Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Load Flow 20 Feb.2018
Load Flow 20 Feb.2018
Prepared By:
Kenneth Kahuma
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
MAKERERE UNIVERSITY KAMPALA, UGANDA
Feb. 2018
Load Flow Analysis 147
c hapter 1
Load Flow Analysis
1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the steady-state analysis of an interconnected power system during
normal operation. The power system is assumed to be operating under balanced condition and
can be represented by a single line diagram. The power system network contains hundreds of
buses and branches with impedances specified in per-unit on a common MVA base. Power flow
studies, commonly referred to as load flow, are essential of power system analysis and design.
Load flow studies are necessary for planning, economic operation, scheduling and exchange of
power between utilities. Load flow study is also required for many other analysis such as
transient stability, dynamic stability, contingency and state estimation.
Network equations can be formulated in a variety of forms. However, node voltage method
is commonly used for power system analysis. The network equations which are in the nodal
admittance form results in complex linear simultaneous algebraic equations in terms of node
currents. The load flow results give the bus voltage magnitude and phase angles and hence the
power flow through the transmission lines, line losses and power injection at all the buses.
2 BUS CLASSIFICATION
Four quantities are associated with each bus. These are voltage magnitude |V|, phase angle d,
real power P and reactive power Q. In a load flow study, two out of four quantities are specified
and the remaining two quantities are to be obtained through the solutions of equations. The
system buses are generally classified into three categories.
Slack bus: Also known as swing bus and taken as reference where the magnitude and phase
angle of the voltage are specified. This bus provide the additional real and reactive power to
supply the transmission losses, since these are unknown until the final solution is obtained.
Load buses: Also known as PQ bus. At these buses the real and reactive powers are specified.
The magnitude and phase angle of the bus voltage are unknown until the final solution is
obtained.
Voltage controlled buses: Also known as generator buses or regulated buses or P |V|
buses. At these buses, the real power and voltage magnitude are specified. The phase angles of
the voltages and the reactive power are unknown until the final solution is obtained. The limits
on the value of reactive power are also specified.
For simplicity resistances of the lines are neglected and the impedances shown in Fig. 1
are expressed in per-unit on a common MVA base.
Now impedances are converted to admittance, i.e.,
1 1
yik = = ...(1)
Z ik rik + jx ik
Figure 2 shows the admittance diagram and transformation to current sources and injects
currents I1 and I2 at buses 1 and 2 respectively. Node 0 (which is normally ground) is taken as
reference.
LMII OP LMYY
1 11 Y12 Y13 Y14 OP LMVV OP
1
\ MMI PP = MMY
2 21 Y22 Y23 Y24
PP MMV PP
2
...(2)
NI Q MNY PQ MNV PQ
3 31 Y32 Y33 Y34 3
4 41 Y42 Y43 Y44 4
or in general
Ibus = YbusVbus ...(3)
Where
Vbus = vector of bus voltages
Ibus = vector of the injected currents (the current is positive when
flowing into the bus and negative when flowing out of the bus)
Ybus = admittance matrix.
Diagonal element of Y matrix is known as self-admittance or driving point admittance, i.e.,
y21
¢ y¢ y¢ y¢
y20 = + 23 = 12 + 23 = j0.03 + j0.020 = j0.05
2 2 2 2
y31
¢ y¢ y¢ y¢
y30 = + 32 = 13 + 23 = j0.025 + j0.020 = j0.045
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
y12 = = = = 15.82 71.56°
