
purpose of this study was to examine the ways in which transgender people challenge the assumption of
the two-gender binary and the association between gender and sex.
The researchers used semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 65 masculine-to-feminine individuals of

various identities within the transgender spectrum. The sample included 27 pre-operative individuals, 10
post-operative individuals, 4 non-operative individuals, and 24 cross-dressers, and the study was
conducted over a one-year period. The findings of this study indicated that social pressures to conform to
the gender binary were experienced as desires for relationship maintenance and self-preservation.
The study identified the paradox that in coming out as the opposite gender, transgender individuals
reinforce and reify the very two gender binary system they are trying to escape and change. This
conceptualization of the struggle experienced by transgender individuals is helpful in understanding the
power dynamics of gender and challenging the traditional notions of sex and gender.

Transgender people experience a dualistic challenge in expressing the transgender identity. One
challenge is to find language and expression to represent their individual identities in a society where
that individual identity may not exist or be recognized by the dominant social narrative. The second
challenge is to not be confined by the gender binary and the dominant social narrative in authentically
expressing the individual gender identity.
2.31. Kosciw (2010), Chickering’s (1969 & 1993)

Research pinpoints college as a critical time in students’ identity development. Recognizing this stage in
identity development, colleges provide a number of support services to aid students through this
developmental period.
While traditionally gendered students struggle with identity, transgender students experience even
greater challenges. Colleges strive to provide safe and supportive campus environments; however, the
college campus is a microcosm of the society around it, and with that, come many of the same traditional
gendered expectations and stereotypes that exist in society.
Many of the services available on college campuses such as restroom access, dormitory living, group
memberships, and healthcare are based on the two-gender binary. Through participating in the two-
gender binary, basic needs, such as housing on a college campus, force transgender students to either
conform or to be at a disadvantage.
2.32. Whitley, 2001; Beemyn, 2010.

Transgender students in higher education require a greater level of support than their gender normative
peers, and administration on college campuses requires a greater level of awareness to improve
inclusivity and support for their transgender students.
Through supporting students at the college level, the challenges and risks associated with being
transgender will decrease. College presents a unique opportunity for many students to begin to explore
their identity and their place in the world apart from their parents and their home communities. This is a
time when students on the social periphery can begin to express their identity and find like-minded
communities.
For transgender and gender non-conforming people, college is often the first opportunity for them to
question their ascribed gender and explore different facets of their identities. With this environment
comes a freedom to experiment with one’s gender expression (i.e., style of dress, mannerisms,
hairstyles) and one’s preferred pronouns and names (e.g., requesting to be called “Al” rather than
“Alison”).
While this period of exploration and identity development provides many opportunities for students to
grow and mature, transgender students can be most vulnerable to harassment, oppression, and
discrimination due to their transgender identity or expression.

CHAPTER 3:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
“A STUDY ON THE PSYCHO – SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACED BY TRANSGENDERS WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NEDUMPURAM REGION”
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The study aimed at assessing the knowledge of transgender regarding coping strategies towards the
psychological changes in transgender. Stress is common problem facing by transgender across the world.
This study helps to provide them with good knowledge regarding stress and coping strategies. Transgender
is a general term applied to a variety of individuals, behavior and group involving tendencies to vary from
culturally conventional gender roles. Male to female and female to male are the two gender identities
which have been widely noted in the transgender literature. The study aims at Transgender face more
psychological problem and social exclusion is one of the most important.
RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY

‘TRANSGENDER’ is an umbrella term used to describe anyone whose gender identity does not match
with the assigned birth gender. It is a state of one's "gender identity" not matching one's "assigned sex”.
The study is aimed at assessing the knowledge of transgender regarding coping strategies towards the
psychological problem and social exclusion.
The purpose of this study is to gain an insight into the everyday lives of transgender people through the age
span and across the spectrum of gender identity. The study will look at all aspects of daily life including:
employment, education, relationships, and mental health as well as seek insight into the experience of
transitioning from one gender to the other. The other component of this study is examining how things
change after transition and the overall well-being of the person in transition.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To study social problems faced by transgender of Nedumpuram Region.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
I. To know about social demographic features of Transgender
II. To identify the social problems of Transgender
III. To assess the coping strategies among Transgender.
DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS:
1.TRANSGENDER
Theoretical definition: describing or relating to people whose sense of gender identity does not match
their biological sex or does not easily fit in with the usual division between male and female

Operational definition: People whose gender is inconsistent or not culturally associate with their
biological sex.
2. SOCIAL PROBLEM
Theoretical definition: connected with activities in which people meet each other for pleasure
Operational definition: needing companionship and therefore best suited to living in communities
3. PROBLEM
Theoretical definition: thing that is difficult to deal with or to understand

Operational definition: a matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt
with and overcome.
IDENTIFICATION OF VARIABLES
Dependent variables:
 Education
 Sex
 Living
Independent Variables:
 Name
 Place
 Religion
RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design used by the researcher is descriptive. It will help to narrate the facts and characteristics
concerning the beneficiaries. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state affairs,
as it exists at present, while studying the research problem, scientific method is followed.
UNIVERSE OF THE STUDY:

Transgender people residing at Nedumpuram Region.
SAMPLING SIZE:
The research took a sample of 60 transgender of Nedumpuram Region
UNIT OF THE STUDY:

In this study a single transgender from Nedumpuram Region is taken as the unit of the study
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:
Convenient Sampling is used for collecting data from the respondents since people from transgender
community were not very easy to find out for data collection

