Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology

1. Name of Experiment : Experimental verification of maximum power theorem.

2. Experiment No : 06
3. Course Code :EEE 112
4.Course Title : Electrical Circuit-I Sessional
4. Name of Department : ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
5. Name of the Student : Tahshin Abrar
6. Student ID No : 1902125
7. Date of Submission :12-09-2021
8. Remarks :

REMARKS
Objective:

(a) Experimental Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Required Instruments:

1) Variable DC Power Supply

2) Multi-meter/voltmeter

3) Ammeter

4) Rheostat

5) Connecting Wires

6) Bread board

Circuit Diagram:
Experimental Data:

1. RTh = 16.6Ω ETh (source voltage or Thevenin voltage) = 14.86 V

Obs. No. VL IL RL (actual) RL = VL / IL

1. 4.88 0.59 8.8 8.27
2. 5.54 0.55 10 10.07
3. 6.19 0.51 12 12.13
4. 6.64 0.48 13.5 13.83
5. 7.08 0.46 15.5 15.39
6. 7.25 0.44 16.4 16.47
7. 7.8 0.42 18.3 18.57
8. 8.18 0.4 20.5 20.45
9. 8.57 0.37 22.6 23.16
10. 8.75 0.35 24.3 25
11. 9.13 0.33 26.6 27.67

2. RTh = 20.5Ω ETh (source voltage or Thevenin voltage) = 14.86V

Obs. No. VL IL RL (actual) RL = VL / IL

1. 4.63 0.5 9.8 9.26
2. 5.06 0.48 10.5 10.54
3. 5.48 0.46 11.5 11.91
4. 5.86 0.44 13.2 13.32
5. 6.35 0.42 15.1 15.12
6. 6.71 0.4 16.2 16.78
7. 7.12 0.38 18 18.74
8. 7.49 0.36 20.1 20.8
9. 7.9 0.34 23.2 23.24
10. 8.19 0.33 24.2 24.82
11. 8.32 0.32 25 26
12. 8.56 0.31 27 27.61
Graph

1.

2.
Calculation:

For Table 1:

Rth=16.6Ω , Eth=14.86V

For obs 1:

VL =4.88V

IL=0.59A

RL=8.8Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86×.59=8.77 watt

Pout= VL× IL=4.88×.59=2.88 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=8.77-2.88=5.89watt

P out ×100 % 2.88

%ƞ= = × 100 %=32.84 %
P∈¿ ¿ 8.77

V L 4.88
RL(actual)= = =8.27 Ω
IL 0.59

For obs 2:

VL =5.54V

IL=.55A

RL=10Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86×.55=8.17 watt

Pout= VL× IL=5.54 ×.55=3.05 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=8.17−3.05=5.13watt
 P out ×100 % 3.05
%ƞ= = × 100 %=37.28 %
P∈¿ ¿ 8.17

V L 5.54
RL(actual)= = =10.07Ω
IL .55

For obs 3:

VL =6.19V

IL=.51A

RL=12Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86×.51=7.58 watt

Pout= VL× IL=6.19 ×.51=3.16 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=7.58−3.16=4.42watt

P out ×100 % 3.16

%ƞ= = ×100 %=41.66 %
P∈¿ ¿ 7.58

V L 6.19
RL(actual)= = =12.13Ω
IL .51

For obs 4:

VL = 6.64V

IL=.48A

RL=13.5Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86×.48=7.13 watt

Pout= VL× IL=6.64 × .48=3.19 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=7.13−3.19=3.94watt

P out ×100 % 3.19

%ƞ= = ×100 %=44.68 %
P∈¿ ¿ 7.13

V L 6.64
RL(actual)= = =13.83Ω
IL .48
For obs 5:

VL =7.08V

IL=.46A

RL=15.5Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86×.46=6.84 watt

Pout= VL× IL=7.08 ×.46=3.26 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=6.84−3.26=3.58watt

P out ×100 % 3.26

%ƞ= = × 100 %=47.64 %
P∈¿ ¿ 6.84

V L 7.08
RL(actual)= = =15.39Ω
IL .46

For obs 6:

VL =7.25V

IL=.44A

RL=16.4Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86×.44=6.54 watt

Pout= VL× IL=7.25 ×.44=3.19 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=6.54−3.19=3.35watt