Z 12 0.02 + j0.06 0.0632 7156
. °
1 1 1
y13 = = = = 3955
. 71.56°
Z 13 0.08 + j0.24 4 (0.02 + j0.06)
1 1 1
y23 = = = = 5.273 71.56°
Z 23 (0.06 + j0.18) 3 (0.02 + j0.06)
Pi - jQ i
\ Ii = ...(10)
V i*
n
Pi - jQ i
\ YiiVi =
V i*
å YikVk
k =1
k ¹i
Vi =
1 MML P - jQ
i i
-
4
å YikVk
OP
PP
Yii
MN V i
*
k=1
k ¹i
Q
i = 1, 2, 3, 4
i ¹ s, i.e., i ¹ 1
LM P - jQ 4 OP
\ V2 =
1
Y22 MM V
2
*
2
- å Y2kVk PP
N Q
k =1
2 k ¹2
1 LM P - jQ OP
MN V PQ
2 2
\ V2 = *
- Y21V1 - Y23V 3 - Y24V 4
Y22 2
Similarly,
1 LM P - jQ OP
MN V PQ
3 3
V3 = *
- Y31V1 - Y32V2 - Y34V 4
Y33 3
In the Gauss-Seidel method, the new calculated voltage at (p + 1) i.e. Vi(p + 1) immediately
replaces Vi(p) and is used in the solution of the subsequent equations. Therefore, above set of
equations can be written in iterative form, i.e.,
LM P - jQ OP
MM eV j PP
1
V2(p + 1) =
2
*
2
- Y21V1 - Y23V3( p) - Y24V4( p)
Y22
N Q
( p)
2
LM P - jQ OP
MM eV j PP
1 3 3
V3(p + 1) = *
- Y31V1 - Y32V2( p +1) - Y34V4( p)
Y33
N Q
( p)
3
LM P - jQ OP
MM eV j PP
1 4 4
V4(p + 1) = *
- Y41V1 - Y42V2( p +1) - Y43V3( p +1)
N Q
Y44 ( p)
4
Note that bus 1 is slack bus. Under normal operating conditions, the voltage magnitude of
buses are in the neighbourhood of 1.0 per unit or close to the voltage magnitude of slack bus.
Therefore, an initial starting voltage of (1.0 + j 0.0) for unknown voltages is satisfactory, and the
converged solution corelates with the actual operating states.
MMLY V + åY V OPP n
MN PQ
\ Pi jQi = V i* ii i
ik k ...(13)
k =1
k ¹i
n
\ Pi jQi = |Vi|2 |Yii|cos qii + j|Vi|2 |Yii| sin qii + å|Yik||Vi||Vk|cos( q ik + d k - d i )
k=1
k¹i
n
+j å|Yik||Vi||Vk|sin(qik + dk - di ) ...(14)
k=1
k¹i
n
\ Pi = å|V i||V k||Yik|cos(q ik - d i + d k ) ...(15)
k=1
and
n
Qi = |Vi|2 |Yii|sin qii + å|Yik||Vi||Vk|sin( q ik + d k - d i )
k=1
k¹i
n
\ Qi = - å|Vi||Vk||Yik|sin(q ik - di + dk ) ...(16)
k =1
Then set of voltage equations are solved. However, at P-|V| buses, since |Vi| is specified,
only the imaginary part of Vi p + 1 is retained and its real part is selected in order to satisfy.
ee j + e f j
p+1
i
2
i
p+1
2
= |Vi|2 ...(18)
T W
2 p+1 2
\ eip + 1 i i ...(19)
Where
eip + 1 = real part of Vip+1
fip + 1 = imagining part of Vip+1
8 CONVERGENCE PROCEDURE
The updated voltages immediately replace the previous values in the solution of the subsequent
equations. This process is continued until changes of bus voltages between successive iterations
are unithin a specified accuracy, Define
calculated
D Q = max Qi - Qischeduled ...(22)
if DP £ Î and DQ £ Î, the solution has converged. In this case Î may be taken as 0.0001 or
0.00001.
Acceleration Factor
In practice, the process of convergence of GS method is slow and it requires a large number of
iterations before a solution is obtained. The process of convergence can be speeded up if the
voltage correction during iterative process is modified to
Vi(p+1)
(acceleration)
= Vi + a V i e
(p+1)
- V i(p) j
where a is known as acceleration factor and is a real number. 1.4 < a < 1.6, recommended range
of a for most of the power system problem.
yoik = j|yoik|
\ Pik jQik = [|Vi|2|Yik |cos qik + |Vi||Vk||Yik|cos (qik di + dk )
j [|Vi|2|Yik|sin qik |Vi||Vk ||Yik |sin (qik di + dk )
|Vi|2|yoik|] ...(33)
2
\ Pik = |Vi| |Yik |cos qik + |Vi||Vk ||Yik|cos (qik di + dk ) ...(34)
n
Q1 = - å|V1||V k||Y1k|sin (q1k - d1 + d k ) ...(42)
k =1
Generation Load
Bus code Assumed MW MVAr MW MVAr
i bus voltage
1 1.05 + j 0.0 0 0
(slack bus)
2 1 + j 0.0 50 30 305.6 140.2
3 1 + j 0.0 0.0 0.0 138.6 45.2
Solution:
Step-1: Initial computations
Convert all the loads in per-unit values
305.6 140.2
PL2 = = 3.056 pu; QL2 = = 1402
. pu
100 100
138.6 45.2
PL3 = = 1386
. pu; QL3 = = 0.452 pu
100 100
Convert all the generation in per-unit values.
