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Power System Frequency Estimation Method in The Presence of Harmonics
Power System Frequency Estimation Method in The Presence of Harmonics
1, JANUARY 2016
Abstract— A frequency estimation method with good resistance methods include the discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based
to harmonics is proposed in this paper. In the proposed method, method [1]–[5], phase-locked loop (PLL) method [6]–[9],
a new sequence is constructed using the summation of the samples adaptive notch filter method [10]–[12], least mean square
in the original sampling sequence. The amplitude ratio of the
new sequence and the original sequence is used to calculate method [13]–[15], Kalman filter method [16], Taylor
the fundamental frequency deviation. The effects of negative method [17], zero crossing method [1], Prony method [18],
fundamental component, harmonics, and interharmonics are Newton method [19], demodulation method [20], and so on.
studied. A preprocessing procedure is also proposed to eliminate Among these methods, the DFT-based method [1]–[5] is
the effects of the interharmonics with frequency near the funda- widely used due to its easy implementation and high precision.
mental frequency. Theoretical analysis and simulations validate
that the proposed method has good immunity to harmonics. Due The DFT-based method assumes the fundamental frequency
to its low required processing effort and high precision, this as f 0 and calculates the phasors of two consecutive data
method is a good candidate for online frequency estimation in windows using DFT, then the phase angle difference of the
the presence of harmonics. two phasors is used to calculate the frequency deviation
Index Terms— Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), frequency value f between the actual frequency and the assumed
domain analysis, frequency estimation, harmonic distortion, frequency f 0 , and finally the actual frequency can be estimated
sequences. as f 0 + f . However, inherent errors caused by harmonics still
exist in the DFT-based method. In this paper, an accurate fre-
I. I NTRODUCTION quency estimation method with better immunity to harmonics
is proposed.
P OWER system frequency is an important operating
indicator for the stability, efficiency, and safety of a
power system. In particular, power system frequency is the
The proposed method also assumes the fundamental
frequency as f 0 , then a new sequence is constructed using the
required quantity for the synchronization between power grid summation of the samples of the original sampling sequence,
and distributed generation systems. Therefore, for the reliable and the amplitude ratio of the new sequence and the original
operation of systems, it is essential to estimate the power sequence is used to calculate the frequency deviation value.
system frequency quickly and accurately. The effects of negative fundamental component, harmon-
The wide uses of power electronics in distributed generation ics, and interharmonics are studied. To eliminate the effects
systems have allowed flexible control of the power transforms. of the interharmonics with frequency near the fundamental
However, those devices are generators of harmonics, which are frequency, a preprocessing procedure is also proposed. The-
corrupting the purity of the 60-/50-Hz sine waves that should, oretical analysis and experiments validate that the proposed
in theory, be the only frequency component in the power method has good immunity to harmonics. Due to its good
systems. In addition, many industrial customers are creating resistance to harmonics and low required processing effort,
harmonics using power electronics equipment, arc furnaces, the proposed method is a good candidate for online frequency
and so on [1]. Therefore, fast and accurate frequency estima- estimation under harmonic-polluted situations.
tion in the presence of harmonics is an essential requisite to The organization of this paper is as follows. The pro-
the control and protection of distributed generation systems. posed method is introduced in Section II. The effects of
Various techniques have been developed to estimate power interharmonics and the preprocessing procedure are presented
system frequency in the presence of harmonics. Popular in Section III. Simulations are presented in Section IV. Tests
with actual signals are presented in Section V, and the
Manuscript received April 15, 2015; revised August 6, 2015; accepted
August 9, 2015. Date of publication September 25, 2015; date of current conclusion is given in Section VI.
version December 7, 2015. This work was supported in part by the National
Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51207160 and Grant II. P ROPOSED M ETHOD
51477173 and in part by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents under
Grant NCET-13-0565. The Associate Editor coordinating the review process
A. Basic Principle of the Proposed Method
was Dr. Edoardo Fiorucci. Suppose a pure exponential signal as
H. Xue, R. Yang, and Y. Zhang are with the College of Information and
Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China x(n) = A1 e j φ1 e j 2π f 1n/ f s (1)
(e-mail: xuehui@cau.edu.cn).
