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E-Logistics and E-Supply
Chain Management:
Applications for Evolving
Business
Deryn Graham
University of Greenwich, UK

Ioannis Manikas
University of Greenwich, UK

Dimitris Folinas
ATEI Thessaloniki, Greece
Managing Director: Lindsay Johnston
Editorial Director: Joel Gamon
Book Production Manager: Jennifer Yoder
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Development Editor: Austin DeMarco
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Cover Design: Jason Mull

Published in the United States of America by

Business Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

E-logistics and e-supply chain management : applications for evolving business / Deryn Graham, Ioannis Manikas and
Dimitris Folinas, editors.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: “This book explores the creation of integrated supply chains, the developments of virtual business, and the
processes of re-engineering for business development”--Provided by publisher.
ISBN 978-1-4666-3914-0 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-3915-7 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1-4666-3916-4 (print & perpetual
access)
1. Business logistics. 2. Electronic commerce. I. Graham, Deryn, 1961-
HD38.5.E4736 2013
658.70285--dc23
2012051621

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A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the
authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
 9

Chapter 2
E-Supply Chain Collaboration
and Integration:
Implementation Issues and Challenges
Sudhanshu Joshi
Doon University, India

ABSTRACT
Formulation of supplier integration strategy is essential to optimize the value chain. In the chapter, the
authors review the literature on integration of supplier relationship practices and its impact on opti-
mization of value chain. The review is based on e-collaborative framework for optimized value chain,
which comprises the supplier integration strategy, i.e., information sharing, e-business systems, and
policy-based supplier selection have positive influence on the long-term planning and supply chain
practices. The chapter reviews 368 articles on empirical research in e-collaboration and supply chain
management. It finds the majority of authors are using a combination of the entity of analysis, while still
focusing on the firm level rather than the network level. In this, another encouraging fact is that most
of the authors prefer to consider a combination of various elements of exchange in their analysis. The
potential limitation of the study is that it does not attempt to trace out trends using regression techniques.
The extension of this study could be statistically testing the figures observed in this chapter and setting
a grounded theory approach for future research in e-collaboration and supply chain.

INTRODUCTION Co-operative supply chain relationships

Supply Chain Management (SCM) collabora-
tion includes logistics, transportation, strategic
alliances, industrial marketing, purchasing, eco-
nomics and organizational behavior (Kern and
Willcocks, 2002; Zheng et al., 2000), describes a
wide variety of transactional to relational business
relationships at firm level.
achieve benefits for the participants (Christopher,
2005; Stevens, 1989), however, it is also appar-
ent that full SCM implementation is not being
achieved (Kempainen and Vepsalainen, 2003).
This is because partners are still taking a short-term
view, often in the face of increasing market-place
complexity and uncertainty and are limiting the
extent to which they extend their collaborative

DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-3914-0.ch002

Copyright © 2013, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
 A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration
focus (Fawcett and Magnan, 2002). SCM can be
seen as an integrative, proactive approach (Mat-
thyssens and Van den Bulte, 1994) to manage the
total flow of a distribution channel to the ultimate
customer-like “a well-balanced and well-practiced
relay team” (Cooper and Ellram, 1993).
The advent of e-business has created several
challenges and opportunities in the supply-chain
environment. The Internet has made it easier to
share information among supply-chain partners
and the current trend is to try to leverage the ben-
efits obtained through information sharing (also
called visibility) across the supply chain to improve
operational performance, customer service, and
solution development (Swaminathan and Tayur,
2003). A key feature of SCM is an early decision
to reduce the number of suppliers in the chain (the
elimination of multiple sourcing) (Ellram, 1991)
because maintaining close, intense relationships
can be very expensive in management effort
(Cavinato, 1992; Langley and Holcomb, 1992).
The intention is to have no more “partners” than
necessary and to work more closely, effectively,
and over the longer term (Peck and Juttner, 2000;
Scott and Westbrook, 1991) with those who have
the most critical impact on the overall operation
(Cooper et al., 1997).
Giannakis and Croom (2004) propose an SCM
paradigm conceptual framework, the “3S Model”
containing the synthesis of business resources and
networks, the synergy between network actors and,
the synchronization of operational decisions. The
International Marketing and Purchasing Group’s
dyadic interaction approach summarized by Kern
and Willcocks (2002), supply chain integration
reviewed by Fawcett and Magnan (2002) and,
networks of relationships described by Harland
et al. (2001) and Kempainen and Vepsalainen
(2003) all suggest that exposing the relationship
management aspects of supply chain relationships
and their impact on performance (Giannakis and
Croom, 2004) is highly problematical.
In Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG)
sector, this collaboration aspect has been ex-
10
pressed through the Efficient Consumer Response
(ECR) movement. ECR encompasses multiple
technological and managerial innovations which
aim to transform retailers, distributors, and
manufacturers into more efficient inter-linked
organizations placing special emphasis on col-
laboration (JIPOECR, 1995). One of the first
forms of supply-chain collaboration has been the
practice of Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI) or
Continuous Replenishment Program (CRP), as it
is often called in the context of grocery retailing,
where the buyer shares demand information with
the supplier who, in turn, manages the buyer’s
inventory. The practice of Collaborative Planning
Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) has ex-
tended this collaboration to include the exchange
of forecasts based on widely shared information
(usually Point-of-Sales [PoS] data and promotion
plans), having a more strategic focus and placing
more emphasis on the demand side. Primarily, For
an effective Supply Chain in a FMCG Industry,
the existing supplier relationship is combination
of 3Cs—Cooperation, Coordination and Col-
laboration and Open Market Negotiations among
suppliers (as mentioned in Figure 1), and there
is wide range of attributes covered under it,
including Price Based discussions, Adversarial
relationships, Supplier selection and Contracts,
Information Exchanges using WIP Links and EDI
and Supply Chain Integration using Joint Planning
and Technology Sharing.
More specifically, the Supplier relationship
practices including VMI/CRP has been imple-
mented at the level of the retailer’s central ware-
house, based on the daily sharing of the warehouse
inventory report data and orders information. Most
CPFR initiatives also focus on the central ware-
house rather than on store replenishment, and deal
mainly with mid-/long-term replenishment plan-
ning for promotion items and new product intro-
ductions. The VMI/CRP practice has been exten-
sively studied by researchers but mainly from the
perspective of evaluating the impact of informa-
tion sharing on supply-chain performance rather
A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration
Figure 1. Supplier relationship based on cooperation, coordination, and collaboration (3C) (source:
adapted from Spekman et al., 1998)
than from the Information Technology (IT) imple-
mentation perspective.
Furthermore, studies on CPFR mainly define
it as a new practice and discuss its adoption or
evaluate its business impact. Vendor-Managed
Inventory (VMI) is gradually becoming an im-
portant element of supply chain management
strategy of organizations.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A comprehensive and critical literature review of
empirical research work in the areas of Supply
chain management, e-Collaboration, Supply Chain
Integration, Customer Relationship Program
(CRP), Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI), Con-
tinuous Replenishment Program (CRP), Collab-
orative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment
(CPFR), and e-commerce, Point of Sale (PoS). A
Step-by-Step approach was adopted for literature
review (also illustrated in Figure 2):
Step 1: The assessment period of articles is be-
tween 1994 to 2006, a 12 year timeline was
selected (based on availability of research
work). The year 1994 was taken as the base
year for data collection as the first research
based on E-collaboration and Supply Chain
practices was first appeared in 1994 (Dunn
et al.1994). The year 2006 is chosen as the
terminating point of data collection for
providing a landmark to end data collection.
Step 2: The articles were collected from four
major management science publishers viz.
Ebscohost, Science Direct, Taylor & Francis,
Emerald Insight.
Step 3: Filtration of the search string “e-collab-
oration and Supply chain” among selected
management and technology databases.
Burgess et al. (2006) and Soni et al. (2011)
adopted similar approach for review based
research.
Step 4: Flynn et al. (1990) explained that any
empirical research article can have one or
more of the following empirical research
designs viz. single case study, multiple case
study, panel study, focus group and survey.
We selected empirical research articles from
the selected population of journals on the
similar lines.
Step 5: Classification of the articles is based on
following parameters: Empirical research
growth in SCM.
◦◦ Purpose of empirical research
◦◦ Citation index per sub topic searched
(see Tables 1 and 2)
11
 A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration

Figure 2. Literature review methodology (adopted from Soni and Kodali, 2011)

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
RELATIONSHIP
Within the supply chain, the need for much
closer, long-term relationships is increasing due
to supplier rationalization (Refer. Figure 2 and
Table 3) and globalization and more information
about these interactions is required (Wilding &
Humphries, 2006).
Studies including Wilding & Humphries, 2006
demonstrated that the existing theoretical model
including Williamson’s economic organizations
failure framework could provide powerful insights
into the research subject and especially revealed
the important part played by co-operation, co-
ordination and collaboration (C3 behavior) in
reducing the inherently negative effects of close
proximity and limited choice relationships (see
Figure 4).
The research specifically tested the well-ac-
cepted Williamson’s economic organizations
failure framework as a theoretical model through
which long-term collaborative relationships can
be viewed.
There is a strategic dimension into the network
of organizations (Refer Figure 3) that are involved

