References:

A text book of Engineering Materials –M.A. Aziz

An Introduction to Properties and Evaluation of Engineering Materials -

. E. R. Latifee
Prepared by: Md. Aminul Islam,
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of CEE,SUST.
 Concrete
 Timber
 Glass
 Plastic and Rubber
 Paints
 Definition
an inorganic product of fusion that has
cooled to a rigid condition without
crystallizing.
When glass is cooled from the hot molten
state, it gradually increases in viscosity
without crystallization over a wide
temperature range, until it assumes its
characteristic hard, brittle form. Cooling is
controlled to prevent crystallization, or high
strain.
Chemically, Glass is actually more like a
liquid, but at room temperature, it is so
viscous or 'sticky‘, it looks and feels like a
solid. At higher temperatures glass
gradually becomes softer and more like a
liquid. It is this latter property which
allows glass to be poured, blown,
pressed and moulded into such a variety
of shapes.
 Properties of Glasses
Glass is Brittle, amorphous and very ductile
at high temperature.
Low thermal co-efficient of expansion
Chemically stable.
Glass possesses very excellent optical
properties.
Poor conductor of heat and electricity,
 Cont’d….
Transparent to light
Homogeneous structure
High compressive strength
High tensile strength. Glass fibres may have
an ultimate tensile strength of about 3500 psi.
Resistant to acids except HF as it forms
volatile SiF4 and silica. It is used for etching
glass.
VARIOUS USES OF GLASS IN CONSTRUCTION
 Major constituents

 Silica sand
 Soda ash
 Lime stone
 Dolomite
 Feldspathic materials
 Lead oxide
 Boric acid
 Crushed glass
 Manufacture of glass
 raw materials are soda lime and silica.
 Calcium carbonate, lead oxide, potassium carbonate,
alumina are added to improve the quality and yield
different types.
 Broken glass called cullet is added to ease the melting
and decrease the cost.
Three process:
I. Melting : Raw materials along with cullet are
ground and fused in furnaces.
Producer gas( CO +N2) and air provide temp. of
about 1800 °C.
Acidic silica + Basic Oxides = Silicates (glass)
II. Forming and shaping: Molten glass is formed and
shaped in desired shapes. Irregular shapes are
made by applying pressure to glass of high
viscosity. Moulding is used for making regular
shapes
III. Annealing: controlled slow cooling. Done to
avoid strains and stress built due to differential
rates of cooling of external and internal parts.
Longer the annealing period, better glass.
IV. Finishing : Involves cutting, polishing and
cleaning.
 BASIC TYPES OF GLASS

 FLOAT GLASS

 SHEET GLASS

 PATTERENED GLASS

 WIRED GLASS
 FLOAT GLASS
 Most widely used type of glass
Monolithic and highly transparent
 Produced by flowing molten glass
 slowly cooling .
 Has uniform thickness, flatness and
excellent optical quality.
 Manufactured in two main varieties, i.e.;
clear and tinted.
 Used in mirrors, windows, curtain walls
and doors.
 float glass can be toughened, a process
that creates safety glass out of annealed
glass.
 Available in thicknesses 2-19 mm
 Can be coloured during manufacturing.
 SHEET GLASS
There are three different kind of
sheet glasses:
- Annealed flat glass
- Processed flat glass
- Misc. glass
Actual color green (or
sometimes blue).
Sizes available:
uses: windows, shelves, large
size doors and table tops etc.
 PATTERNED GLASS
 Sometimes referred to as “figured” or “rolled” glass.
 Has a pattern or texture impressed on one or both
sides in the process of rolling.
 This glass surface has a patterned decorative design
which provide translucency and some degrees of
obscurity.
 Patterns are classified as decorative or glazing i.e.,
used primarily for their functional properties.
 Uses: decorative glazing of windows, bathroom
partitions, door.
 Is difficult to clean as dust settles between the crevices
 WIRED GLASS
Fine twisted hexagonal wire netting or
mesh inserted during the process of
rolling.
May be patterned, smooth rolled or
ground and polished.
Used primarily in fire rated windows,
doors, skylights and applications
requiring a safety glazing material.
When broken, loose pieces of glass are
held by the wire netting.
 OTHER TYPES OF GLASSES
Soda Lime glass/ Soft Glass: Made from Sodium silicate,
 Made insoluble by adding lime.
 melts at low temperatures,
 RESISTANT to devitrification (Loss of Plasticity and hence
to be shaped).
 Used in making electric bulbs, wind panes and cheap table
ware.
Borosilicate glass/ Pyrex/Jena Glass: Contains silica and
boron with Al, Na and K oxides in minor amounts.
 Hard glass with low thermal expansion,
 high thermal and chemical resistance,
 high melting point.
 Used in manufacture of laboratory ware, electric
insulators, kitchenware.
Flint glass/ Lead Glass: contains silica, Lead and
potassium oxide.
 Soft and easy to grind., high refractive index.
 Used in making optical lenses, radiation shields and
neon sign tubes.
Potash-Lime/ Hard Glass: contains silica, Calcium
carbonate and potassium carbonate.
 High melting temp.
 More stable towards chemicals.
Alumina glass: contains 20% of alumina along with B,
Mg and Ca oxide.
 High softening temperature.
 Used in discharge tubes and combustion tubes.
Vitreosil: 99.5% pure silica glass.
 Low coefficient of thermal expansion and highly
transparent.
 Used in chemical plants and electric insulators.
Toughened Glass: obtained by prestressing, and
tempering/thermal strengthening.
 Tempering involves heating to its annealing temp. and
rapidly exposing to cold blast of air.
 The surface becomes dense and interior becomes plastic
due to difference in cooling rate.
 Used in window panes of automobiles.
 Machining of the glass should be done before tempering.
Safety/ Laminated glass: made by pressing a sheet of
glass in alternate layers of synthetic rubber. Developed
basically for vehicular purposes where safety from fracture
of glass is a major concern.
 This glass is tough and shatter proof.
 The glass pieces do not fly when glass breaks suddenly.
 Used in windshields of aircraft.
Insulating glass: made by hermetically sealing two glass
plates separately by a gap of about 10 mm thickness
filled with air.
 Used for thermal insulation against heat.
Optical glass: highly homogeneous. Consist of lead
silicate, phosphorous and Cerium oxide.
 Cerium oxide absorbs uv rays harmful for eyes.
 Used for making lenses.
Glass ceramic/ Pyroceram: polycrystalline vitrified glass
formed by controlled crystallisation in nucleating agents
such as TiO2, ZrO2, Cu etc.
 It has greater hardness and impact strength as compared to
ordinary glass.
 used in some functional parts of automobile engines.
Reflective glass: Coating of a metal compound applied on
one surface by chemical deposition.
 Reflects light and solar heat
 Uses: principally used in curtain wall glazing and
structural glazing, train windows(AC compartments),
doors and windows of commercial buildings, partitions
and internal wall cladding.
 Disadvantages: Causes light pollution
and is hazardous to traffic.
Tinted glass: Manufactured by adding a
dye at the molten glass stage.
Used to minimize solar heat gain and
glare while it also absorbs heat.
Available in grey, bronze, green, blue
and blue/green
Allows for increased control of
comfort and energy usage
Sizes available
Glass wools: Glass wool is a thermal insulation that
consists of intertwined and flexible glass fibers,
which causes it to "package" air, and consequently
make good insulating materials.
Glass wool can be used as filler or insulators in
buildings, also for soundproofing.
Thank You