50 30
Pg2 = = 0.50 pu; Qg2 = = 0.30 pu
100 100
Compute net-injected power at bus 2 and 3.
P2 = Pg2 PL2 = (0.5 3.056) = 2.556 pu
Q2 = Qg2 QL2 = (0.3 1.402) = 1.102 pu
P3 = Pg3 PL3 = 0 1.386 = 1.386 pu
1 1
y23 = y32 = = = (16 - j32)
Z 23 (0.0125 + j0.025)
Now
Y11 = y12 + y13 + y10
Charging admittance is neglected, i.e. y10 = 0.0
\ Y11 = y12 + y13 = (10 j20) + (10 j30) = (20 j50)
Y22 = y21 + y23 = y12 + y23 = (26 j52)
Y33 = y13 + y23 = (26 j62)
. 108.4°
Y13 = Y31 = y13 = (10 j30) = 3162
LM 53.85 -68.2° OP
M 22.36 116.6° . 108.4°
3162
PP
= M 22.36 116.6° 35.77 116.6° P
\ YBUS
MM 58.13 -63.4°
P
MN 31.62 108.4° 67.23 -67.2° P
35.77 116.6°
Q
Step-3: Iterative Computation
LM P - jQ OP
MM eV j PP
1
V2(p + 1) =
2
*
2
- Y21V1 - Y23V3( p) ...(i)
Y22
N Q
( p)
2
LM P - jQ OP
MM eV j PP
1 3 3
V3(p + 1) = *
- Y31V1 - Y32V2( p +1) ...(ii)
Y33
N Q
( p)
3
LM0.0478 220.1° OP
V2(p + 1) = M V3( p) PP
MN eV j
+ 0.3846 V + 0.6153 ...(iii)
Q
* 1
( p)
2
Now
P3 - jQ3 -1386
. + j0.452
= = 0.0217 229.2°
Y33 67.23 -67.2°
LM0.0217 229.2° OP
V3(p + 1) = M
MN eV j
- 0.47 175.6° V - 0.532 183.8° V ( p +1 )
PP ...(iv)
Q
* 1 2
( p)
2
0.0478 220.1°
V2(1) = + 0.3846 ´ 1.05 + 0.6153 (1 + j 0)
(1 + j 0)*
0.0217 229.2°
V3(1) = - 0.47 175.6° ´ 1.05 - 0.532 183.8° ´ 0.98305 -1.8°
(1 + j 0) *
p=2
0.0478 220.1°
V2(2) = + 0.3846 ´ 1.05 + 0.6153 ´ 10011
. -2.06 °
. °) *
(0.98305 -18
0.0217 229.2°
V3(2) = - 0.47 175.6° ´ 105
. - 0.532 183.8° ´ 0.98265 -3.048°
(1.0011 -2.06°)*
Step-4: Computation of slack bus power. After 2nd iteration slack bus power is computed.
From eqn. (41)
3
P1 = å|V1||Vk||Y1k|cos(q1k - d1 + d k )
k =1
+|V1||V3||Y13|cos (q13 - d 1 + d 3 )
\ |V1| = 1.05, d1 = 0°, |V2| = 0.98265, d2 = 3.048° |V3| = 1.00099, d3 = 2.68°
|Y11| = 53.85, q11 = 68.2°
\ P23 = 0.4903 pu MW
Note that all the results are computed after 2nd iteration and details calculation are given
for the purpose of understanding.
Example 3: Solve problem Ex-2 considering bus 2 is P-|V| bus. Details are given in
Fig. 8. Use same line and load data as given in Table 3 and 2.
Solution
P2 = 2.556, P3 = 1.386, Q3 = 0.452
V1 = (1.05 + j0), V2(0) = 1.0 + j0.0 Þ P-|V| bus.