12
A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration
in the up-stream production and downstream dis-
tribution processes and activities focused on the
satisfaction of customers and maximization of both
current and long-term profitability (Christopher,
1992, 2005; Cox and Lamming, 1997; Harland,
1996a; Kempainen and Vepsalainen, 2003)
preliminary meant for reduction in inventory, to
increase customer service reliability and build a
competitive advantage for the channel (Boddy et
al., 2000; Cavinato, 1992; Fawcett and Magnan,
2002; Hines and Jones, 1996).
From the Supply Chain Restructuring perspec-
tive, vital feature for an effective Supply Chain is
to reduce the number of suppliers in the chain
(Ellram, 1991). The adverse relationship leads to
extensive loss in management objectives (Cavi-
nato, 1992; Langley and Holcomb, 1992). There
was an immense need to be identified toward “lean
partners” to work more closely, effectively and
for longer duration and its impact on overall op-
eration (Scott and Westbrook, 1991; Cooper et
al., 1997; Peck and Ju ttner, 2000). Functional
framework was analyzed by Harlan, 1996 and
Hines and Jones, 1996 between Japanese Lean
automotive Producers and their western counter-
parts. Inter-organizational Strategic alliances
emerged as key tool of Confliction Resolution &
Competitive Intelligences (Anscombe and Kear-
ney, 1994). Further extension to this study was
giving by Bechtel and Jayaram (1997) and Perks
and Easton (2000) who suggest that SCM provides
business environment in which firm closely co-
operate rather than compete to achieve mutual
goals and are incentivized to join in collaborative
innovation (Harland, 1996a).
The concept of VMI as tool for strategic part-
ners’ role to share confidential demand information
and to cater uncertainty by replenishing inventory
orders (Cooper and Ellram, 1993; Lamming, 1993;
Benchtel and Jayaram, 1997).
Researchers explained Supply Chain Integra-
tion as an overview towards the need for closer
relationships, including supplier’ trust, commit-
ment, co-operation, co-ordination and collabora-
tion between supply chain members to ensure the
success as per objectives (Christopher, 2005; Hines
and Jones, 1996; Spekman et al., 1998). Supply
Chain Collaboration increases the scope of its
operations and minimizes the confliction among
the partners and act as tool to tackle operational
problems (Sako et al., 1994). For better profitabil-
ity & performance close long-term relationships
between customers and suppliers is suggested
(Giannakis and Croom, 2004).
Lamming et al. (2001) cited that by instrumen-
talising and developing the unique capabilities of
partnership, it is possible to create a guard from
system-level forces. Supplier relationship manage-
ment is based on function of Partnership, whose
success depends upon the duration to build trust
(Sako et al., 1994). When mistrust is entrenched, a
shift from adversarial to co-operative relationship
styles is extremely difficult. Moreover, Macbeth
and Ferguson (1994) and Kern and Willcocks
(2002) propose that despite the availability of
modern information systems, the practice of
managing supply chain players is wasteful of
resources and drags performance backwards
rather than promoting continuous improvement.
Furthermore, Cooper et al. (1997) believe that
achieving true supply chain integration is “a lofty
and difficult goal” and research indicates that
companies continue to struggle to operationalise
SCM principles such that they support dynami-
cally changing business influences (Braithwaite,
1998). We conclude that since SCM appears to
implicitly require a move towards a limitation of
the number of market players involved – small
numbers, effective supply chain relationship
management presents a more complex set of
challenges to achieve success.
COLLABORATION CHALLENGES
Academics have used a number of approaches
within SCM research to capture perspectives
containing the key facets of inter-organizational,
13
 A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration

Table 1. Literature review and research contributions

Author (Year of Sample

Period Reviewed Journals Area of Research
Publication) Size
Dunn et al. (1994) 1986-1990 N/A N/A Types of research in SCM
Croom et al. Suggests the way of reviewing literature
Not restricted Not restricted 84
(2000) critically
Ho et al. (2002) N/A N/A N/A State of empirical research in CPFR based SCM
Carter and Ellram Types of research, methodologies used and data
1965-1999 JSCM 774
(2003) analysis techniques in JSCM
Gammelgaard IJPDLM, IJOPM, JBL, JOM and
1998-2003 N/A Prevailing schools of thought
(2004) IJLM
Frankel et al. Types of research approaches including CPFR/
1999-2004 JBL 108
(2005) VMI etc
Sachan and Datta Analysis of references on the literatures on
1999-2003 IJPDLM, JBL and SCMIJ 442
(2005) Supplier relationship using ecommerce
Kovacs and Analysis of methodologies applied in different
1998-2002 IJLM, IJPDLM and JBL N/A
Spens(2005) subfields of SCM
Halldorson and
1997-2004 IJLM, IJPDLM and JBL 71 Analysis of types of research
Arlbjorn (2005)
Reichhart and JOM, IJOPM, MS, IJPR, JBL and Analysis of methodologies applied in different
2004 89
Holweg (2006) IJPDLM sub-filed of SCM
Spens and Kovacs
1998-2002 IJLM, IJPDLM and JBL 378 Analysis of types of research
(2006)
Burgess et al. No Restriction-
Not restricted 100 Analysis of object of study and methods applied.
(2006) July 2003
IJOPM, IJPDLM, IJLM, IJPR,
van der Vaart and
Not restricted IJPE, Interfaces, JBL, JOM and 36 Survey research in Supply Chain Integration
van Donk (2008)
MS
IJLM, IJPDLM, IJPE, IJPR, JBL,
Wolf (2008) 1990-1996 282 Analysis of the nature of SCM research
JOM, and PPC

