1.

High blood pressure forces your heart to work harder to pump blood to the rest of your
body. This causes part of your heart (left ventricle) to thicken. A thickened left ventricle
increases your risk of heart attack, heart failure and sudden cardiac death. Heart failure.
2.
Cardiac output is the amount of blood your heart is able to pump in 1 minute. The
problem in heart failure is that the heart isn't pumping out enough blood each time it
beats
3. The inadequate cardiac output, through one or more mechanisms, causes the kidney to
excrete less salt and water. It also produces a reduction in renal plasma flow and
filtration rate by a contraction of the efferent arterioles of the kidney effected by some
humoral substance.
4. The body's response to heart failure causes sodium levels to increase. To restore the
balance, the body retains water, leading to fluid overload and an increased burden on
the heart.

Manage emergencies:
1. Diuretics, better known as "water pills," help the kidneys get rid of unneeded water
and salt. This makes it easier for your heart to pump. These medicines may be used to
treat high blood pressure and ease the swelling and water buildup caused by many
medical problems, including heart failure.
2. If you eat too much salt or drink too much fluid, your body's water content may
increase and make your heart work harder. This can worsen your CHF.
3. Furosemide- Furosemide is given to help treat fluid retention (edema) and swelling that
is caused by congestive heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, or other medical
conditions. It works by acting on the kidneys to increase the flow of urine.

Diagnostics

➢ Blood tests-Blood tests can check for abnormal blood cells and infections. This includes
testing for blood count, kidney function, and liver function. They can also check the level
of  B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a hormone that rises with heart failure.

➢ CBC- Complete blood count results can help a cardiologist detect complications of the
pumping organ of the human body. CBC is used as a tool to detect CHF (Congestive
Heart Failure) since it can diagnose anaemia which is known to induce CHF and create
similar symptoms of CHF.
 ➢ Creatinine - Patients with severe heart failure, particularly those on large doses of
diuretics for long periods, may have elevated BUN and creatinine levels indicative
of renal insufficiency owing to chronic reductions of renal blood flow from reduced
cardiac output.

➢ BUN-  high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were associated with poor cardiovascular
(CV) outcomes in patients with compensated heart failure (HF) and reduced left
ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).

➢ Electrolytes-
Patients with heart failure may exhibit hyponatremia due to a decrease in water
excretion, Hyponatremia occurs when your blood sodium level goes below 135 mEq/L.

➢ RT-PCR- ost widely used diagnostic tests for detecting pathogens, including viruses, that
cause diseases 

ECG - An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) records your heart’s rhythm.

Abnormalities in your heart’s rhythm, such as a rapid heartbeat or irregular rhythm, could
suggest that the walls of your heart’s chamber are thicker than normal. That could be a warning
sign for a heart attack.

➢ 2D Echocardiogram - D Echocardiography or 2D Echo of heart is a test in which

ultrasound technique is used to take pictures of heart. It will be displayed in a cross-
sectional 'slice' of the beating heart, showing chambers, valves and the major blood
vessels of heart.

➢ Chest ultrasound-
A chest ultrasound is a noninvasive diagnostic exam that produces images, which used to
assess the organs and structures within the chest, such as the lungs, mediastinum
(area in the chest containing the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and lymph
nodes), and pleural space

➢ Urinalysis - Renal insufficiency is common in patients with heart failure (HF), used to

detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney
disease and diabetes.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, refers to a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and
breathing-related problems. It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. COPD makes breathing difficult for
the 16 million Americans who have this disease.

Heart failure can disturb the normal functioning of the kidney, weakening its ability to excrete sodium from
the body and triggering mechanisms that cause water retention resulting in fluid overload.

If you have diabetes, or if someone close to you does, perhaps you've noticed some swelling in the ankles where
fluid has built up, causing a puffy appearance. This is typically water retention, also called edema, and is relatively
common among diabetics.

With diabetes, the small blood vessels in the body are injured. When the blood vessels in the kidneys are injured,
your kidneys cannot clean your blood properly. Your body will retain more water and salt than it should, which can
result in weight gain and ankle swelling.

The body's response to heart failure causes sodium levels to increase. To restore the balance, the body retains
water, leading to fluid overload and an increased burden on the heart.

The inadequate cardiac output, through one or more mechanisms, causes the kidney to excrete less salt and water.
It also produces a reduction in renal plasma flow and filtration rate by a contraction of the efferent arterioles of the
kidney effected by some humoral substance.

Still, it's serious. As your heart works overtime, it can cause tiredness, shortness of breath and a feeling of being
simply worn out. Such are the signs of fatigue, one of the most common symptoms of congestive heart failure.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, refers to a group of diseases that cause airflow blockage and
breathing-related problems. It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. COPD makes breathing difficult for
the 16 million Americans who have this disease.