1 LM P - jQ ( p + 1) OP
MM eV j PP
2 2
VC(p+1)
2
= *
- Y21V1 - Y23V3( p)
Y22
N Q
( p)
2
p=0
1 LM P - jQ (1) OP
MM eV j PP
2
VC(1)
2 =
2
*
- Y21V1 - Y23V3( o )
Y22
N Q
(o)
2
LM0.04725 221.9° OP
\ VC(1) = M
MN eV j
+ 0.3846 V + 0.6153 V3( o ) PP
Q
2 * 1
( o)
2
\ VC(1)
2
= 0.98396 j0.03155
Since |V2| is held constant at 1.0 pu, only the imaginary part of VC2(1) is retained, i.e. f2(1)
= 0.03155 and it is real part is obtained from,
LM P - jQ OP
MM eV j PP
1 3 3
Now, V3(p+1) = *
- Y31V1 - Y32V2( p+1)
Y33
N Q
( p)
3
p=0
LM0.0217 229.2° OP
\ V3(1) = M
MN eV j
- 0.47 175.6° V - 0.532 183.8° V 2(1) PP
Q
* 1
( o)
3
0.0217 229.2°
\ V3(1) = - 0.47 175.6° ´ 1.05 - 0.532 183.8° ´ 1 ´ -1.808°
1.0
\ Q2(2) = 1.0507
LM0.04725 221.9° OP
\ VC(2) = M
MN eV j
+ 0.3846 V + 0.6153 V 3(1) PP
Q
2 * 1
(1)
2
0.04725 221.9°
\ VC(2)
2 =
+ 0.3846 ´ 1.05 + 0.6153 ´ 1.0101 -2.03°
1 1.808°
\ VC(2)
2
= 0.036146 j0.03043 + 0.40383 + 0.62112 j0.02201
\ VC(2)
2 = 0.9888 j0.05244
\ e2(2) = b
1 - 0.05244 g 2
=0.9986
\ V2(2) = 0.9986 - j 0.05244 = 1 -3°
0.0217 229.2°
\ V3(2) = - 0.47 175.6° V1 - 0.532 183.8° V2( 2 )
e j
V3(1)
*
0.0217 229.2°
\ V3(2) = - 0.47 175.6° ´ 1.05 - 0.532 183.8° ´ 1 -3°
1.0101 2.03°
V2(2) = 1 -3°
V3(2) = 1.0103 -2.62°
11 NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD
Newton-Raphson method is an iterative method which approximates the set of non-linear
simultaneous equations to a set of linear equations using Taylors series expansion and the
terms are restricted to first order approximation.
Assuming Dx1, Dx2, .........., Dxn are the corrections required for x1(0 ), x2(0), ... x n(0 ) respectively,
so that the equations (7.43) are solved i.e.,
e
y1 = f1 x1(0 ) + Dx1 , x 2(0 ) + Dx 2 ,......... , x n(0 ) + Dx n j
y = f ex
2 2
(0 )
1 + Dx1 , x 2( 0 ) + Dx 2 ,......... , x n(0 ) + Dx j n
e
yn = fn x1( 0) + Dx1 , x 2(0 ) + Dx 2 ,........., x n( 0 ) + Dx n j
Each equation of the set (44) can be expanded by Taylors series for a function of two or
more variables. For example, the following is obtained for the first equation.
e
y1 = f1 x1(0 ) + Dx1 , x 2(0 ) + Dx 2 ,........., x n(0 ) + Dx n j
e
(0 ) (0 ) (0 )
= f1 x1 , x2 ,........., x n + Dx1 j ¶f1
¶x1 0
+ Dx 2
¶f1
¶x 2 0
+... Dx n
¶f1
¶x n 0
+ y1
Where y1 is a function of higher powers of Dx1, Dx2, .... , Dxn and second, third ..., derivatives
of the function f1. Neglecting y1, the linear set of equations resulting is as follows:
e
y1 = f1 x1(0 ) , x 2( 0) ,........., x n(0 ) + Dx1j ¶f1
¶x 1 0
+ Dx2
¶f1
¶x 2 0
+... Dx n
¶f1
¶x n 0
e
(0) ( 0) ( 0)
y2 = f2 x1 , x 2 ,......... , x n + Dx1 j ¶f2
¶x 1 0
+ Dx2
¶f2
¶x 2 0
¶f
+... Dx n 2
¶x n 0
..........................................................................................................
e j
yn = fn x1( 0) , x 2(0 ) ,........., x n( 0 ) + Dx1
¶f n
¶x1
¶f ¶f
+ Dx 2 n + ... Dx n 2
¶x 2 ¶x n 0
...(45)
MM
1 1 1 2 n 1
1 0 2 0 n 0
\ M y - f e x , x ,. . . , x j P = M
M ¶f ¶f ... ¶f PP MMDx PP
MM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PP M ¶.........................