IJLM, IJLRA, IJOPM, IJPDLM,

Fabbe-Costes and JBL, JOM, SCMIJ, Transporta- Studies the link between supply chain integration
2000-2006 38
Jahre (2008) tion Journal and Transportation and performance
Research- Part E

Carried out review of 405 articles focusing on

categories covered within the SCM literature,
Giunipero et al. IJOPM, IMM, Management Sci-
1997-2006 405 various levels of the chains examined and sample
(2008) ence and Decision Sciences
populations and industries studied as well as
research methods employed
BPMJ-Business Process Management Journal, CCE- Computers and Chemical Engineering, CIE- Computer and Industrial Engineering,
EJOR- European Journal of Operational Research, EJPSM- European Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, IJLM-The Interna-
tional Journal of Logistics Management, IJLRA- International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, IJOPM- International Journal
of Operations and Production Management, IJPDLM- International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, IJPE- Inter-
national Journal of Production Economics, IJPR- International Journal of Production Research, IMDS- Industrial Management and Data
Systems, IMM- Industrial Marketing Management, JMTM- Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, JOM- Journal of Operation
Management, JSCM- The Journal of Supply Chain Management, LIM- Logistics Information Management, PPC- Production Planning and
Control, SCMIJ- Supply Chain Management International Journal

14
A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration

Table 2. Literature review and research contributions

Empirical
Journal
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Research
Name
Articles
BPMJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 7
TR 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 6
CCE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SCMIJ 0 0 6 2 7 4 4 3 3 6 10 9 16 70
PPC 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 6 1 2 12
EJOR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 4 10
EJPSM 1 3 1 0 4 3 8 6 2 1 0 0 0 29
IJLM 0 1 2 3 1 1 0 4 2 1 5 5 4 29
IJLRA 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 3 4 5 5 4 27
IJOPM 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 6 4 3 4 5 6 32
IJPE 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 4 11 7 7 36
IJPR 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 4 1 2 7 1 17
IMDS 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 3 8
IMM 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 4 3 3 2 17
JMTM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 8
JOM 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 5 2 2 9 5 27
JSCM 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 3 1 1 4 1 16
LIM 0 2 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 10
OMEGA 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 3 7
Total 1 6 13 8 13 19 25 26 37 35 60 62 63 368

operational, and inter-personal dynamics. Gianna-
kis and Croom (2004) propose an SCM paradigm
conceptual framework, the “3S Model” containing
the synthesis of business resources and networks,
the synergy between network actors and, the
synchronization of operational decisions. The
International Marketing and Purchasing Group’s
dyadic interaction approach summarised by Kern
and Willcocks (2002), supply chain integration
reviewed by Fawcett and Magnan (2002) and,
networks of relationships described by Harland
et al. (2001) and Kempainen and Vepsalainen
(2003) all suggest that exposing the relationship
management aspects of supply chain relationships
and their impact on performance (Giannakis
and Croom, 2004) is highly problematical. The
literature also contains examples of research
describing relationship behaviors between one/
many buyers, one/many sellers and dominant
market “players” in both public and private sec-
tor situations. Within the marketing literature
Porter’s (1980) five forces model of competitive
advantage considers short-term, arms-length
competition and the exercise of market power by
limiting competition through the creation of bar-
riers to entry (Rugman and D’Cruz, 2000). Cox
et al., (2000) alternatively see the combination
of resource utility and scarcity creating a power
regime in which the involved parties will employ
adversarial/non-adversarial and arms-length/col-

15

Table 3. Transaction alternative between businesses, consumers and governmental organizations (source:
Chaffey, 2012)
Consumer or Citizen
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
eBay
Peer-to-Peer(Skype)
Blogs and communities
Products Recommendations
Social Networks: MySpace, Bebo
Consumer-to-Business (C2B)
Priceline
Consumer- Feedback,
Community and Compaigns
Consumer to Government (C2G)
Feedback to Government through
pressure group or individual sites
Figure 3. Supplier-relationship optimization model
16
A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration
Business (Organization) Government
Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Government to Consumer (G2C)
National Government Transactional: Tax-Inland
Transactional: Amazon
Revenue
Relationship Building: BP National Government Information
Brand Building: Unilever Local Government Services
Media Owner: News corp.
Comparison Intermediatry: Kelkoo,
Pricerunner
Business-to-Business (B2B) Government to Business (G2B)
Transactional: Euroffice Government Services and Transactions: Tax
Relationship Building: BP Legal Regulations
Media Owned: eMap Business Publications
B2B Marketplaces: EC21
Business to Government (B2G) Government to Government (G2G)
Feedback to Government Business and
Inter-government Services
Non Governmental Organization
Exchange of Information
A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration

Figure 4. Alternative strategies for modification of the e-business supply chain (source: Chaffey, 2012)

laborative arrangements depending on their rela-
tive power positions (Refer Table 4). In the 1990s,
UK motor industry supply chains, employing
economic power was a driving objective to achieve
the “vantage point” (Lamming, 1993). Examples
of small numbers or monopoly (Fishwick, 1993),
and strong market power relationships between
dominant firms are also found within the retail
sector where major supermarkets such as Walmart
with their own brands, fought “price wars” with
global companies such as Coca Cola and Pepsi.
Eventually, the balance of power was restored
to prevent intense, adversarial influence from
destroying long-term relationships (Christopher,
2005). In the public sector, Harland et al., (2000)
revealed that UK health authority procurement

Table 4. Strategic options for e-partnerships

Sno. Partnering Arrangement
Total Ownership
1 (More than 51% Equity in
Company)
Investment Stack
2
(Less than 49% Equity)
3 Strategic alliance
4 Profit Sharing Partnership
5 Long Term contract
6 Preferred Suppliers
7 Competitive Tendering
8 Short-term contract
9 Sport Markets and Auctions
Technical Infrastructure
Integration
Technical Issues in Merging
Company Systems
Technical Issues in Merging
Company Systems
Collaboration tools and Groupware
for new product development
As above
See Above. Tools for managing
Service level Agreements (SLAs)
Important
Permanent EDI or Internet EDI Links
setup with Preferred partners
Tender issued intermediary or buyers’
website
As above
Auctions at Intermediaries or buyers
website
Examples
Purchase of Booker(Distribution Company Iceland
(Retailer), Since 1996 CISCO has made over 30
Acquisition (not all SCM- Related)
Cisco has also made over 40 investment in hardware and
software suppliers.
Cable and Wireless, Campaq and Microsoft new
e-Business solution a-services.
Arrangement sometimes used for IS outsourcing
ISPs have performance on SLAs with penalty Clauses.
Tesco Information Exchange.
Buyer arranged auctions
As above
Business to Business Marketplaces,
Example www.freemarkets.com