PILOT STUDY:
Pilot study will help to known the feasibility of the researcher topic. For the present study the researcher
conducted pilot study with the help of transgender community in the Nedumpuram Region
SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION:

• Primary sources
The primary data are those which collected fresh for the first time and this to be original in
character. The primary data was collected from the respondents through questionnaire.
• Secondary sources
The researcher collected secondary data from journals, articles, books, websites etc.
TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION

The tool used in the study is structured questionnaire, Researcher used self- prepared questionnaire for data
collection. The answer is to be provided personally, by the respondent.
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
Transgenders in Nedumpuram Region
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
Transgenders in Nedumpuram Region other that Thiruvalla Panchayat.
PRETEST:
The pretest was conducted on -/-/-/ with 10 transgenders to survey of the tool of data collection
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION:

Collected data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and was interpreted
accordingly.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
1. Lack of transportation facility
2. They have a fear to express their opinion
3. Some members shows lack of interest
ETHICAL RESPONSIBILTY
▪ The researcher assures that the data collected from respondents will be kept
confidential.
▪ The researcher will get approval from the authorities for data collection.
▪ The researcher will inform the respondents about the purpose and genuineness of the
study and get their prior consent.

▪ Data collected will be used only for academic purpose and for welfare of the destitute. After the
completion of the study, the researcher will give feedback to the respondents regarding the finding of the
study, if they ask for it.
CHAPTERIZATION
Chapter1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Review of Literature
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Interpretation
Chapter 5: Findings and Suggestions.

CHAPTER 4:
DATA ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION

INTRODUCTION
This chapter includes the analysis and interpretation of the data on “THE PSYCHO – SOCIAL
NEDUMPURAM REGION”.
Data analysis and interpretation are crucial aspects of this research. The process included, collection
of data which was entered into SPSS (statistical package for social science), coding and analysing
mainly in the terms of percentage, statistical tool was used in the analysis of the data and were
represented using bar diagram, pie chart and table.
The data, which is analysed, is the primary source of the data that is collected from 60 respondent
from the Transgender community of Nedumpuram region.

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
TABLE NO. 1
AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS
Sl. No Age group Frequency Percentage
1 Less than 15 2 3.3
2 15 – 25 11 18.3
3 25 – 35 31 51.7
4 Above 35 16 26.7
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows the age of the respondents.

51.7 percent respondents belong to the age category of 25-35 and 26.7 percent are of category ‘above 35’.
18.3 percent respondents belong to the group of age 15-25 and 3.3 percent of the respondents belong to the
‘less than 15’ group.
The following graph shows the age group of the respondents.
FIGURE NO. 1

TABLE NO. 2
SEX OF THE RESPONDENTS
Sl. No Sex group Frequency Percentage

1 Male 33 55.0
2 Female 22 36.7
3 Other 5 8.3
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows the sex of the respondents
55.0 percent of the respondents are male; 36.7 percent are female while 8.3 percent of the respondents are
from the other category.
The following graph shows the sex group of the respondents.
FIGURE NO. 2

TABLE NO. 3
RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS
Sl. No Groups Frequency Percentage

1 Hindu 20 33.3
2 Muslim 15 25.0
3 Christian 19 31.7
4 Other 6 10.0
Total 60 100.0
The above table categorizes the respondents by their religion.

33.3 percent of the respondents belong to the Hindu group; Christian respondents take 31.7 percent of the
total. 25percent of the respondents are from the Islam community while 10 percent of the respondents are
from the other category.
The following graph shows the religion of the respondents.
FIGURE NO. 3

TABLE NO. 4
QUALIFICATIONS OF THE RESPONDENTS
Sl. No Education Frequency Percentage
1 10 11 18.3
2 12 25 41.7
3 Degree 19 31.7
4 PG 5 8.3
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows the educational qualifications of the respondents.

Out of the total 60 responses 41.7 percent have completed their 12th, 31.7 percent have completed their
degree, 18.3 percent have done their 10th and 8.3 percent of the respondents have completed their PG.
The following graph shows the educational qualifications of the respondents.
FIGURE NO. 4
TABLE NO. 5
ANNUAL INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS
Sl. No Income Frequency Percentage
1 Below 100,000 49 81.7
2 100,000-200,000 9 15
3 200,000-250,000 1 1.7
4 More than 250,000 1 1.7
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows that 81.7 percent of the respondents’ income is below 100.000.
15 percent if the respondents earn 100,000-200,000. Categories with 200,000-250,000 and more than
250,000 both have 1.7 percent of responses.
The following graph shows the annual income of the respondents.
FIGURE NO. 5
TABLE NO. 6

ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS
Sl. No Economic Status Frequency Percent
1 BPL 15 25.0
2 APL 45 75.0
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows the economic status of the respondents.

75 percent of the respondents belong to the APL group while 25 percent belongs to
the BPL group.
The following graph shows the economic status of the respondents.
FIGURE NO. 6
TABLE NO. 7
OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS

Sl. No Occupation Frequency Percentage

1 Beggar 1 1.7
2 Call centre 5 8.3
3 Civil service 1 1.7
4 Clerk 1 1.7
5 Community worker 1 1.7
6 Helper 1 1.7
7 Home nurse 1 1.7
8 Hotel (staff) 1 1.7
9 Nil 2 3.4
10 Nurse 1 1.7
11 Part-time worker 1 1.7
12 Private job 1 1.7
13 Private sector 1 1.7
14 Private service 14 23.3
15 Private staff 1 1.7
16 Private worker 1 1.7
17 Public service 4 6.7
18 Sex worker 1 1.7
19 Student 7 11.7
20 Sweeper 2 3.3
21 Tailor 8 13.3
22 Teacher 4 6.7 The above table
Total 60 100.0 shows the
occupation of
the respondents.
23.3 percent of the respondents work in the private service; 13.3 percent work as tailor while 11.7 percent of
the respondents are students.
The following graph shows the occupation of the respondents
FIGURE NO. 7