(0 ) (0 ) ( 0) 2 2
¶x P M
2
P
..... P
...(46)
M P M
2 2 1 2 n 2
x ¶x
MM PP M
1 0 2 0 n 0
M PP MM PP
MM y - f ex , x , . . . x j PP M ¶f ¶f ... ¶f P MNDx PQ
N n n
(0 )
1
(0 )
2
( 0)
n
n
Q MN ¶x ¶x ¶x PQ
1 0
n
2 0
n
n 0
n
or D = JR ...(47)
Where J is the Jacobain for the functions fi and R is the change vector Dxi. Eqn. (47) may
be written in iterative form i.e.
D(p) = J(P)R(P)
\ R(p) = [J(P)](1) D(P) ...(48)
The new values for xi¢s are calculated from
\ xi(p+1) = xi(p) + Dxi(p) ...(49)
The process is repeated until two successive values for each xi differ only by a specified
tolerance. In this process J can be evaluated in each iteration may be evaluated only once
provided Dxi are changing slowly. Because of quadratic convergence Newtons method is
mathematically superior to the Gauss-Seidel method and is less prone to divergence with ill-
conditioned problems.
n
Qi = - å|Vi||Vk||Yik|sin(q ik - di + dk ) ...(51)
k =1
Equations (50) and (51) constitute a set of nonlinear algebraic equations in terms of the
independent variables, voltage magnitude in per unit and phase angles in radians, we can
easily observe that two equations for each load bus given by eqn. (50) and (51) and one
equation for each voltage controlled bus, given by eqn. (50). Expanding eqns. (50) and (51)
in Taylor-series and neglecting higher-order terms. We obtain,
PP MM H M K H ¶d K H ¶|V |K H ¶|V |K PP MM
(p) 2 2 2 2 (p)
L L
PP
2 2
MM M PP MM M
2 n 2 n
MM PP MM FG ¶P IJ (p) O
K G
M
F ¶P IJ (p) FG ¶PM IJ (p) O
K G
M
F ¶P IJ (p)
PP MM PP
PP MM H ¶d K H ¶|V |K PP
n n
H ¶d K H ¶|V |K
n n
\M
M DP (p)
n
PP = MM
2
n
2
n
PP MM D|DdV |
(p)
n
PP
MM DQ 2
(p)
PP MMFG ¶Q IJ F ¶Q IJ FG ¶Q IJ F ¶Q IJ PP MM 2
( p)
PP
...(52)
L G L G
(p) (p) (p) (p)
MM M PP MMH ¶dM K
2
H ¶d K
2
H ¶|V |K
2
H ¶|V |K
2
PP MM M PP
MM 2
PPQ MMF ¶Q I F
n 2 n
PP MM PPQ
¶Q I FG ¶QM IJ F ¶Q I
O M O M
MN DQ NGH ¶d JK L G
H ¶d JK L G
H ¶|V |JK PQ MN D|V |
(p) (p) (p) (p)
H ¶|V |K
(p) n n n n ( p)
n n
2 n 2 n
or DP = J1.Dd ...(55)
DQ = J4.D|V| ...(56)
For voltage controlled buses, the voltage magnitudes are known. Therefore, if m buses of
the system are voltage controlled, J1 is of the order (n 1) × (n 1) and J4 is of the order
(n 1 m) × (n 1 m).
Now the diagonal elements of J1 are
n
¶Pi
¶d i
= å|Vi||Vk||Yik|sin(q ik - d i + d k ) ...(57)
k =1
k ¹i
¶Qi
= |V i||Yik|sin(q ik - d i + d k ) ...(60)
¶|Vk| k ¹i
The terms DPi( p) and DQi( p) are the difference between the scheduled and calculated values
at bus i known as power residuals, given by
scheduled
DPi( p) = Pi - Pi(p)
(calculated) ...(61)
Step-4: For load buses, Pi( p) and Q i( p) are calculated using eqns. (50) and (51) and
DPi( p) and DQi( p) are calculated from eqns. (61) and (62).