M. Wang is with North China Grid Company, Ltd., Beijing 100053, China where A1 and φ1 are the magnitude and phase angle of the
(e-mail: wmhmw@tom.com). exponential component, respectively, f s is the sampling fre-
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. quency, and f1 is the actual frequency. The goal is to estimate
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIM.2015.2477157 the actual frequency f1 .
0018-9456 © 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
XUE et al.: POWER SYSTEM FREQUENCY ESTIMATION METHOD IN THE PRESENCE OF HARMONICS 57
In practice, the frequency deviation f is usually estimated phase angles. Therefore, the sign of r can be obtained as
before the estimation of f 1 . f is defined as f = f 1 − f 0 , follows.
where f 0 = f s /N. f0 is the assumed frequency, and N is the If |φ[x1 (n)/x (n)]| < π/2 [φ(x) is the phase angle of x],
number of sample points in each assumed cycle. which means that the phasors x1 (n) and x (n) have the same
To estimate f , a new sequence x1(n) is constructed using phase angles, then r is positive; if |φ[x1 (n)/x (n)]| > π/2,
the summation of x(n) as follows: which means that the phasors x1 (n) and x (n) have the
opposite phase angles, then r is negative.
n+N−1
n+N−1
x1(n) = x(m) = A1 e j φ1 e j 2π f 1m/ f s . (2) The above deduction shows that for a pure exponential
m=n m=n signal with positive fundamental frequency, the frequency
deviation can be obtained using (7). In the following, the effect
The right-hand side of (2) is a geometrical sequence with the
of negative frequency and harmonics on (7) will be studied.
common ratio of e j 2π f 1/ f s . Equation (2) can be expressed as
follows using the summation formula of geometrical sequence:
B. Effect of Negative Frequency Component
1 − e j 2π N f 1 / f s
x1(n) = A1 e j φ1 e j 2π f 1n/ fs . (3) Power system signals are always real signals, which can
1 − e j 2π f 1/ f s be expressed as the summation of two complex exponen-
Comparing (1) and (3), the ratio of x1(n) and x(n), denoted tial signals with positive frequency and negative frequency,
by r in this paper, can be expressed as follows: respectively, as follows:
1 − e j 2π N f1 / f s x(n) = 2 A1 cos(2π f 1 n/ f s + φ1 )
r = x1(n)/x(n) = . (4)
1 − e j 2π f 1/ f s = A1 e j φ1 e j 2π f 1n/ f s + A1 e j −φ1 e j −2π f 1n/ fs . (9)
Using f1 = f0 + f in (4), then Then, x1(n) can be expressed as
1 − e j 2π N f 0 / f s e j 2π N f / f s 1 − e j 2π N f / f s
n+N−1
n+N−1
r= = . (5)
1 − e j 2π( f 0+ f )/ f s 1 − e j 2π( f 0+ f )/ f s x1(n) = x(m) = A1 e j φ1 e j 2π f 1m/ f s
m=n m=n
In (5), the values of 2π N f/ fs and 2π( f 0 + f )/ f s are
much smaller than 1, then (5) can be simplified as
n+N−1
+ A1 e j −φ1 e− j 2π f 1 m/ f s . (10)
2π N f/ fs N f m=n
r≈ = . (6)
2π( f 0 + f )/ f s f0 + f Equation (10) can be expressed as follows using the sum-
Equation (6) shows that the value of r is related to the fre- mation formula of geometrical sequence:
quency deviation f . Therefore, the frequency deviation f x1(n)
can be calculated based on (6) as follows:
1 − e j 2π N f1 / f s
f0r = A1 e j φ1 e j 2π f 1n/ fs
f = . (7) 1 − e j 2π f 1/ f s
N −r 1 − e j 2π N(− f1 )/ f s
+ A1e j −φ1 e− j 2π f 1n/ fs
Equation (7) is the basic idea of the proposed frequency 1 − e j 2π(− f 1)/ f s
estimation method in this paper. If the values of f 0 and N are N f −N f
fixed, f is related only to the value of r . ≈ A1 e j φ1 e j 2π f 1n/ fs + A1e j −φ1 e− j 2π f 1n/ f s
f0 + f −(f 0 + f )
The value of r in (7) can be obtained using any two corre- N f
sponding samples in the constructed sequence x1(n) and the = x(n) . (11)
f0 + f
original sequence x(n), as shown in (4). However, the value
of r obtained using only two samples will be greatly affected Then, the value of r can be obtained as
by noise. To eliminate the effect of noise, we use the ratio of N f
r = x1(n)/x(n) ≈ . (12)
two phasors, and the absolute value of r can be calculated as f0 + f
follows: Equation (12) is the same as (6). It shows that the negative
|r | = |x1(n)/x (n)| (8) frequency exponential component hardly affects the relation-
ship between r and f . In other words, the precision of (7) is
where x1 (n) and x (n) are two phasors of the con- not affected by the addition of negative frequency component.
