UNNES FACULTY OF LAW

Introduction to
Philosophy of law
II. A Brief History of Philosophy &
Two Traditions in Western Philosophy
Eko Mukminto

August 2020
LECTURE OUTLINE

Key Learning Points

01 A Brief History of Philosophy

Greek Philosophy in the Pre Socratic era

Classic Era
Hellenism Culture
Early Christian & Scholastics Era
Renaissance
Enlightenment
Philosophy in 19th Century
Contemporary Philosophy

02 Two Traditions in Western Philosophy

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 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

“THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY IS NOT, LIKE HISTORY OF THE SCIENCE,

TO BE STUDIED WITH THE INTELECT ALONE THAT WHICH IS RECEPTIVE
IN US AND THAT WHICH IMPINGES UPON US FROM HISTORY IS THE
REALITYOF MAN’S BEING, UNFOLDING ITSELF IN THOUGHT”

Karl Jasper

August 2020
 A BRIEF HISTORY OF
PHILOSOPHY
• 6th Century BC
• Myth and Logos
Pre Socratic • Finding the first principle (“arche”) of the world
Philosophy
1. Thales of Miletus : the first principle & element is water
2. Anaximander: is to Apherion (the infinite)
3. Anaximenes : The first Principle is Air
4. Phytagoras : Totality and reality are Mathematics
etc.

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 Socrates (469–399 B.C.E.)
The virtue is a form of knowledge and that “care of the
soul” (the cultivation of virtue) is the most important
human obligation.
SOCRATES eaudaemonia

PLATO arete
episteme

ARITOTLE Plato (429?–347 B.C.E.):

The reality was composed by idea
Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.)
Reality is composed of plurality of substance

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 HELLENISTIC PERIOD EPICUREANISM & STOICSM

The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history Epicureanism
between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the It can be considered a
emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium form of Hedonism,
in 31 BC although it differs in its
After the Death of Plato and Aristotle, philosophy in Greece was conception of happiness
dominated by several famous Philosophy Schools, such as the absence of pain,
as Stoics and Epicureans. and in its advocacy of a
simple life
The Stoics preferred unity of
the will of nature rather than
oppose it or escape destiny
“Ducunt volentem fata,
nolentem trahunt” (Seneca)
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 NEO-PLATONISM

Main theme

Neo-Platonism is a philosophical doctrine that evolved after the Hellenistic

period, in the 3rd century AD. Its founder was Plotinus. It was based on the
teachings of Plato, about the world of ideas, something present beyond the
particular world. An eternal world.

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 SCOLASTICS
Scolastics (Latin: scholasticus = teacher)
Scholastic philosophy when it began was to be taught in
discourse monastery schools and universities.
main theme are discourse between faith & reason,
understanding God with reason, and knowledge was influenced
by religion.
Key figures: Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), Yohanes Duns Scotus (1266-1308),
Albertus Magnus (120012

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 RENAISSANCE

Characteristicss •This era is revival of Greeco-Romano

culture and thought
•The most significance thought is realism &
humanism

Key figures : Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo,

Raphael, Galileo Galilei, Nicolas Copernicus
Machiavelli, Giordano Bruno.

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Reading Requirement

RATIONALISM
(EARLY) MODERN Rene Descates
Spinoza
PHILOSOPHY Leibniz
EMPIRICISM
Bacon
Hume
Locke
Hobbes

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 Evolved in the 18th century, In general, the
Enlightenment was an intellectual
movement, which developed mainly in
ENLIGHTENMENT France, Britain, and Germany, which
(LATE MODERN) promotes freedom, democracy, and
Reason as the values of society.
•Starting from the standpoint that the
"Age of reason" human mind must be free of ignorance, of
superstition, and state authority arbitrarily.
•The period was marked by the decline of
Immanuel kant
the church and the government. Politically,
it was a time of the revolution to overthrow
the establishment
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 Positivism

19th-20th Century Phenomenology

Pragmatism
Philosophy Existensialism
Liberalism
. Marxism
Structuralism

Kierkegaard, Nietszche, Marx, Bentham, Mill, Russell,

Heidegger, Husserl, Sartre, etc.

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 Analytics Continental
Philosophy Philosophy

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 •Relate to the natural sciences, language mathematics, and logic
ANALYTICS •Tend to separate the method and content
PHILOSOPHY •Naturalist thought

key figures: Frege,Russell, Wittgenstein

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 Continental philosophy is closer to art and literature
•Mixed up the methods and content
CONTINENTAL
•Anti Naturalist
PHILOSOPHY
•Close to Social Science
•Generalsubjects: politics, history, freedom, justice, etc.

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 ANY QUESTIONS?

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 Betrand Russell, (2007), Sejarah Filsafat Barat: Kaitannya
dengan kondisi sosio politik zaman kuno hingga sekarang.
Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar

Cherniss, H. (1951). The Characteristics and Effects of

REFERENCES Presocratic Philosophy. Journal of the History of Ideas, 12(3),
319-345. doi:10.2307/2707750

Martin Suryajaya. (2016). Marxisme dan dua kebudayaan

Filsafat Kontemporer, Indoprogress.
indoprogress.com/2013/09/marxisme-dan-dua-kebudayaan-
filsafat-kontemporer-bagian-ii/

John E. Ree & J.O. Umrson, (2005). The Concise Encyclopedia

of Western Philosophy; Routledge, Oxon

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