Step-5: For voltage controlled buses, Pi( p) and DPi( p) are computed using eqns. (50) and (61)
respectively.
Step-6: Compute elements of J1 and J4 using equations (57) (60).
Step-7: Solve equations (55) and (56) for computing Dd and D|V|.
Step-8: Compute new voltage magnitudes and phase angles using eqns. (63) and (64).
Step-9: Check for convergence, i.e. if
¶Q3
= |V3||Y32|sin(q32 d3 + d2)
¶|V2|
¶Q3
= |V1||Y31|sin(q31 d3 + d1) |V2||Y32|sin(q32 d3 + d2) 2|V3||Y33|sinq33
¶|V3|
Data
|Y22| = 58.13, q22 = 1.106 rad = 63.4°
|Y33| = 67.23, q33 = 1.173 rad = 67.2°
|Y21| = 22.36, q21 = 116.6° = 2.034 rad
|Y23| = 35.77, q23 = 116.6° = 2.034 rad
|Y31| = 31.62, q31 = 108.4° = 1.892 rad
|V1| = 1.05, d1 = 0.0 rad, |V2|(0) = 1.0, d2(0) = 0.0 rad
|V3|(0) = 1.0, d3(0) = 0.0 rad
¶P2
= 1.05 × 22.36 sin (116.6°) + 35.77 sin (116.6°) = 52.97
¶d 2
\ P2((0cal
)
) = 0.50
P3((0cal
)
) = 1.05 × 31.62 cos (108.4°) + 35.77 cos (116.6°) + 67.23 cos (67.2°)
\ P3((0cal
)
) = 0.44
Q2(0(cal
)
) = 1.05 × 22.36 sin (116.6°) 58.13 sin (63.4°) 35.77 sin (116.6°)
\ Q2(0(cal
)
) = 1.0
Q3(0(cal
)
) = 1.05 × 31.62 sin (108.4°) 35.77 sin (116.6°) 67.23 × sin (67.2°)
\ Q3(0(cal
)
) = 1.503
P2(sch) = 2.556
P3(sch) = 1.386
(0 )
DQ2(0) = Q2(sch) Q2( cal ) = 1.102 (1) = 0.102
(0 )
DQ3(0) = Q3(sch) Q3( cal ) = 0.452 (1.503) = 1.051
MNDQ
PQ MN-3198 60.47 PQ MN D|V | PQ
2 2
\
(0 ) (0 )
3
. 3
\ D|V2|(0 ) = 0.01332
D|V3|(0) = 0.0244
\ d (1) (0 ) (0 )
2 = d 2 + Dd 2 = 0.0687 radian = 3.936°
d (1)
3
= d (30 ) + Dd 3(0 ) = 0.0495 radian = 2.837°
2nd Iteration
In load flow studies computation of elements of J1 and J4 matrices in each iteration is not
required because they do not change much. In this problem J1 and J4 as computed above,
assumed constant throughout the iterative process.
P3((1)cal ) = 0.96
(1)
Q2( cal ) = 0.005
(1)
Q3( cal ) = 0.16177
\ D d (1)
2 = 0.004 rad = 0.229°
D d (1)
3 = 0.0087 rad = 0.5°
\ D|V2|(1) = 0.037
\ D|V3|(1) = 0.02436
3rd iteration
P2((2cal
)
) = 2.875
P3((2cal
)
) = 1.4268
Q2(2(cal
)
) = 1.15
\ DP2(2) = 0.319
DP3(2) = 0.0408
DQ2(2) = 0.048
DQ3(2) = 0.138
N 3
(2 )
\ D|V2|(2) = 0.0007
D|V3|(2) = 0.00267
\ |V2|(3) = |V2|(2) + D|V2|(2) = 0.9763 0.0007 = 0.9756
|V3|(3) = |V3|(2) + D|V3|(2) = 1.0 0.00267 = 0.9973
Example 5
|V2|(0) = 1.0U|V
d (20) = 0.0 W|
starting values
LM DP OP MM ¶d¶P P LM Dd OP
2
(p)
¶P P
¶d 3 ¶|V2| (p)
2
MM DP PP
2
MM Dd PP
2
=M
MM ¶d
3 ¶P3
¶|V |P
P3
¶Q P
3
2 ¶d 3 2
2
MMN¶¶dQ
2
2
¶Q2