Sl. No Neglect in Education Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 46 76.7
2 No 14 23.3
Total 60 100.0
TABLE NO. 8
NEGLECT IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION
This tables shows whether transgenders have faced neglect in the field of education.
76.7 percent of the respondents have answered that they have faced neglect in the field of education; 23.3
percent have answered that they haven’t felt any neglect.
The following graph shows whether transgenders have been neglected in the field of education.
FIGURE NO. 8

TABLE NO. 9
PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED BY THE HOUSEHOLD AFTER THEY CAME TO
KNOW ABOUT THE DIFFERENCE IN GENDER IDENTITY
Problems experienced
Sl. No Frequency Percent
by the household
1 Yes 45 75.0
2 No 15 25.0
Total 60 100.0
This table shows whether transgenders have faced any problems by the household after they came about the
difference in gender identity.

75.0 percent of the respondents have answered that they have faced problems by the household after they
came to know about the difference in gender identity; 25 percent have answered that they haven’t faced any
problem.
The following graph shows whether the respondents have experienced problems by the household after they
came to know about the difference in gender identity.
FIGURE NO. 9
TABLE NO. 10
OBJECTIONS FROM RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
Objections from
Sl. No Frequency Percent
religious beliefs
1 Yes 31 51.7
2 No 29 48.3
Total 60 100.0
The above tables whether transgenders have faced any objections from religious beliefs.
51.7 percent of the respondents have answered that they have faced objections from religious beliefs while
48.3 percent of the people have answered that they haven’t faced any objections.

The following graph shows whether transgenders have faced any objections from
religious beliefs.
FIGURE NO. 10
TABLE NO. 11
SUFFERED MENTALLY BECAUSE YOU ARE A TRANSGENDER
Ever suffered
Sl. No Frequency Percentage
mentally
1 Yes 48 80.0
2 No 12 20.0
Total 60 100.0
The above tables shows whether the respondents have suffered mentally being a transgender
80 percent of the respondents have answered that they have suffered mentally for being a transgender, while
20 percent have answered that they haven’t suffered.
The following tables shows whether the respondents have suffered mentally being a transgender.

FIGURE NO. 11
TABLE NO. 12
OPPOSITION FROM GENERAL PUBLIC
Opposition from
Sl. No
general public Frequency Percent
1 Yes 33 55.0
2 No 27 45.0
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents have faced any opposition from the general public.
55.0 percent of the respondents have answered that they have faced opposition from the general public,
while 45.0 percent have answered that they haven’t faced any opposition.

The following graph shows whether the respondents have faced any opposition from the general public.
FIGURE NO. 12
TABLE NO. 13
OPPORTUNITIES DENIED BECAUSE YOU ARE A TRANSGENDER
Sl. No Opportunities denied Frequency Percentage
1 Yes 49 81.7
2 No 11 18.3
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether any opportunities were denied being a transgender.
81.7 percent of the respondents have answered that they have been denied opportunities being a transgender,
while 18.3 percent have answered that they haven’t been denied any opportunities.
The following table shows whether any opportunities were denied being a transgender.
FIGURE NO. 13
TABLE NO. 14
SATISFIED WITH YOUR OWN GENDER IDENTITY
Satisfied with
own gender
1 Yes 46 76.7
2 No 14 23.3
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents are satisfied with their own gender.
76.7 percent of the respondents have answered that they are satisfied with their gender identity, while 23.3
percent have answered that they aren’t satisfied with their gender identity.
The following graph shows whether the respondents are satisfied with their own gender.

FIGURE NO. 14
TABLE NO. 15
FAMILY OF OWN
Want family of
own
1 Yes 31 51.7
2 No 29 48.3
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents want to have a family of their own.
51.7 percent of the respondents have answered that they want to have a family of their own while 48.3
percent have answered that they do not want to have a family of their own.
The following graph shows whether the respondents want a family of their own.
FIGURE NO. 15
TABLE NO. 16
OTHER TRANSGENDER PEOPLE IN FAMILY
Transgender in
family
1 Yes 6 10.0
2 No 54 90.0
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether there are any other transgenders in the family of the respondents.
90.0 percent of the respondents have answered that there isn’t any other transgender in their family while
10.0 percent of the respondents have answered that there are other transgenders in their family.
The following graph shows whether there are any other transgenders in the family of the respondents.
FIGURE NO. 16
TABLE NO. 17
TOILET FACILITIES AVAILABLE

