Emulsified Asphalts and

Special Mixtures
Anjan Kumar S
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Guwahati
sak@iitg.ernet.in
CE-682, 2017
 Emulsified Asphalts
• Is a mixture of asphalt, water and emulsifying agent.
• Asphalt is milled into microscopic particles and dispersed in water with a chemical emulsifier
• Asphalt 40% to 75%
• Water 60% to 25%
• Emulsifier 0.1% to 2.5%
• Factors contributing to use of asphalt emulsions
1. Energy savings
2. Reduce atmospheric pollution
3. Coat damp aggregates
4. Ability to suit requirement
5. Working at remote sites
6. Use in preventive maintenance
• Uses of Asphalt emulsion
1. Surface treatments
• Fog seal, slurry seal, micro surfacing, etc.,
2. Recycling
• Cold in place, Full depth,
3. Other applications
• Stabilization, PRIME COAT, TACK COAT, crack sealing, etc.,
 Emulsified Asphalts
• Stable dispersion
• Pumping
• Storage
• Mixing
• Breaking: separation of the water from the asphalt
• Curing: retains adhesion, durability and water-resistance
• Asphalt Emulsion Classification
• Anionic
• Negatively charged
• Cationic
• Positively charged
• Nonionic
• Neutral
• Further classification: rate of coalesce
1. RS: Rapid setting;
2. MS: Medium setting
3. SS: Slow setting
4. QS: Quick setting
 Emulsified Asphalts
• Prime coat
• Waterproofing/Penetration
• Curing
• Interface shear strength
• Usage
• Granular Bases
• Weather, Construction Sequence
• Traffic
• Base Stability
• Subgrade
 Emulsified Asphalts
• Tack Coat: “ an application of bituminous material to an existing relatively
non absorptive surface to provide a thorough bond between old and new
surfacing”
• BOND COAT
• Purpose
• to ensure good bonding between
old pavement surface and new pavement surface
• Must be thin and uniformly cover the surface
• Usage
• Existing and new pavement surfaces
• Longitudinal and Transverse Joints
 Emulsified Asphalts
• Variables affecting Emulsion Quality
• Chemical properties of base asphalt
• Hardness and quantity of base asphalt
• Asphalt particle size in emulsion
• Properties and concentration of emulsifying agent
• Manufacturing conditions
• temperature, pressure and shear
• Ionic charge on the emulsion particles
• Order of addition of ingredients
• Type of equipment
• Addition of modifiers
• Water quality
 Emulsified Asphalts
• Factors affecting breaking and curing
• Water absorption
• Aggregate moisture content
• Weather conditions
• temperature, humidity and wind velocity
• Mechanical forces
• Surface Area
• Surface chemistry
• Emulsion and aggregate temperature
• Type and amount of emulsifier
 Cutback Asphalts
• Liquid asphalts which are manufactured by adding (cutting back) petroleum solvents
(also called cutter stock or diluent) to asphalt
• CURING: Evaporation
• Classification
• Rapid Curing (RC)
• Medium Curing (MC)
• Slow Curing (SC)
• Emulsion is preferred or Cutback
• Environmental regulations
• Loss of high energy products
• Safety
• Low application temperature
Special Mixtures and Additives
• Most Common in India
• Surface course
• Bituminous concrete
• Binder course
• Dense bituminous macadam
• Base course
• Bituminous macadam
• OPEN-GRADED HMA MIXES
• Negligible fine aggregates
• Low asphalt content
• Used for sub-surface drainage
Special Mixtures and Additives
• OPEN-GRADED FRICTION COURSE (OGFC)
• Designed to consist large amount of air voids
• Low FA content (<20%)
• Used for surface drainage
• Hydroplaning
• Water splash
• Safety
• STONE MATRIX ASPHALT (SMA)
• Increased resistance to rutting and durability
• Stone to Stone contact
• Coarse aggregates: 70-80%
• Filler~ 10%
• Asphalt >6%
Special Mixtures and Additives
• DENSE-GRADED LARGE STONE MIXES
• to avoid premature rutting !!!
• Use of large stone in binder and base courses
• How about in India?
• Can we use Marshall method here?
• Modifications to Marshall Procedure
• Specimen size 150 mm to 95 mm ??
• Weight of hammer = 10.2 kg ??
• Height of drop 457 mm ??
• No of blow 50% more i.e., 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 times??
• See ASM D5581
• How about stability and flow requirements ? Can we use same limits ?
• Stability c/s = 2.25 times
• Flow, diameter = 1.5 times
Special Mixtures and Additives
• DENSE-GRADED LARGE STONE MIXES
Special Mixtures and Additives
• ADDITIVES AND MODIFIERS IN HMA
• Attributing factors
• Traffic characteristics
• Implementation of PG
• Environmental pressures
• Willingness to pay
• Technical reasons
• Minimize rutting
• Minimize low temperature thermal cracking
• Improve fatigue resistance
• Reduce stripping
• Improve abrasion resistance
• Minimize tender mixes
• Supplement asphalt
• Resistance to aging
• Reduce life cycle cost?
• PERFORMANCE
Special Mixtures and Additives
• IDEAL PAVEMENT ASPHALT
• Lower stiffness at production
• Higher stiffness at service (summer)
• Lower stiffness and fast relaxation
• At low service temperature
• Increased Adhesion
Special Mixtures and Additives
• Asphalt additives and Modifiers
• Fillers
• Extender
• Polymers
• Rubber
• Plastic
• Combination
• Fiber
• Oxidant
• Antioxidant
• Hydrocarbon
• Anti-stripping Agents
• Waste Materials
Bituminous Materials
• Production
• Batch Mix Plant
• Drum Mix Plant
• Components
• Cold feed system
• Bitumen supply system
• Mixing tower
• Emission control system
Bituminous Materials
• Batch Mix Plant
Bituminous Materials
• Batch Mix Plant
Bituminous Materials
• Batch Mix Plant
Bituminous Materials
• Batch Mix Plant
Bituminous Materials
• Batch Mix Plant
Bituminous Materials
• Batch Mix Plant
Bituminous Materials
• Batch Mix Plant
Bituminous Materials
• Batch Mix Plant
Bituminous Materials
• Drum Mix Plant
Bituminous Materials
• Advantages of Drum mix Plant
• Lower initial cost
• Less space
• Varying capacity
• Lower operation and maintenance cost
• Limitations
• Does not have second gradation control unit
• Inadequate aggregate temperature monitoring
• Heterogeneity of hot mix