¶d 3 ¶|V |PQ
P 2
2
2
=M
¶d
2
¶d
P LM OP 2
(p)
MM ¶P ¶P PP MNDd PQ
2 2
MNDP PQ
2 3
N¶d ¶d Q
3 3 3 3
2 3
F ¶Q IJ × D|V |
=G
(p)
H ¶|V |K
2 (p)
and DQ2(p) 2
2
¶P2
= |V2||V1||Y21|sin(q21 d2 + d1) + |V2| |V3| |Y23|
¶d 2
sin (q23 d2 + d3)
¶P2
= |V2| |V3| |Y23| sin (q23 d2 + d3)
¶d 3
¶P3
= |V3||V2||Y32| sin(q32 d3 + d2)
¶d 2
¶P3
= |V3||V1||Y31| sin(q31 d3 + d1) + |V3||V2||Y32|
¶d 3
sin(q32 d3 + d2)
¶Q2
= |V1||Y21| sin(q21 d2 + d1) 2|V2||Y22|
¶|V2|
sin q22 |V3||Y23| sin(q23 d2 + d3)
P2 = |V2||V1||Y21| cos(q21 d2 + d1) + |V2|2|Y22|
cos q22 + |V2||V3||Y23| cos(q23 d2 + d3)
DP3(0) = 1.5
(0)
DQ2(0) = Q2(sch) Q2(cal) = 1.0
¶P2
= 11.18 sin(116.6°) + 17.885 sin(116.6°) = 25.988 » 26
¶d 2
¶P2
= 17.885 sin(116.6°) = 16
¶d 3
¶P3
= 17.885 sin(116.6°) = 16
¶d 2
¶P3
= 15.81 sin(108.4°) + 17.885 sin(116.6°) = 31
¶d 3
LM 26 -16 OP
\ J10 =
MN-16 31 PQ
LMDd ( 0) OP = LM 26 -16 OP -1
LM 0.50OP
MNDd PQ MN-16 31PQ MN-1.50PQ
2
\
( 0)
3
DQ2(0) 1
D|V2|0 = = = 0.0384
¶Q2 26
¶|V2|
d (31) = 3.2°
|V2|(1) = |V2|(0) + D|V2|(0) = 1.0 + 0.0384 = 1.0384
Iteration-2
p=1
(1)
P2(cal) = 1.0384 × 11.18 cos(116.6° + 0.86° 0°)
+ (1.0384)2 × 29.065 cos(63.4°)
+ 1.0384 × 17.885 cos (116.6° + 0.86° 3.2°)
= 1.049
(1)
Similarly, P3(cal) = 1.78
(1)
Q2(cal) = 0.79
\ DP2(1) = 0.5 1.049 = 0.549
¶Pi
\ = Qi |Vi|2 Bii ...(66)
¶d i
where Bii = |Yii| sin qii is the imaginary part of the diagonal elements of the bus admittance
matrix. In a practical power system, Bii >> Qi and hence we may neglect Qi. Further simplification
is obtained by assuming |Vi|2 » |Vi|, which gives,
¶Pi
= |Vi|Bii ...(67)
¶d i
Under normal operating conditions, dk di is quite small. Therefore, qik di + dk » qik and
eqn. (58) reduces to
¶Pi
= |Vi||Vk|Bik
¶d k
Assuming |Vk| » 1.0
¶Pi
= |Vi|Bik ...(68)
¶d k
Similarly, the diagonal elements of J4 as given by eqn. (59) may be written as:
n
¶Qi
¶|Vi| å
= |Vi||Yii|sin qii |Vi||Vk||Yik| sin(qik di + dk) ...(69)
k=1
¶Qi
\ = |Vi|Bii + Qi ...(70)
¶|Vi|
Again Bii >> Qi, Qi may be neglected.
¶Qi
\ = |Vi|Bii ...(71)
¶|Vi|
¶Qi
= |Vi|Bik ...(72)
¶|Vk|
Therefore, eqns. (7.55) and (7.56) take the following form:
DP
= B¢ Dd ...(73)
|Vi|
DQ
= B¢¢ Dd ...(74)
|Vi|
B¢ and B¢¢ are the imaginary part of the bus admittance matrix YBUS. B¢ and B¢¢ are constant-
matrices and they need to be inverted once. The decoupled and fast decoupled power flow
solutions requires more interations than the coupled NR method but requires less computing
time per iteration.