structed
n−N+1 and original sequence, respectively: x1 (n) =
x1(m)W m−n
, x (n) = n−N+1
x(m)W Nm−n , and
m=n N m=n C. Effect of Harmonics
W N = e− j 2π/N . The sign |x| means the absolute value of x.
Power system signals usually contain harmonic components
Equation (8) gives the absolute value of r, and the sign of r
due to the application of power electronic devices, nonlinear
can be determined by the comparison between the phase angles
loads, and so on. The effect of harmonics is studied in the
of x1 (n) and x (n). Equation (4) shows that if r is positive,
following. Suppose a kth harmonic component is added to
then x1(n) and x(n) have the same sign, which means that the
the signal in (1), and the expression of the signal becomes as
phasors x1 (n) and x (n) have the same phase angles; if r is
follows:
negative, then x1(n) and x(n) have the opposite sign, which
means that the phasors x1 (n) and x (n) have the opposite x(n) = A1 e j φ1 e j 2π f 1n/ f s + Ak e j φk e j 2πk f1 n/ fs (13)
58 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 65, NO. 1, JANUARY 2016
Fig. 2. Absolute values of the approximate and the theoretical r (the red
line represents the approximation value, and the blue line is for the theoretical Fig. 3. Frequency estimation errors (the red line is for the DFT-based method,
value).
and the blue line is for the proposed method).
negative fundamental frequency, and harmonic components from 48 to 52 Hz to study the effects of different frequency
are almost the same. This means that after the FIR filter deviations. The frequency estimation errors (FE) are given
process in (18), all of these components have a similar gain as in Fig. 3. In Fig. 3, the horizontal axis is the actual fundamen-
N f/( f0 + f ). Therefore, the addition of negative frequency tal frequency in hertz, and the vertical axis is the frequency
and harmonic components will not affect the relationship estimation errors in hertz.
between r and f , or in other words, the precision of (7) Fig. 3 shows that for both methods, the precision of fre-
will not be affected by the addition of negative frequency and quency estimation is high when the frequency deviation is
harmonic components. quite small, and the frequency estimation errors increase with
the increase in frequency deviation. Fig. 3 also shows that the
error of the proposed method increases much slower than that
E. Large Frequency Deviation of the DFT-based method when f is small; for example,
In the design of power analyzer or instrument, large fre- the error of the proposed method is less than 0.01 Hz when
quency deviation should be considered, for example, the Inter- f = ±2 Hz while that of the DFT-based method is higher
national Electro technical Commission (IEC) standard recom- than 0.05 Hz. It means that the proposed method is less
mended the accuracy requirement for the frequency estimation sensitive to frequency deviations than the DFT-based method
in the range 42.5–57.5 Hz for the 50-Hz system. Therefore, when f is small, for example, in the range [−2, 2 Hz]. This
the performance of the proposed method under large frequency conclusion is consistent with the analysis based on Fig. 2.