17
 A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration
relationships contained distinctive features such
as dedicated suppliers with reduced availability
of alternatives and, where the government made
the rules and could sanction anti-competitiveness.
Parker and Hartley’s (1997) recommended that the
UK Ministry of Defense (MoD) should accept that
its major procurements operated under monopoly
or near-monopoly conditions rather than attempt-
ing to maintain a competitive semblance. They
concluded that adversarial competition should be
abandoned and collaboration based on long-term,
trusting relationships should be established.
These examples suggest, regardless of power
or sector consideration, collaboration is preferable
to adversarial competition, however, managing
close proximity as illustrated in Figure 5.
McDonald et al. (1997) and Moorman et al.
(1992) view C3 behavior as similar or comple-
mentary, co-ordinate actions needed to achieve
mutual outcomes with reciprocation over time
and rather than pure exchange, are used to create
real value as an organizational competence know
as “collaborative advantage”. Morgan and Hunt
(1994) and Oliver (1990) describe the importance
of pursuing mutually beneficial interests but ad-
ditionally emphasize the fundamentally co-oper-
ative nature of business life characterized by
balance and harmony. Moreover, this powerful
combination of behavioral variables can often
lead to the discovery of even more successful
ways to co-operate and new objects of co-opera-
tion (Doz and Baburoglu, 2000). C3 behavior is,
Figure 5. Integrated e-procurement mechanism between buyers-supplier
18
therefore, essential to maintaining a successful
business partnership (Metcalf et al., 1992; Rug-
man and D’Cruz, 2000), especially when linked
with commitment to the achievement of shared,
realistic goals (Lewin and Johnston, 1997; Sheth
and Sharma, 1997). As already mentioned, in the
quantitative data analysis C3 behavior appeared
to make a strong contribution to relationship suc-
cess. However; effectiveness could be reduced
when the sincerity of the other party’s intentions
was doubted. The overwhelming majority of re-
spondents placed strong emphasis on personal
relationships (“hitting it off”) (Gulati, 1995;
Kempainen and Vepsalainen, 2003) and culture-
matching (relating to the way the other side do
things) (Moss Kanter, 1994). This counters the
enlightened, self-interest approach (Faulkner,
2000) and underlines the central importance of
commitment and trust to relationship stability and
productiveness (Morgan and Hunt, 1994). Excel-
lent, long-term commercial arrangements, fre-
quent, interactive, open communications, and
constructive conflict that supported repeated
cycles of exchange, risk-taking and successful
fulfillment of expectations were also described
as important contributors (Doney and Cannon,
1997). These appeared to strengthen the willing-
ness of parties to rely upon each other and to
develop adaption and interdependence (Eisenhardt
et al., 1997; Madhok, 2000). However, opportu-
nistic behavior such as adversarial bidding, inflex-
ible and unduly bureaucratic commercial prac-
A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration
tices, unwillingness to share proprietary data and
uncaring use of power were clearly evident and
potentially capable of undermining relationship-
building (Humphries and Wilding, 2003; Faulkner
and de Rond, 2000; Palmer, 2001).
The literature says comparatively based on
empirical research about the relationship dynamics
within long-term, closely collaborative, dyadic
relationships. We hypothesized that this proximity
could generate both positive and negative feedback
behaviors. Our research detected a spectrum of
these phenomena and the managers in many cases
clearly understood the limitations on their freedom
and were employing C3 behaviors to improve the
performance of their partnerships. The literature
is generally aware of these dynamics but our
contribution to theory is a research methodology
that allows them to be exposed in an integrated
manner and comes close to provide a balance of
results using Giannakis and Croom’s (2004) “3S”
SCM paradigm conceptual framework.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATION
OF E-COLLABORATIONS
Humphries and Wilding (2004a) and Spekman
et al. (1998) suggest that co-operative, co-co-
ordinating and collaborative behaviors involve
working together/jointly to bring resources into
a required relationship to achieve effective opera-
tions in harmony with the strategies/objectives
of the parties involved, thus resulting in mutual
benefit. McDonald et al. (1997) and Moorman
et al. (1992) view C3 behaviour as similar or
complementary, co-ordinate actions needed to
achieve mutual outcomes with reciprocation over
time and rather than pure exchange, are used to
create real value as an organisational competence
know as “collaborative advantage”. Morgan and
Hunt (1994) and Oliver (1990) describe the im-
portance of pursuing mutually beneficial interests
but additionally emphasize the fundamentally
co-operative nature of business life characterized
by balance and harmony. Moreover, this powerful
combination of behavioral variables can often lead
to the discovery of even more successful ways
to co-operate and new objects of co-operation
(Doz and Baburoglu, 2000). C3 behaviour is,
therefore, essential to maintaining a successful
business partnership (Metcalf et al., 1992; Rug-
man and D’Cruz, 2000), especially when linked
with commitment to the achievement of shared,
realistic goals (Lewin and Johnston, 1997; Sheth
and Sharma, 1997).
DISCUSSION
This chapter, through a systematic and critical re-
view of e-collaborations and supply chain research
literature based on few parameter including Supply
Chain Integration, Customer Relationship Pro-
gram (CRP), Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI),
Continuous Replenishment Program (CRP), Col-
laborative Planning Forecasting and Replenish-
ment (CPFR), Point of Sale (PoS) provides insights
into the growth of empirical research
The review enables to brief present status of
e-SCM practices in the current set of existing
literature. The gaps that were identified and the
significant findings of the review will be discussed
in the subsequent part of this section.
Findings
1. Empirical research in Supply Chain based
e-collaborations is growing and shows
highest growth during period of 2000-2004.
Theory building is most popular among SCM
researchers while theory verification is also
on the rise but percentage wise the rise is
very slow and gradual. Wallenbergburg and
Weber (2005) pointed out that despite debate
in the field of logistics and SCM, research
on methodology and theory development
still lacks the focus. They also advocated
that theory development (or theory build-
19
 A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration
ing) will advance, as shown in the field
of marketing research, through a rigorous
empirical research approach.
2. In the review, 115 issues were identified
out of which performance measurement,