Sl. No Toilet facilities Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 34 56.7 The above table shows the
2 No 26 43.3 toilet facility available to the
Total 60 100.0 respondents.
56.7 percent of the
respondents have answered that toilet facilities are available while
43.3 percent have answered that toilet facilities aren’t available.
The following graph shows the toilet facility available to the respondents.
FIGURE NO. 17
TABLE NO. 18
SOCIETY CHANGED COMPARED TO PAST
Ever felt society has
changed
1 Yes 35 58.3
2 No 25 41.7
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents ever felt that the ways society looks today has changed
compared to the past.
58.3 percent of the respondents have answered that the society has changed compared to the past while 41.7
percent answered that the society hasn’t changed compared to the past.
The following graph shows whether the respondents ever felt that the ways society looks today has changed
compared to the past.
FIGURE NO. 18
TABLE NO. 19
CONSIDERATION GIVEN IS INADEQUATE
Inadequate
consideration
1 Yes 54 90.0
2 No 6 10.0
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents have ever felt that the consideration given to you as a
transgender is inadequate.
90.0 percent of the respondents have answered that the consideration given to them as a transgender is
inadequate while 10.0 percent has answered that they haven’t felt any inadequacy in consideration.
The following graph shows whether the respondents have ever felt that the consideration given to you as a
transgender is inadequate.
FIGURE NO. 19
TABLE NO. 20
DIFFICULT FOR OTHERS TO INERACT WITH YOU
Sl. No Difficult to interact Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 52 86.7
2 No 8 13.3 The above table shows
whether the respondents
Total 60 100.0 ever felt that others find it
difficult to interact with you.
86.7 percent of the respondents have answered that they have felt that others find it difficult to interact with
them while 13.3 percent of the respondents have answered that they haven’t felt that others find it difficult to
interact with them.
The following graph shows whether the respondents ever felt that others find it difficult to interact with you.
FIGURE NO. 20

TABLE NO. 21
GENDER REASSIGNMENT SURGERY
Sl. No Gender reassignment surgery Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 23 38.3
2 No 37 61.7
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows
whether the respondents know about the gender reassignment surgery.
38.3 percent of the respondents have answered that they know about the gender reassignment surgery while
61.7 percent have answered that they do not know.
The following graph shows whether the respondents know about the gender reassignment surgery.
FIGURE NO. 21

TABLE NO. 22
WANT TO BE TREATED AS EQUALS
Want to be treated
as equals
1 Yes 56 93.3
2 No 4 6.7
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the
respondents want to be treated equally as others in the society.
93.3 percent of the respondents have answered that they want to be treated as equals in the society while 6.7
percent has answered that they do not want to be treated as equals.
The following graph shows whether the respondents want to treated equally as others in the society.
FIGURE NO. 22

TABLE NO. 23
TRANSGENDER PEOPLE ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE SEXUALLY ABUSED
More likely to be
sexually abused
1 Yes 25 41.7
2 No 35 58.3
Total 60 100.0
The above tables shows whether
transgender people are more likely to be sexually abused in the society.
41.7 percent of the respondents have answered that transgender people are more likely to be sexually abused
while 58.3 percent have answered do not think that transgender people are more likely to be abused.
The following graph shows whether transgender people are more likely to be sexually abused in the society.
FIGURE NO. 23

TABLE NO. 24
PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUE RELATED TO GENDER IDENTITY EVER FELT
SUICIDAL
Psychosocial issues
ever felt suicidal
1 Yes 32 53.3
2 No 28 46.7
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents ever felt suicidal because of the psychosocial issues faced
due to gender identity.
53.3 percent of the respondents have answered that they have felt suicidal because of the psychosocial
problems faced by them while 46.7 percent have answered that haven’t felt suicidal.
The following graph shows whether the respondents ever felt suicidal because of the psychosocial issues
faced due to gender identity.
FIGURE NO. 24

TABLE NO. 25
PUBLIC IS PREPARING TO HEAR AND UNDERSTAND YOUR PROBLEMS
OPENLY
Ever felt public is trying to

understand your problems
1 Yes 27 45.0
2 No 33 55.0
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents think that the public is preparing to hear and understand
their problems openly.
45.0 percent of the respondents have answered that the public is preparing to hear and understand
transgenders’ problems while 55.0 percent of the respondents have answered that the public isn’t prepared to
hear and understand the problems of the transgenders.
The following graph shows whether the respondents think that the public is preparing to hear and understand
FIGURE NO. 25

TABLE NO. 26
FRIENDS FROM TRANSGENDER COMMUNITY ARE MORE HELPFUL
Do you think a friend from transgender
community will be more helpful
1 Yes 49 81.7
2 No 11 18.3
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents think that a friend from the transgender community are
more helpful in cases of stress than general public.
81.7 percent of the respondents have answered that a friend from the transgender community is more helpful
while 18.3 percent has answered that it is not helpful.
The following graph table shows whether the respondents think that a friend from the transgender
community are more helpful in cases of stress than general public.
FIGURE NO. 26

TABLE NO. 27
FELT STIGMATIZED WHEN YOU ARE NEGLECTED BY THE SOCIETY
Ever felt stigmatized on being
neglected by the society
1 Yes 48 80.0
2 No 12 20.0
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents have ever felt stigmatized when neglected by the society.
80.0 percent of the respondents have answered that they have felt stigmatised when they are neglected by the
society while 20.0 percent has answered that they do not feel stigmatized when neglected by society.
The following graph shows whether the respondents have ever felt stigmatized when neglected by the
society.
FIGURE NO. 27

TABLE NO. 28
MEDICAL PROBLEM
Do you face any medical
problems
1 Yes 42 68.3
2 No 19 31.7
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents have ever faced any medical problem being a transgender.
68.3 percent of the respondents have answered that they have faced medical problems being a transgender
while 31.7 percent has answered that they haven’t faced any medical problems.
The following graph shows whether the respondents have ever faced any medical problem being a
transgender.
FIGURE NO. 28

TABLE NO. 29
MENTAL PRESSURE
Do you face any mental
pressure
1 Yes 47 78.3
2 No 13 21.7
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents have ever faced any mental pressure being a transgender.
78.3 percent of the respondents have answered that they have faced mental pressure being a transgender
while 21.7 percent has answered that they haven’t faced any mental pressure being a transgender.
The following graph shows whether the respondents have ever faced any mental pressure being a
transgender.
FIGURE NO. 29

