WORKBOOK ACTIVITY

Table of Contents

TOPICS PAGES

LAB ACTIVITY Fundamentals of Database 3

1: Management System
LAB ACTIVITY Relational Databases 11
2:
LAB ACTIVITY Relational Algebra 18
3:
LAB ACTIVITY Entity Relationship Model 25
4:
LAB ACTIVITY Structured Query Language (SQL) 32
5:
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LAB ACTIVITY Database Transaction 54

6: Management

LAB ACTIVITY 3: Relational Algebra

Duration: 2 Hours

Learning Outcomes
This activity encompasses activities 3A, 3B and 3C

At the end of this activity, you should be able to:

1. Identify the fundamental operators to retrieve information.
a. Restrict (Select)
b. Project
c. Join (outer, inner)
d. Cross Product
2. Define the traditional set of operators.
a. Union
b. Intersection
c. Difference
3. Use the operators to write the expression.

THEORY
 The basic set of operations for the relational model
 These operations enable a user to specify basic retrieval requests.
 The result of retrieval is a new relation, which may have been formed from one or more
relations.
 The algebra operations thus produce new relations, which can be further manipulated
using operations of the same algebra.

FUNDAMENTAL OPERATORS
There are 4 fundamental operators to retrieve information from relational database.
 Restrict ( Select )
σ<selection condition>( R )

 Project
Л <attribute list> (R)

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 Join
 Inner Join
(Л <attribute list> (R)) (Л <attribute list> (R))

 Outer Join
 Left Outer Join
(Л <attribute list> (R)) (Л <attribute list> (R))

 Right Outer Join

(Л <attribute list> (R)) (Л <attribute list> (R))

 Cross Product
(Л <attribute list> (R)) X (Л <attribute list> (R))

TRADITIONAL OPERATORS
There are 3 traditional set operator:
 Union
(Л <attribute list> (R))  (Л <attribute list> (R))

 Intersection
(Л <attribute list> (R))  (Л <attribute list> (R))

 Difference
(Л <attribute list> (R)) – (Л <attribute list> (R))

ACTIVITY
The following activities (Activity 3A, Activity 3B and Activity 3C) are based on the tables below:

STAFF1
staffNo staffName Position
00689 Samat Electric engineer
00500 Ali Web developer
00111 Anaz Programmer

STAFF2
staffNo staffName Position
00111 Anaz Programmer
00500 Ali Web developer
00689 Samat Electric engineer
00444 Azie Web developer

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00123 Hazlim Technical support

PROJECT
projectNo projectName Cost
1 DADD 1 000 000
2 Programming 500 000
3 Multimedia 800 000

CUSTOMER
custNo custName projectNo staffNo
C001 Adam & co 1 00111
C010 Tegas Tulin Sdn Bhd 2 00123
C011 Wangsa Mewangi Sdn Bhd 2 00123
C007 Wawasan Sdn Bhd 5 00999
C021 Halim & Son Sdn Bhd 3 00689

Activity 3A
Activity Outcome:
a. Identify the fundamental operators to retrieve information.
i. Restrict (Select)
ii. Project
iii. Join (Outer, Inner)
iv. Cross Product

Based on given table, generate the output base on operation below.

Restrict (Select)
Result1 σ Position = “Web developer” ( STAFF2 )

Result1
staffNo staffName Position

00500 Ali Web developer

00444 Azie Web developer

Project

Result2 Л custNo, custName, staffNo (CUSTOMER)

Result2
custNO custName staffNo

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C001 Adams & Co 00111

C0010 Tegas Tulin Sdn Bhd 00123

C0011 Wangsa Mewangi Sdn Bhd 00123

C007 Wawasan Sdn Bhd 00999

C021 Halim & Son Sdn Bhd 00689

JOIN
A. INNER JOIN

Result3 (Л staffNo, staffName, Position (STAFF2))

(Л custNo, custName, ProjNo, staffNo (CUSTOMER))

Result3
staffNo staffName Position cusNo cusName ProjNo

0011 Anaz Programmer C001 Adams & Co 1

B. OUTER JOIN
Result4 (Л staffNo, staffName, Position (STAFF2))

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(Л custNo, custName, ProjNo, staffNo (CUSTOMER))

Result4

Cartesian Product
Result5 STAFF1 X PROJECT

Result5

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Activity 3B
Activity Outcome:
a. Define the traditional set of operators.
i. Union
ii. Intersection
iii. Difference

Based on given table, generate the output base on operation below.

UNION

STAFF1 STAFF2

INTERSECTION

STAFF1 STAFF2

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DIFFERENCE
Difference STAFF1 - STAFF2

Difference STAFF2 - STAFF1

Activity 3C

Activity Outcome:

a. Use the operators to write the expression.

Based on given table, generate the expression using relational algebra on situation below.

1. Select from STAFF2 where position is Web Developer.

2. Select staff name and project number for staff 00123 in CUSTOMER’s relation.

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3. Select same staff name from STAFF1 and STAFF2.

4. Select staff name from STAF1 which is not in STAFF2

5. Select CUSTOMER outer join with STAFF1

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