supply chain integration, status of SCM
in a field or industry or nation, relation-
ship management, information sharing and
commitment, collaboration, strategy for-
mulation, IT, green supply, quality, supply
chain practices, incentives, identification of
barriers for SCM, critical success factors,
design of supply chain and selection of type
of supply chain were most visited issues by
researchers. Many researchers have even
tried to analyze these often visited issues
by researchers. Many researchers have even
tried to analyze these often visited focal is-
sues in their literature reviews, van der Vaart
and van Donk (2008) performed a review
on survey-based methodologies on supply
chain integration, similarly Fabbe-Costes
and Jahre (2008) analyzed the relationship
between performance of supply chain and
supply chain integration Issues like “status
of SCM in a field, industry or nation” also
gained appreciable attention in article by
Arlbjorn et al. (2008) (status of Nordic
research in logistics and SCM), Bales et al.
(2008) (development of supply chain in aero-
space sector). Brun et al. (2008) (logistics
and SCM in luxury fashion retail). Mangan
and Christopher (2005) (Supply chain
Management of future), McMullan (1996)
(SCM practice in Asia-Pacific) and last but
not least Sahay et al. (2003) (architerture
of Indian supply chains). Also, relationship
management was widely researched in SCM
by various authors like Benton and Maloni
(2005) (power-driven buyer-seller relation-
ship), Boger et al. (2001) (supply chain
relationships in Polish pork sector), Kwon
and Suh (2004) (factors affecting trust and
commitment in supply chain relationships),
20
Parry et al. (2006) (to core competence
posted by developing closer supply chain
relationships), etc.
3. Harland (1996) distinguishes four main
uses of the term “e-Collaboration in Supply
Chain”:
a. Internal supply that integrates business
functions involved in the flow of mate-
rials and information from the inbound
to the outbound end of the business;
b. E-Collaboration using web technol-
ogy as the management of supply
relationships;
c. E-commerce as the management of
inter-business chains, and
d. E-Commerce and Supplier/Vendor
Relationship as strategic management
of inter-business networks.
Among these four uses strategic manage-
ment as a major function SCM is apparent.
Macbeth and Ferguson (1991), Cavinato
(1999) and Bechtel and Jayaram(1997) had
devoted their study explaining strategic na-
ture of SCM and concluded that majority of
functions in SCM are performed at strategic
level. On the other hand, the under-explored
area of organizational behavior can also bring
stronger theories in SCM as emphasized by
the works of various authors such as Ellram
(1991) (industrial organization),Co and
Barro (2009) (stakeholders theory),Knoppen
and Christiaanse (2007) (supply chain
partnering) and Wilding Willamson orga-
nizational failure framework). According
to Ketchen and Giunipero (2004), the idea
of a supply chain organization has been pre-
sented but this has yet to be systematically
investigated (Giunipero et al., 2008).
4. Regarding level of analysis at network level,
out of 80 records only nine were found to
be before year 2000. This trend implies
growing awareness among researcher about
considering network level for analysis to get
optimum benefit in supply chain.
A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration
5. Researchers seemed to prefer “combination”
of various entities of analysis for empirical
research over single entities. Similar trend is
observed in identifying most frequently used
element of exchange in SCM and it was traced
that researchers preferred “combination” of
elements of exchange instead of focusing on
single element of exchange.
6. A significant proportion of articles addressed
use of performance measurement in their
research. Majority of authors employed
performance analysis for measuring per-
formance of “combination” of various enti-
ties of analysis at “firm” level considering
“combination” of elements of exchange in
their analysis.
7. It is noteworthy that only six articles out
of 87 articles, published before year 2000
considered performance measurement in
their theory or framework. Such trend also
gives an indication about more and more
researchers advocating use of performance
measurement in SCM.
Gaps Identified
There exists a huge gap between theory building
and theory verification. The rate at which theory
building is progressing is far ahead of theory veri-
fication. A discipline can only reach maturity stage
if rate of theory building and verification is same.
Since SCM is growing discipline, there is not much
evidence available in supply chain literature that
highlights the importance of theory verification
in SCM but it can be argued that at some stage in
life cycle of a discipline, theory verification should
mark the maturity of that discipline.
Among plethora of issues to be addressed in
SCM, 115 issues to be specific, only 16 issues
spanned more than 50 percent of articles. Such
a trend reflects deficiency in treatment of SCM
paradigm. Many issues to name a few like Dis-
tribution Requirement Planning (DRP), power
balance, risk management, supply chain security,
conflict management, strategic alignment, vis-
ibility, virtual supply chain etc. have not received
sufficient attention in the empirical research.
The possible reason for such a scenario could be
overemphasis of SCM researchers on core issues
like performance measurement, integration, col-
laboration, relationship management etc. Such
core issues are majorly broader in nature with
respect to all the levels of management. While
issues like DRP and visibility are confined to
tactical and operational level. On the other hand,
issues like power balance, risk management, sup-
ply chain security, conflict management etc. are
new to SCM discipline and are catching up with
other issues, but slowly. Surprisingly, issue like
“strategic alignment” (Which means aligning the
supply chain strategy with competitive strategy
of the focal firm) has received very scanty atten-
tion considering its importance in SCM. Only
Quesada et al. (2008) had attempted an empirical
investigation into strategic alignment.
Empirical research in SCM is predominately
performed in the developed countries of Northern
America and Europe while merely 5 percent of the
research is performed for developing countries.
Countries like India and China are outsourcing
hubs for global supply chains of apparel, auto-
mobile and electronic consumer goods. Hence,
there is higher need of developing and examining
the supply chain frameworks for such countries.
One of the reasons for lack in empirical research
in these countries may be difficulty in carrying
out survey and action research or it may be lack of
knowledge in SCM. However, these reasons need
proper examination and factual support before
they can be established.
The existence of performance measures for
retailers and distributors in supply chain are
almost negligible. It is also observed that only