TABLE NO. 30
AFRAID OR ASHAMED OF BEING A TRANSGENDER
Ashamed or afraid of being a
transgender
1 Yes 21 35.0
2 No 39 65.0
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents have ever felt afraid or ashamed being a transgender.
35.0 percent of the respondents have answered that they have felt afraid or ashamed of being a transgender
while 65.0 percent has answered that they haven’t felt afraid or ashamed of being a transgender.
The following graph shows whether the respondents have ever felt afraid or ashamed being a transgender.
FIGURE NO. 30

TABLE NO. 31
SATISFIED IN PERSONAL LIFE
Sl. No Satisfied with your personal life Frequency Percentage
1 Yes 48 80.0
2 No 12 20.0
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents are satisfied with their personal life.
80.0 percent of the respondents have answered that they are satisfied with their personal life while 20.0
percent has answered that they aren’t satisfied.
The following graph shows whether the respondents are satisfied with their personal life.
FIGURE NO. 31

TABLE NO. 32
SATISFIED IN SOCIAL LIFE
Sl. No Satisfied with your social life Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 19 31.7
2 No 41 68.3
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether
the respondents are satisfied with their social life.
31.7 percent of the respondents have answered that they are satisfied with their social life while 68.3 percent
has answered that they aren’t satisfied.
The following graph shows whether the respondents are satisfied with their social life.
FIGURE NO. 32

TABLE NO. 33
SATISFIED IN VOCATIONAL LIFE
Satisfied with your
vocational life
1 Yes 30 50.0
2 No 30 50.0
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents are satisfied with their vocational life.
50.0 percent of the respondents have answered that they are satisfied with their vocational life while 50.0
percent has answered that they aren’t satisfied.
The following graph shows whether the respondents are satisfied with their vocational life.
FIGURE NO. 33

TABLE NO. 34
SOUGHT HELP OF ANY COUNSELLOR
Sl. No Sought help from any counsellor Frequency Percentage
1 Yes 20 33.3
2 No 40 66.7
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents have ever sought the help of a counsellor to overcome their
problems.
33.3 percent of the respondents have answered that they have sought help from counsellors while 66.7
percent has answered that they haven’t sought any help.
The following graph shows whether the respondents have ever sought the help of a counsellor to overcome
their problems.
FIGURE NO. 34

TABLE NO. 35
WAYS TAKEN TO OVERCOME MENTAL DIFFICULATIES
Sl. No Ways taken to overcome mental difficulties Frequency Percentage
1 Entertainment (music/ reading/ singing) 15 25.0
2 Spiritual means 23 38.4
3 Alcohol and Drugs 2 3.3
4 Other 20 33.3
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows the ways the respondents have taken to overcome their mental difficulties.
36.7 percent of the respondents have opted for spiritual means; 25.0 percent have opted for entertainment.
3.3 percent of the respondents have taken alcohol and drugs as their means while 33.3 percent have opted for
other ways.
The following graph shows the ways the respondents have taken to overcome their mental difficulties.
FIGURE NO. 35

TABLE NO. 36
NEED FOR REHABILITATION CENTRES
Sl. No Is there a need for rehabilitation centres Frequency Percentage
1 Yes 50 83.3
2 No 10 16.7
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents have felt the need for rehabilitation centres.
83.3 percent of the respondents have answered that they have felt the need for rehabilitation centres while
16.7 percent has answered that they have not felt the need for rehabilitation centres.
The following graph shows whether the respondents have felt the need for rehabilitation centres.
FIGURE NO. 36
TABLE NO. 37
REDUCTION OF STRESS THROUGH JOB OPPORTUNITIES
Can stress be reduced
through job
1 Yes 53 88.3
2 No 7 11.7
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents can reduce their stress through job opportunities.
88.3 percent of the respondents have answered that they can reduce their stress through job opportunities
while 11.7 percent has answered that they can’t reduce their stress through job opportunities.
The following graph shows whether the respondents can reduce their stress through job opportunities.
FIGURE NO. 37
TABLE 38
SHARE MENTAL PROBLEMS
Sl. No Want to share mental problems Frequency Percentage
1 Yes 25 41.7
2 No 35 58.3
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents want to share their mental problems with others.
41.7 percent of the respondents have answered that they want to share their mental problems with others
while 58.3 percent has answered that they do not want to share their mental problems.
The following graph shows whether the respondents want to share their mental problems with others.
FIGURE NO. 38
TABLE NO. 39
FRIENDSHIP HELPS GET RID OF MENTAL CONFLICTS
Sl. No Does friendship help Frequency Percentage

1 Yes 51 85.0
2 No 9 15.0
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents think that friendship helps get rid of mental conflicts.
85.0 percent of the respondents have answered that friendship helps to get rid of mental conflicts while 15.0
percent has answered that friendship doesn’t help get rid of mental conflicts.
The following graph shows whether the respondents think that friendship helps get rid of mental conflicts.
FIGURE NO. 39
TABLE NO. 40
INSPIRED BY SOMEONE FROM THE TRANSGENDER SOCIETY
Ever inspired by someone from the
transgender society
1 Yes 43 71.7
2 No 17 28.3
Total 60 100.0
The above table shows whether the respondents have you ever been inspired by someone from the
transgender society.
71.7 percent of the respondents have answered that they have been inspired been someone from the
transgender society while 28.3 percent has answered that haven’t been inspired by someone from the
The following graph shows whether the respondents have you ever been inspired by someone from the
FIGURE NO. 40

