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ADVAITA BHAGWATI (02)

ANINDITA GOGOI (04)
GEET GUNJAN BASHYAS (08)
KABYA PRAN BORAH (12)
 ENGLISH GARDEN
The English landscape garden, also called English landscape park
or simply the English garden , is a style of "landscape" garden
which emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread
across Europe, replacing the more formal, symmetrical jardin à la
française of the 17th century as the principal gardening style of
Europe. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature.
Created and pioneered by William Kent, the “informal” garden
style originated as a revolt against the architectural garden and
drew inspiration from paintings of landscapes by Salvator Rosa,
Claude Lorrain, and Nicolas Poussin .
The English garden usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling
lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples,
Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed
to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape.

By the end of the 18th century the english garden was being imitated
by the french landscape garden, and as far away as st. Petersburg,
Russia, in Pavlovsk, the gardens of the future emperor Paul. It also had a
major influence on the form of the public parks and gardens which
appeared around the world in the 19th century. The english landscape
garden was usually centred on the english country house.
▪ The predecessors of the landscape garden in England were the
great parks created by sir john Vanbrugh and Nicholas
hawksmoor at castle Howard, Blenheim palace, and the Claremont
landscape garden at Claremont house.
▪ These parks featured vast lawns, woods, and pieces of
architecture, such as the classical mausoleum designed by
hawksmoor at castle Howard. At the center of the composition was
the house, behind which were formal and symmetrical gardens in
the style of the garden with ornate carpets of floral designs and
walls of hedges, decorated with statues and fountains.

• Before English garden most garden was arranged in French or

Dutch style .
• These French and Dutch gardens have rectangular subdivision.
• Straight avenues & paths and water contained symmetrically
shaped basin .
 ▪ The new style that became known as the English garden was invented by landscape
designers William Kent and Charles Bridgeman.

• William Kent (1685–1748) was an architect, painter and

furniture designer who introduced Palladian style architecture
to England. Kent's inspiration came from Palladio's buildings
in the Veneto and the landscapes and ruins around Rome. His
gardens were designed to complement the Palladian
architecture of the houses he built.

• Charles Bridgeman (1690–1738) was the son of a gardener

and an experienced horticulturist. He collaborated with Kent
on several major gardens, providing the botanical expertise
which allowed Kent to realize his architectural visions.
▪ The continental European "English garden" is characteristically on a
smaller scale. Such gardens usually lack the sweeping vistas of gently
rolling ground and water, that in England tend to be set against a
woodland background with clumps of trees and outlier groves.
▪ they are often more densely studded with "eye-catchers", such as
grottoes, temples, tea-houses, belvederes, pavilions, sham ruins,
bridges, and statues.
▪ The name English garden—not used in the United Kingdom, where
"landscape garden" serves—differentiates it from the formal Baroque
design of the garden à la Françoise.
▪ One of the best-known English gardens in Europe is the Englischer
Garten in Munich.
▪ The dominant style was revised in the early 19th century to
include more "gardenesque "features, including
shrubberies with gravelled walks, tree plantations to satisfy
botanical curiosity, and, most notably, the return of flowers,
in skirts of sweeping planted beds
▪ The outer areas of the "home park" of English country
houses retain their naturalistic shaping.
▪ The canonical European English park contains a number of
Romantic elements. Always present is a pond or small lake
with a pier or bridge.
 COMMON CHARACTERICTICS OF ENGLISH GARDEN
1. Tree Groves 2. Lakes

3. Rolling Lawns 4. Ha ha wall

 ELEMENTS USED IN ENGLISH GARDENS
Ruins Bridges Bee Skep
A bridge is a structure built to span a
physical obstacle (such as a body of water,
valley, road, or rail) without blocking the way
underneath. It is constructed for the purpose
of providing passage over the obstacle,
which is usually something that is otherwise
difficult or impossible to cross.

A folly or ruin is A skep is a traditional round hive

a building constructed primarily for made of straw or dried grass. Multiple
decoration, but suggesting through strands of straw are bundled together
its appearance some other purpose, to form a thick rope and the rope is
or of such extravagant appearance then coiled and bound together to
that it transcends the range of usual make the skep. The skep is generally
garden buildings. empty so it provides protection for the
bees but little else.
 Natural Stones Wattle Edging and Panels
Cobblestone

Cobblestone is a
natural building material based
on cobble-sized stones, and is
used for pavement roads,
streets, and buildings. They
are generally of a naturally
occurring form and is less
uniform in size.