P out ×100 % 3.19

%ƞ= = × 100 %=48.79 %
P∈¿ ¿ 6.54

V L 7.25
RL(actual)= = =16.47Ω
IL .44

For obs 7:

VL =7.8V
IL=.42A

RL=18.3Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86×.42=6.24 watt

Pout= VL× IL=7.8 ×.42=3.28 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=6.24−3.28=2.97watt

P out ×100 % 3.28

%ƞ= = × 100 %=52.49 %
P∈¿ ¿ 6.24

V L 7.8
RL(actual)= = =18.57Ω
IL .42

For obs 8:

VL =8.18V

IL=.4A

RL=20.5Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86×.4=5.94 watt

Pout= VL× IL=8.18 ×.4=3.27 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=5.94−3.27=2.67watt

P out ×100 % 3.27

%ƞ= = × 100 %=55.05 %
P∈¿ ¿ 5.94

V L 8.18
RL(actual)= = =20.45Ω
IL .4

For obs 9:

VL =8.57V

IL=.37A

RL=22.6Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86×.37=5.50 watt

Pout= VL× IL=8.57 ×.37=3.17 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=5.50−3.17=2.33watt

P out ×100 % 3.17

%ƞ= = ×100 %=57.67 %
P∈¿ ¿ 5.50

V L 8.57
RL(actual)= = =23.16Ω
IL .37

For obs 10:

VL =8.75V

IL=.35A

RL=25Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86×.35=5.20 watt

Pout= VL× IL=8.75 ×.35=3.06 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=5.20−3.06=2.14watt

P out ×100 % 3.06

%ƞ= = ×100 %=¿ 58.88%
P∈¿ ¿ 5.20

V L 8.75
RL(actual)= = =24.3Ω
IL .35

For obs 11:

VL =9.13V

IL=.33A

RL=26.6Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.8×.33=4.90 watt

Pout= VL× IL=9.13 ×0.33=3.01 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=4.90−3.01=1.89watt
 P out ×100 % 3.01
%ƞ= = × 100 %=61.44 %
P∈¿ ¿ 4.90

V L 9.13
RL(actual)= = =27.67Ω
IL .33

For Table 2

Rth=20.5Ω , Eth=14.86V

For obs 1:

VL=4.63V

IL=0.5A

RL=9.8 Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86×.5=7.43 watt

Pout= VL× IL=4.63×.5=2.32 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=7.32-4.36=5.89 watt

P out ×100 % 2.32

%ƞ= = ×100 %=31.16 %
P∈¿ ¿ 7.43

V L 4.63
RL(actual)= = =9.26 Ω
IL 0.5

For obs 2:

VL=5.06V

IL=0.48A

RL=10.50Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86×.48=7.13 watt

Pout= VL× IL=5.06×.48=2.43 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=7.13-2.32=4.70 watt
 P out ×100 % 2.43
%ƞ= = ×100 %=34.05 %
P∈¿ ¿ 7.13

14.86−5.06
%VR= ×100 %=193.63 %
5.06

V L 5.06
RL(actual)= = =10.54 Ω
IL 0.48

For obs 3:

VL=5.48V

IL=0.46A

RL=11.50Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86×.46=6.84 watt

Pout= VL× IL=5.48 ×.46=2.52 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=6.84−2.52=4.31 watt

P out ×100 % 2.52

%ƞ= = × 100 %=36.88 %
P∈¿ ¿ 6.84

V L 6.48
RL(actual)= = =14.08Ω
IL 0.46

For obs 4:

VL =5.86V

IL=.44A

RL=13.20Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86 ×.44=6.54 watt

Pout= VL× IL=5.48 ×.44=2.58 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=6.54−2.58=3.96watt

P out ×100 % 2.58

%ƞ= = × 100 %=39.43 %
P∈¿ ¿ 6.54
 V L 5.86
RL(actual)= = =13.32Ω
IL .44

For obs 5:

VL =6.35V

IL=.42A

RL=15.10Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86 ×.42=6.24 watt

Pout= VL× IL=×=6.35 ×.42=2.667 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=6.24−¿2.667=3.57 watt

P out ×100 %
%ƞ== 2.667
P∈¿= ×100 %=42.73 % ¿
6.24

V L 6.35
RL(actual)= = =15.12Ω
IL .42

For obs 6:

VL = 6.71V

IL=.4A

RL=16.20Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86 ×.4=5.94 watt

Pout= VL× IL=6.71 ×.4=2.68 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=3.26watt

P out ×100 % 2.68

%ƞ=== = × 100 %=45.15 %
P∈¿ ¿ 5.94

V L 6.71
RL(actual)= = =16.78Ω
IL .4
For obs 7:

VL =7.12V

IL=.38A

RL=18.00Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86 ×.38=5.65 watt

Pout= VL× IL=7.12 ×.38=2.71watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=5.65−¿2.71=2.94 watt

P out ×100 % 2.71

%ƞ=== = ×100 %=47.91%
P∈¿ ¿ 5.65

V L 7.12
RL(actual)= = =18.74Ω
IL .38

For obs 8:

VL =7.49V

IL=.36A

RL=20.80Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86 ×.36=5.35 watt

Pout= VL× IL=7.49 ×.36=2.70 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=5.35−2.70=2.65 watt

P out ×100 % 2.70

%ƞ=== = ×100 %=50.40 %
P∈¿ ¿ 5.35

V L 7.49
RL(actual)= = =20.80Ω
IL .36

For obs 9:

VL =7.9V

IL=.34A
RL=23.20Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86 ×.34=5.05 watt

Pout= VL× IL¿ 7.9 ×.34=2.69 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=5.05−2.69= 2.36watt

P out ×100 % 2.69

%ƞ= = ×100 %=53.16
P∈¿ ¿ 5.05

V L 7.9
RL(actual)= = =23.24Ω
IL .34

For obs 10:

VL =8.19V

IL=.33A

RL=24.20Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86 ×.33=4.90 watt

Pout= VL× IL=8.19 ×.33=2.70 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=4.90−¿2.70= 2.20watt

P out ×100 % 2.70

%ƞ=== = × 100 %=55.11 %
P∈¿ ¿ 4.90

V L 8.19
RL(actual)= = =24.82Ω
IL .33

For obs 11:

VL =8.32V

IL=.32A

RL=25.00Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86 ×.32=4.76 watt

Pout= VL× IL=8.32 ×.32=2.66 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=4.76−2.66=2.09 watt

P out ×100 % 2.66

%ƞ=== = ×100 %=55.99 %
P∈¿ ¿ 4.76

V L 8.32
RL(actual)= = =26.00Ω
IL .32

For obs 12:

VL =8.56V

IL=.31A

RL=27.00Ω

Pin=Eth× I L=14.86 ×.31=4.61 watt

Pout= VL× IL=8.56×.31=2.65 watt

PLoss=Pin−¿Pout=4.61−2.65=1.95 watt

P out ×100 % 2.65

%ƞ= = × 100 %=57.60 %
P∈¿ ¿ 4.61

V L 8.56
RL(actual)= = =27.61Ω
IL .31

Discussion:

In the experiment,the main objective was to verify maximum power transfer theorem. From the
experiment conducted above we used different values of resister RL(variable) & noted down the
ammeter reading and calculated the power discipated in the load. The voltage supply and the
internal resistance Ri as kept constant throughout the experiment. We calculated the power using
the formula mentioned and achieved maximum power when the internal resistance was equal to
load resistance. As per result & analysis, the objective of the experiment was achieved.
So,maximum power transfer theorem is verified.
Home task:

1.The primary reason that power is transmitted at high voltages is to increase efficiency. The
higher the voltage, the lower the current. The lower the current, the lower the resistance losses in
the conductors. And when resistance losses are low, energy losses are low also.
2.It is used in ac and dc networks. For maximum power transfer in the public address system, the
circuit can be altered by making RL (load resistance) like speaker equivalent toward the source
resistance like an amplifier.
3. Efficiency and maximum power transfer are interrelated. Efficiency is the important parameter
because it is something in numbers which tell us overall performance ofsystem and give us
controllable parameters in our hands to adjust them and get output.Efficiency is output/input
fraction. It tells us about design of the system, necessary things required to increase it etc. And
once the efficiency is good, we can conclude that the given system will give maximum output
with stability over a long time.That's why Efficiency of a system is more important.
4. the condition for maximum power dissipation across the load is RL=RTh. That means, if the
value of load resistance is equal to the value of source resistance i.e., Thevenin's resistance, then
the power dissipated across the load will be of maximum value.