CHAPTER 5:
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND
CONCLUSION

FINDINGS
 51.7 percent of the respondents belong to the age category of 25-35.
 55.0 percent of the respondents are male.
 33.3 percent of the respondents belong to the Hindu group.
 41.7 percent of the respondents have completed their 12th grade.
 81.7 percent of the respondents have an annual income below 100,000.
 75.0 percent of the respondents belong to the APL group.
 23.3 percent of the respondents work in the private service.
 76.7 percent of the respondents have answered that they have faced neglect in the field of
education.
 75.0 percent of the respondents have faced problems by the household after they came to
know about the difference in gender identity.
 51.7 percent of the respondents have faced objections from religious beliefs.
 80.0 percent of the respondents have suffered mentally being a transgender.
 55.0 percent of the respondents have faced opposition from the general public.
 81.7 percent of the respondents have been denied opportunities being a transgender.
 76.7 percent of the respondents are satisfied with their gender identity.
 51.7 percent of the respondents want a family of their own.
 90.0 percent of the respondents do not have any other transgenders in their family.
 56.7 percent of the respondents have answered that toilet facilities are available to them.
 58.3 percent of the respondents have felt that the society has changed compared to the past.
 90.0 percent of the respondents have felt that the consideration given to them as transgender is
inadequate.
 81.7 percent of the respondents have felt that others find it difficult to interact with them.
 61.7 percent of the respondents do not know about gender reassignment surgery.
 Majority of the respondents wants to be treated as equals in the society.
 58.3 percent of the respondents do not think that transgender people are more likely to be
abused in the society.
 53.3 percent of the respondents have felt suicidal because of the psychological problem faced
by them.
 55.0 percent of the respondents think that the public isn’t prepared to hear and understand
 81.7 percent of the respondents think that a friend from the transgender community is more
helpful in cases of stress than general public.
 80.0 percent of the respondents have felt stigmatised when they are neglected by the society.
 68.3 percent of the respondents have faced medical problems being a transgender.
 78.3 percent of the respondents have faced mental pressure being a transgender.
 65.0 percent of the respondents haven’t ever felt afraid or shamed of being a transgender.
 80.0 percent of the respondents are satisfied with their personal life.
 68.3 percent of the respondents aren’t satisfied with their social life.
 50.0 percent of the respondents are satisfied with their vocational life.
 66.7 percent of the respondents haven’t ever sought any help of a counsellor to overcome their
problems.
 38.4 percent of the respondents have taken spiritual means to overcome their mental
difficulties.
 83.3 percent of the respondents have felt the need for rehabilitation centres.
 88.3 percent of the respondents can reduce their stress through job opportunities.
 58.3 percent of the respondents do not want to share their mental problems with other.
 85.0 percent of the respondents thinks that friendship helps get rid of mental conflicts.
 71.7 percent of the respondents have been inspired by someone from the transgender
community.

SUGGESTIONS
 You don’t have to understand someone’s identity to respect it. Some people haven’t heard a
lot about transgender identity, or have trouble understanding what it means to be trans, and that’s
okay. But all people, even those whose identities you don’t fully understand, deserve respect.
 Rethink gender on forms and documents. When creating forms and documents, consider
whether you need to include gender at all. Many times, we default to asking for gender without
considering why or how that information will be used.
 Ensure everyone has access to bathrooms and other facilities. Everyone should be able to
safely and comfortably use bathrooms and other gendered facilities. In addition, providing
gender-neutral or private bathrooms is a great way to provide safe and comfortable space for
everyone
 Craft a transgender-inclusive non-discrimination policy. Shifting the culture of an

organization takes time. Crafting a transgender-inclusive non-discrimination policy can help
clarify how your organization supports transgender people, and ensure that there’s a way to
respond to those who aren’t supportive.
 Call your elected officials. Call your elected local, state, and federal officials to thank them
when they do support transgender rights and to provide important criticism when they don’t.
 Work to pass laws in your city or state, and on the federal level, that outlaw discrimination in
employment, housing, public accommodations, and education based on gender
identity/expression.
 Change the curriculum of medical, health, crisis response and social work programs, or bring in
trainers, to teach these providers about transgender people and how to treat transgender people
with respect and professionalism. Include information about the rejection, discrimination and
violence that transgender people face and how to provide services and support to transgender
clients.
 Work with suicide prevention, HIV prevention and treatment, alcohol and drug abuse
treatment, and anti-smoking programs to ensure that their work is trans-inclusive and their
staff is knowledgeable about transgender issues. Find trainers and teach them how to deal
sensitively with trans people seeking assistance.
 Work with police departments to have fair written policies with regard to interacting with
transgender members of the public, regardless if they are seeking assistance or being arrested,
and make sure all police officers are trained on following the policy and treating transgender
people with respect.
 Listen to transgender people. The best way to be an ally is to listen with an open mind to
transgender people speaking for themselves.

 Take a step back. Transgender people come from every population, and are of all races,
religions, ages, and more. There are transgender immigrants, employees, prisoners, sex workers,
and every other category imaginable. Make an effort to be as inclusive as possible of all kinds of
transgender people when working to support transgender communities.
 Start an online community or a blog that deals with an issue that is important to you. The
internet has created so many new ways for people, including transgender people, to connect. The
world of blogs provides an avenue for new voices to be heard and opinions to be shared with
others.
 Preach or speak at a local community of faith, such as a synagogue, church or mosque.