deviation situations is analyzed in the following. Fig. 3 shows that the frequency estimation error of the
For the proposed method described in Section II-A, the proposed method is increased with the increase in frequency
approximation is used only in the transformation from deviation. To solve this problem and improve frequency esti-
(5) to (6), where the assumption of small frequency mation precision under large frequency deviation situations,
deviation is used, and (N f / f 0 ) + f is used to approx- an iterative process, similar to the iterative process of the
imate (1 − e j 2π N f / f s/1 − e j 2π( f 0+ f )/ f s ). Fig. 2 is given DFT-based method, can be applied to the proposed method
to analyze the approximation error. In Fig. 2, the hori- as follows. For example, in the beginning, the sample freque-
(1)
zontal axis is the value of f in hertz, and the vertical ncy f s is set as 3200 Hz, the assumed frequency f 0 is set
(1) (1)
axis denotes the absolute values of the approximation as 50 Hz, and N = f s / f 0 = 64. If the estimated frequency
r = (N f )/( f 0 + f ) (red line) and the theoretical deviation using (2)–(8) is f (1) = 5 Hz, then the estimated
r = (1 − e j 2π N f / f s /1 − e j 2π( f 0+ f )/ f s ) (blue line). (2) (1)
frequency is f 1 = f 0 + f (1) = 55 Hz, and the value of N
In Fig. 2, f s is set as 3200 Hz, f 0 is set as 50 Hz, and is adjusted as N (2) = || f s / f 1(2) || = 58, where the sign ||x||
N = f s / f 0 = 64. means the integer closest to x. The assumed frequency is set
Fig. 2 shows that the two waveforms are almost overlap (2)
as f0 = f s /N (2) = 57.1429, then recalculate the frequency
when f is small, and the difference between the two wave- deviation f (2) using (2)–(8), and the estimated frequency is
forms increases with the increase in the absolute value of f . (3) (2)
f 1 = f 0 + f (2) = 57.1429 + f (2) . The process can be
It means that the approximation error is small when f is (n) (n−1)
continued until the estimated f 1 and f1 have the same
small, and the error increases with the increase in f . The
values. Therefore, the precision of the proposed method can
above deduction shows that the proposed method has high
be improved by adjusting the value of N and f0 , which is
precision when f is small, which is similar to the DFT-based
similar to the DFT-based method.
method.
An example is given in the following to validate our
deduction above. The proposed method is compared F. Data Window Length and Computational Burden
with the DFT-based method [3]. The sampled signal is For the proposed method, the data window length needed for
x(t) = sin(2π f 1 t) + 0.1 cos(6π f 1 t) + 0.1 cos(10π f 1 t), where frequency estimation is determined by (4) and (8). In the above
f 1 is the fundamental frequency and the value of f 1 is set deduction, the length of the FIR filter is N samples in (4),
60 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 65, NO. 1, JANUARY 2016
B. Preprocessing Procedure
As regards the frequency synchronization, it is known that
the main problems arise in the presence of interharmonics
with frequency near the fundamental frequency. However,
Figs. 5 and 6 show that the proposed method is sensitive
to the interharmonics with frequency near the fundamental
frequency. A further analysis shows that the proposed method
is based on the signal model with a constant amplitude as
shown in (1). However, the interharmonics with frequency
near the fundamental frequency will give forth to amplitude Fig. 7. Test waveform.
variations. Our analysis shows that if the amplitude variations
are eliminated, the frequency estimation errors can be reduced.
To eliminate the amplitude variation of the sampled signal, the first valid local maximum x(m0) and then search the
a preprocessing procedure is proposed in the following. neighborhood of x(m0 + N), find the second valid local
The idea of the preprocessing procedure is to extract the maximum x(m1) and then search for the neighborhood
upper envelop of the sampled signal and divide the sampled of x(m1 + N), and find the third valid local maximum,
signal using this envelop. The preprocessing procedure has until all the valid local maxima are found.
three steps. 2) Step 2: Get the upper envelop of the sampled signal
1) Step 1: Find the valid local maxima of x(n). The valid using the cubic spline data interpolation on the valid
local maxima are defined as follows. If x(m) is a local maxima obtained in Step 1. This upper envelop can
valid local maximum, it must satisfy the following three be considered as the amplitude of the sampled signal.
conditions. 3) Step 3: Divide the sampled signal using its upper
a) Condition 1 envelop, and the amplitude variations of the sampled
[x(m) > x(m − 1)] & [x(m) > x(m + 1)]. signal can be greatly reduced.
The preprocessing procedure also belongs to batch signal
b) Condition 2
processing techniques where a block of data is required [21].
x(m) = max[x(m − K ), x(m − K +1), . . . , Our experiments show that block data of 4–5 nominal cycles
x(m), . . . , (m + K )] are accurate enough for the extraction of the upper envelop
and the elimination of the amplitude variations.
where K is a constant.