"Natural Stone" refers to a number

Wattle Edging and Panels are
of products quarried from the
lightweight construction material
earth, used over many thousands of
made by weaving thin branches
years as building materials and
(either whole, or more usually split)
decorative enhancements. These
or slats between upright stakes to
products include Granite, Marble,
form a woven lattice. It has
Limestone, Travertine, Slate,
commonly been used to
Quartzite, Sandstone, Adoquin,
make fences and hurdles for
Onyx, and others.
enclosing ground or handling
livestock.
ENGLISH GARDEN AT ROUSHAM HOUSE
 PLANNING AND DESIGNING
OF THE ROUSHAM GARDENS
William Kent was a painter, stage designer and
architect who spent some time in Italy, the
influence of which can clearly be seen in the
gardens at Rousham. Kent was one of the
pioneers of what was known as the ‘New
English Style of Landscape.’ Until then gardens
had been in a more formal style, but Kent in
particular was keen to get away from the
canalization of water, to more serpentine, as in
nature. The garden today still retains that sense
of Englishness and unbroken harmony between
house, garden and countryside. He understood
the importance of light and shade, particularly
to be seen in the design. There are many lovely
views of the Oxfordshire countryside, especially
the ‘eye catcher’ mill to be seen across the river
Cherwell. He was a devotee of loose clumps of
trees, for framing views and the gardens he
created had an air of drama.
▪ Descriptions of English gardens were first brought to France by the Abbé
Le Blanc, who published accounts of his voyage in 1745 and 1751. A treatise
on the English garden, Observations on Modern Gardening, written by
Thomas Whately and published in London in 1770, was translated into
French in 1771. After the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, French
noblemen were able to voyage to England and see the gardens for
themselves, and the style began to be adapted in French gardens. The new
style also had the advantage of requiring fewer gardeners, and was easier
to maintain, than the French garden.
▪ One of the first English gardens on the continent was at Ermenonville, in
France, built by marquis René Louis de Girardin from 1763 to 1776 and
based on the ideals of Jean Jacques Rousseau, who was buried within the
park.
▪ Other early examples were the Désert de Retz, Yvelines (1774–1782);
▪ the Gardens of the Château de Bagatelle in the Bois de Boulogne, west of
Paris (1777–1784);
▪ The Folie Saint James, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, (1777–1780);
▪ and the Château de Méréville, in the Essonne department, (1784–1786).
▪ The new style also spread to Germany. The central English Grounds of
Wörlitz, in the Principality of Anhalt, was laid out between 1769 and 1773
by Prince Leopold III, based on the models of Claremont, Stourhead and
Stowe Landscape Garden. Another notable example was The Englischer
Garten in Munich, Germany, created in 1789 by Sir Benjamin Thompson
(1753–1814).
▪ In the Netherlands the landscape-architect Lucas Pieters Roodbaard
(1782–1851) designed several gardens and parks in this style. The style
was introduced to Sweden by Fredrik Magnus Piper.
▪ In Poland the main example of this style is Łazienki Park in Warsaw. The
garden scheme owes its shape and appearance mainly to the last king of
the country Stanisław August Poniatowski (Stanisław II Augustus). In
another part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth the Sofiyivka Park
(Zofiówka), now Ukraine, was designed by Count Potocki so as to illustrate
the Odyssey and the Iliad.
▪ The style also spread rapidly to Russia, where in 1774 Catherine the Great
adapted the new style in the park of her palace at Tsarskoe Selo, complete
with a mock Chinese village and a Palladian bridge, modeled after that at
Wilton House. The Monrepos Park is sited on the rocky island of Linnasaari
in the Vyborg Bay and is noted for its glacially deposited boulders and
granite rocks.
▪ The Far East inspired the origins of the English Garden via Holland. In 1685, the English diplomat
in The Hague and writer Sir William Temple wrote an essay Upon the garden of Epicurus
(published in 1690), which contrasted European theories of symmetrical gardens with
asymmetrical compositions from China, for which he introduced the Japanese term sharawadgi.
▪ A merchant who had been in the Far East for a long time, and read the works of European
travellers there. He noted that Chinese gardens avoided formal rows of trees and flower beds, and
instead placed trees, plants, and other garden features in irregular ways to strike the eye and
create beautiful compositions, with an understatement criticizing the formal compositions of the
gardens at the Palace of Versailles of Louis XIV of France.
▪ His observations on the Chinese garden were cited by the essayist Joseph Addison in an essay in The Great Pagoda, Kew Gardens,
1712, who used them to attack the English gardeners who, instead of imitating nature, tried to West London (1761)
make their gardens in the French style.
▪ The novelty and exoticism of Chinese art and architecture in Europe led in 1738 to the
construction of the first Chinese house in an English garden, in the garden of Stowe House. The
style became even more popular, William Chambers (1723–1796), who lived in China from 1745
to 1747, and wrote a book, Designs of Chinese Buildings, Furniture, Dresses, Machines, and
Utensils. To which is annexed, a Description of their Temples, Houses, Gardens, & published in
1757.
▪ In 1761 he built the Great Pagoda, a Chinese house and garden in Kew, London, as part of Kew
Gardens, a park with gardens and architecture symbolizing all parts of the world and all
architectural styles. Thereafter Chinese pagodas began to appear in other English gardens, then Château de Chantilly
in France and elsewhere on the continent. French and other European observers coined the term
Jardin Anglo-Chinois (Anglo-Chinese garden) for this style of garden.
▪ The Gothic revival influence on English gardens

▪ In the 1750s, classical architecture and Chinese architecture were joined by Gothic revival ruins
in English gardens. This was largely the result of Horace Walpole, who introduced Gothic revival
features into his house and garden at Strawberry Hill in Twickenham.
▪ At Stowe, Capability Brown followed the new fashion between 1740 and 1753 by adding a new
section to the park, called Hawkwelle Hill or the Gothic promenade, with a Gothic revival
building.
▪ Planting in drifts

▪ Planting in drifts was made popular in the 1900’s by the woman known as the “queen of English
planting”, Gertrude Jekyll. At the height of the “Arts and Crafts Movement” she created a style
of planting where she used soft, intertwined “drifts” of plants in beds and borders. There were
no harsh edges or straight lines and it was a very natural and painterly style of planting.
▪ A formal garden

▪ Another archetypal style of English garden is a formal garden. Characterized by hedges,

straight lines, geometry and symmetry the formal garden captures the regimented and ordered
way of life that was so much part of English history. It’s a very balanced style of garden that suits
a regular shaped plot.
▪ Cottage gardens

▪ This is the wonderful, relaxed style of planting with a big mix of colors, flowers and plants. It
works well in the more temperate northern climates as the hot areas of the south are too harsh
on English-style plants