one article measuring performance of retailer
and three articles measuring performance of sup-
plier are seen in the sample of articles. The same
comment of applicable to performance measures
devised for various levels of analysis as very few
21
 A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration
articles displayed any picture of measurement at
dyad (two articles), chain (five articles) or network
(13 articles) level.
IMPLICATIONS FOR
FUTURE RESEARCH
This chapter presents new avenues of further
research in e-collaboration and supply chain man-
agement. The research findings and gaps lead to
following implications for future research. They
are discussed as follows:
Researchers must focus on verifying already
existing theories in Supplier relationship man-
agement and e-commerce as a huge amount of
literature on theory building is accumulated and
must get verified. It is also emphasized that large
body of Supply Chain Practices needs more stan-
dardized terminology and constructs. According
to Chen and Paulraj (2004), the existence of clear
definitional constructs on which Supply Chain
Collaboration research is still lacking. This causes
a uneven research field that is open to the danger
of a lack of generalization. In this context, the
remarkable recommendation of Fabbe-Costes and
Jahre (2008, p. 143) that in order to contribute to
theory building we need to stabilize the vocabulary,
to agree on formal conceptual definitions, and to
define their properties clearly before measuring
anything.
Traditionally, SCM is an interlinked discipline,
with influences from logistics and transporta-
tion, operations management and materials and
distribution management, marketing, as well as
purchasing and IT (Giunipero et al., 2008). It thus
addresses plethora of issues and among them some
are often visited by empirical researchers while
several other not frequently addressed issues like
Distribution Resource Planning (DRP), efficiency
of supply chain, power balance, risk management,
supply chain security, conflict management, stra-
tegic alignment, visibility, virtual supply chain,
etc. must be given more attention by performing
22
empirical studies on them and hence help in
promotion of their importance in Supply Chain
paradigm.
Future empirical studies must target inter-
organizational level more than intra-firm and
intra-functional scope at firm level only. Such
studies must at least address “dyad” level with
inter-organizational scope and if possible the
complete “network” must be under scanner for
analysis. The advantage associated with multi-
level analysis is that it gives integrated solutions.
Simatupang and Sridharan (2008) highlighted that
the chain members realize that integrated solutions
result in economy of scale that eventually lower
costs and enhance revenues (Bowersox, 1990;
Buzzell and Ortmeyer, 1995). They also pointed
that supply chain collaboration with the design
of inter-organizational process improvements
coupled with information systems is simply not
sufficient enough. Rather, one has to design supply
chain collaboration so as incorporate dynamics of
collaborative efforts.
Ideally, every practical framework based on
empirical study or any other relevant empirical
study must involve an element of performance
measurement of respective “Entity of analysis”
at “network” level considering all the possible
“elements of exchange” at various echelons of
supply chain. Presently, such approach is lacking
the empirical research thus future research efforts
in this direction must take aforementioned aspect
of performance measurement into consideration.
According to Charan et al. (2008), there is an
emerging requirement to focus on the performance
of the Supply Chain (SC) or network in which
company is a partner. Such system can facilitate
inter-understanding and integration among the
SC members. It is worthwhile to add essential
characteristics of performance measurement
system given by Morgan (2004) that performance
measures must be linked with the strategy of an
organization, be part of integrated control system,
have internal validity and enable proactive man-
agement; and second, the performance measure-
A Review of E-Supply Chain Collaboration and Integration
ment system must be dynamic, intra-connectable,
focused and usable.
Sachan and Datta (2005) pointed out in their
review that most of the multi-national FMCG firms
are targeting developing and under developing
countries either as new market for their products
or for sourcing the raw material due to low cost.
Research work in this area is not remarkable, there
is a huge scope of research in this area. In our
review too same fact is highlighted that very less
empirical studies in the area of e-collaboration are
published for developing and under developing
countries. It is high time for the researchers to
start focusing on these avenues of cost reduction
and profit making.
CONCLUSION
The chapter reviewed 368 articles on empirical
research in e-collaboration and supply chain man-
agement, with primary focus of research on content
of Supply Chain based e-collaboration in articles.
The Chapter started with identifying empirical
research articles out of 1,807 research articles and
found 368 empirical research articles, followed by
classification of each of the selected articles into
nine classes. It highlights the growth of empiri-
cal research in e-collaboration and supply chain
management. Findings of chapter also initiate a
debate of theory building vs. theory verification
in e-collaboration and supply chain management
and also brought inadequately addressed issues
into limelight. Classification of articles on basis
of entity of analysis, level of analysis and element
of exchange is found to be very instrumental in
measuring length and breadth of empirical re-
search in Supply Chain based e-collaborations.
It was found out that more and more authors are
using combination of entity of analysis. But still
focus is on firm level rather than network level. In
this, another encouraging fact is that most of the
authors prefer to consider combination of various
elements of exchange in their analysis. It was also
found out that SCM research is still very much
confined in developed countries of America and
Europe, which is a discouraging. Also, perfor-
mance measurement in a supply chain seems to be
an area of more exploration, especially, measuring
performance at network or chain level.
The potential limitation of the study is that it
does not attempt to trace out trend using regres-
sion techniques neither it endeavors’ to test the
hypothesis so as to establish a grounded theory,
that could lay down a perfect platform for future
research. It, however, succeeds in revealing the
descriptive statistics behind various classes that
addresses content of e-collaboration and sup-
ply chain in empirical research. The extension
of this study could be statistically testing the
figures observed in this chapter and lay down a
grounded theory approach for future research in
e-collaboration and supply chain.
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