April is a month of many religious festivals—you can commemorate the births of Buddha,
Muhammad or Rama and celebrate Passover, Easter, Beltane and Baisakhi. Trans people practice
the many religions of our world. Whatever your spiritual practice, if you are involved in a
community of faith, consider talking to your community about transgender issues.
 Educate a local homeless shelter about how to be trans inclusive. Homeless shelters can be
very challenging places for those who need them; this is especially true for transgender people.
Most shelters are gender segregated and many do not have policies that deal with issues of
gender identity and expression.

CONCLUSION
It is suggested that still we need to address their problems on a large scale. Although, government
and law have made some provisions on paper, but still it need to be implemented on ground level.
People need to understand that they are the part of our society not a person to be hate, discriminate,
harass and treat them in a different way. They can contribute our society or even our nation like us.
The study indicates a lower level of resilience among transgender persons which further reflects poor
mental health status of the community. There is huge scope for research in exploring and
understanding the unique mental health and psychological aspects of the transgender community in
the Indian context.
In spite of various hardships in day-to-day life, the transgender community has a tremendous amount
of resilience which needs to be explored further and strengthened. Moreover, the factors (protective
factors such as acceptance, social support, education, employment, health-care services, and social
inclusion) which facilitate them to develop resilience toward life have to be identified and enhanced
further. In this regard, the mental health professionals, social workers, and the society as a whole
have a great responsibility to respond to this and initiate appropriate interventions.
Thoughtful scientific research and careful, circumspect interpretation of its results can advance our
understanding of sexual orientation and gender identity. There is still much work to be done and
many unanswered questions. We have attempted to synthesize and describe a complex body of
scientific research related to some of these themes. We hope that this report contributes to the
ongoing public conversation regarding human sexuality and identity. We anticipate that this report
may elicit spirited responses, and we welcome them.

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ethnic minority groups.
24. Schulz A, Israel B, Williams D, Parker E, Becker A, James S. Social inequalities, stressors
and self-reported health status among African American and white women in the Detroit
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25. Stuber J, Galea S, Ahern J, Blaney S, Fuller C. The association between multiple domains of
discrimination and self‐ assessed health: a multilevel analysis of Latinos and blacks in four
low‐ income New York City neighbourhoods.
26. Finch BK, Hummer RA, Kol B, Vega WA. The role of discrimination and acculturative stress
in the physical health of Mexican-origin adults.
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buffer for perceived unfair treatment among Filipino Americans: differences between San
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discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research
on racism and health.
29. Grant JM, Mottet LA, Tanis JJ, Min D. Transgender Discrimination Survey. Washington,
DC. 2011.
30. Mustanski BS, Garofalo R, Emerson EM. Mental health disorders, psychological distress, and
suicidality in a diverse sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths.
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gestures, and attempts in the United States.
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Transgender Persons. Journal of Homosexuality.
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and correlates of depression among male-to-female transgender women with a history of sex
work. American journal of public health.
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health. Int J Transgenderism.
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Summary report.

APPENDIX
“A STUDY ON THE PSYCHO – SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACED BY

TRANSGENDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NEDUMPURAM
REGION.”

APPENDIX
 To know about social demographic features of Transgender

1.AGE
A. LESS THAN 15
B. 15-20
C. 20-25
D. ABOVE 30
2. SEX
A. MALE
B. FEMALE
C. OTHER
3.RELIGION
A. HINDU
B. CHRISTIAN
C. MUSLIM
5. QUALIFICATION
A. SSLC
B. PLUS TWO
C. DEGREE
D. PG
6. ANNUAL INCOME
A. ABOVE 10000
B. 15000-25000
C. MORE THAN 25000
7. ECONOMIC STATUS
A. APL
B. BPL
8. OCCUPATION
 To identify the social problems of Transgender

9.HAS THERE BEEN ANY NEGLECT IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION DUE TO BEING
TRANSGENDER?
A. YES
B. N O
10. HAVE ANY PROBLEMS BEEN EXPERIENCED BY THE HOUSEHOLDERS AFTER THEY CAME TO
KNOW ABOUT THE DIFFERENCE IN GENDER IDENTITY?
A. YES
B. NO.

11. HAVE YOU HAD ANY OBJECTIONS FROM RELIGIOUS BELIEFS?

A. YES
B. N O
12. HAVE YOU EVER SUFFERED MENTALLY BECAUSE YOU ARE TRANSGENDER?
A. YES
B. N O
13. HAS THERE BEEN ANY OPPOSITION FROM THE GENERAL PUBLIC?
A. YES
B. NO.
14. HAVE YOU BEEN DENIED ANY OPPORTUNITIES BECAUSE YOU ARE TRANSGENDER?
A. YES
B. NO.
15. ARE YOU SATISFIED WITH YOUR OWN GENDER IDENTITY?

A. YES
B. NO.
16. DO YOU WANT TO HAVE A FAMILY OF YOUR OWN?

A. YES
B. N O
17. ARE THERE ANY OTHER TRANSGENDER PEOPLE IN YOUR FAMILY?

A. YES
B. N O
18. HAVE YOU EVER FELT THAT THE WAY SOCIETY LOOKS AT YOU TODAY HAS CHANGED
COMPARED TO THE PAST?
A. YES
B. N O
19. ARE TOILET FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN PUBLIC PLACES?

A. YES
B. N O
20. DO YOU FEEL THAT THE CONSIDERATION GIVEN TO YOU AS A TRANSGENDER PERSON IS
INADEQUATE?
A. YES
B. N O
21. HAVE YOU EVER FOUND IT DIFFICULT FOR OTHERS TO INTERACT WITH YOU BECAUSE YOU
ARE TRANSGENDER?
A. YES
B. N O
22. DO YOU KNOW ABOUT GENDER REASSIGNMENT SURGERY?

A. YES
B. N O
23. DO YOU WANT TO BE TREATED AS EQUALS AS OTHER PEOPLE?

A. YES
B. NO.
24. DO YOU THINK TRANSGENDER PEOPLE ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE SEXUALLY ABUSED IN
SOCIETY?
A. YES
B. N O
25. HAVE SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES RELATED TO GENDER IDENTITY EVER FEEL

SUICIDAL?
A. YES
B. N O
26. HAVE YOU EVER FELT THAT THE PUBLIC IS PREPARING TO HEAR AND UNDERSTAND YOUR
PROBLEMS OPENLY?
A. YES
B. NO.
27. DO YOU THINK FRIENDS FROM THE TRANSGENDER COMMUNITY ARE MORE HELPFUL AND
HELPFUL THAN THOSE FROM THE GENERAL PUBLIC IN SITUATIONS OF STRESS?
A. YES
B. NO.
28. HAVE YOU EVER FELT STIGMATIZED WHEN YOU ARE NEGLECTED BY SOCIETY BECAUSE
YOU ARE TRANSGENDER?
A. YES
B. NO.
29.DO YOU FACE ANY MEDICAL PROBLEM OF BEING A TRANSGENDER?

A. YES
B. NO
30.DO YOU FACE ANY MENTAL PRESSURE OF BEING A TRANSGENDER?

A. YES
B. NO
31. ARE YOU AFRAID OR ASHAMED OF BEING A TRANSGENDER?

A. YES
B. N O
32. ARE YOU SATISFIED IN YOUR PERSONAL LIFE?

A. YES
B. NO
33. ARE YOU SATISFIED IN YOUR SOCIAL LIFE?

A. YES
B. NO
34. ARE YOU SATISFIED IN YOUR VOCATIONAL LIFE?

A. YES
B. NO

 To assess the coping strategies among Transgender

35.HAVE YOU SOUGHT THE HELP OF ANY COUNSELLOR / PSYCHOLOGIST TO OVERCOME YOUR
PROBLEMS?
A. YES
B. N O
36. WHAT ARE THE WAYS YOU HAVE TAKEN TO OVERCOME MENTAL DIFFICULTIES?
ENTERTAINMENT (MUSIC / READING)
A. SPIRITUAL MEANS
B. ALCOHOL AND DRUGS
C. OTHERS
D. WHAT ABOUT OTHERS?
37. DO TRANSGENDER PEOPLE FEEL THE NEED FOR REHABILITATION CENTRES IN TODAY'S
SOCIETY?
A. YES
B. NO.
38. CAN YOU REDUCE YOUR STRESS THROUGH JOB OPPORTUNITIES?

A. YES
B. NO.
39. DO YOU WANT TO SHARE YOUR MENTAL PROBLEMS WITH OTHERS?

A. YES
B. NO.
40. DO FRIENDSHIPS HELP TO GET RID OF MENTAL CONFLICTS?

A. YES
B. N O
41. HAVE YOU EVER BEEN INSPIRED BY SOMEONE FROM TRANSGENDER?

a. YES
b. NO

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Bachelor of Social Work

“A STUDY ON THE PSYCHO – SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACED BY

A Dissertation submitted to Mahatma Gandhi University in partial fulfilment of the

Requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Social Work

Reg. No. 180021099102

Under the supervision of

Mr. Akhil Shaji Mathew

SAHYAJYOTHI ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE KUMILY

Sahyajyothi Arts & College

Sahyajyothi Arts & Science College Kumily

Place: Kumily Prof. M. J. Mathew

Sahyajyothi Arts &Science College, Kumily

Sahyajyothi Arts & College

Sahyajyothi Arts & Science College, Kumily

FACED BY TRANSGENDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NEDUMPURAM

diploma/ associate/fellowship or similar title to any candidate of any university.

Place: Kumily Mrs. Thasneema M. Kabeer

Date: Head of the Social Work Department

Sahyajyothi Arts & College

Sahyajyothi Arts & Science College, Kumily

PROBLEMS FACED BY TRANSGENDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO

NEDUMPURAM REGION.” is a record of genuine work done by JINSON RAJU of VI semester

Place: Kumily Mr. Akhil Shaji Mathew

Date: Dissertation Genuine guide

Department of social work

Sahyajyothi Arts & Science College

Sahyajyothi Arts & College

Sahyajyothi Arts & Science College, Kumily

PROBLEMS FACED BY TRANSGENDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO

NEDUMPURAM REGION.” is a record of genuine work done by JINSON RAJU of VI semester

Sahyajyothi Arts & College

SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACED BY TRANSGENDERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO

degree, diploma or certificate, to be best of my knowledge and belief.

Place: Kumily JINSON RAJU

Date: Reg. No.180021099102

Sahyajyothi Arts & College

supporting me to complete my work as part of my curriculum.

sessions on SPSS software package for data analysis and interpretation.

data required to complete the research process

their valuable comments and suggestions.

Sahyajyothi Arts & College

meant through the term transgender.

major problems faced by the community in the society.

the Transgender community of Nedumpuram region.

Sahyajyothi Arts & College

CHAPTER2 – REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER 4 – DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

CHAPTER 5 – FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS, AND CONCLUSION

Sahyajyothi Arts & College

Sahyajyothi Arts & College

 Hindu and the Transgender: -

 Transgenders and Lord Shiva: -

 Transgenders in the Ramayana: -

 Transgenders in the Mahabharata: -

 Islam and the Transgender: -

Sahyajyothi Arts & College

1.1. TRANSGENDER – Meaning