To validate the efficiency of the proposed procedure,
c) Condition 3 a simulation is given in the following. The model of the
The valid local maxima should be approximately test signal is as follows: x(t) = [1 + 0.1 sin(2π2t) +
equally separated. 0.1 sin(2π4t)] sin(2π f 1 t)+0.1 sin(6π f 1 t)+0.1 sin(10π f 1 t)+
Condition 1 is used to find the local maxima. However, 0.1 sin(18π f 1 t), where f 1 is the fundamental frequency and
not all local maxima are valid to get the upper envelop, f 1 = 50.2 Hz. There is a 0.2-Hz frequency deviation for
for example, the maxima caused by noise and harmonics. the fundamental component, and there are 10% third, fourth,
Therefore, conditions 2 and 3 are proposed to eliminate fifth, and ninth harmonics. There are also two amplitude
such invalid local maxima. Condition 2 is used to assure modulations with frequencies of 2 and 4 Hz in the test signal.
that x(m) is the maximum point in the data window Therefore, there will be 50.2 ± 2 and 50.2 ± 4 Hz interhar-
centered as x(m) and with the length of 2K + 1. The monics existing in the test signal, and these interharmonics
value of K determines the length of the data window and will give forth to amplitude variations in the test signal. The
can be set as smaller than N/2, where N is the number test signal x(n) in the duration of 1 s is shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 7
of sample points in each fundamental cycle, for example, shows that there are apparent amplitude variations in the test
K can be set as K = N/2 − 10. Condition 3 is used to signal.
estimate the location of the next valid local maxima. For The data block for the preprocessing procedure is set as
example, if the first valid local maximum is x(m0), then four nominal cycles, or 0.08 s. It means that the preprocessing
the second valid local maximum will be located in the procedure is performed based on a 0.08-s data block, and
neighborhood of x(m0 + N). Therefore, the valid local then a frequency estimation is obtained using the data after
maxima can be recursively found as follows. First, find the preprocessing procedure. The time label of the estimated
62 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 65, NO. 1, JANUARY 2016
Fig. 8. First data block and its upper envelop obtained using the preprocessing
procedure (the blue line is for the data block, and the red line is for the in Fig. 9, which are exactly 3N data samples, are used for
extracted upper envelop). the frequency estimation to avoid the end-effect errors of the
cubic spline data interpolation.
Fig. 10 shows the measured fundamental frequency with
the preprocessing procedure in the duration of 1 s. Fig. 10
shows that the estimated frequencies have high precision with
a maximum error of less than ±0.013 Hz in the duration
of 1 s. Figs. 7–10 show that with the preprocessing procedure,
the proposed method can give accurate frequency estimation
in the presence of interharmonics with frequency near the
fundamental frequency.
IV. S IMULATIONS
Simulations are given to compare the proposed method
and the DFT-based method [3]. In Section IV-A, steady-state
verifications are performed, where the fundamental frequency
has a constant value. In Section IV-B, the frequency variations
are studied, where the linear and sinusoidal fundamental
frequency variations are studied.
A. Steady-State Verifications
Standard IEC 61000-4-30 provides the requirements for
the frequency synchronization, in both reference working
condition and in the presence of disturbances. The esti-
mation uncertainty for class A instrument is as follows:
the maximum uncertainty is 10 mHz in the range ±15%
of the nominal frequency: 50 ± 7.5 and 60 ± 9 Hz.
Case 1 is performed to test the estimation uncertainty of
Fig. 13. Frequency estimation errors of case 2.
the 50-Hz system. Case 2 is performed to test the esti-
mation uncertainty of the 60-Hz system. Case 3 is per-
the proposed method has better immunity to the negative
formed to test the estimation uncertainty in the presence
fundamental frequency component.
of harmonics and interharmonics specified in the uncer-
Case 2: The model of the test signal is as follows:
tainty steady-state verification in standard IEC 61000-4-30.
x(t) = cos(2π f 1 t), where f 1 is the fundamental frequency
Case 4 is performed to test the effects of noise. Case 5 is
and f 1 is set as from 51 to 69 Hz with a step of 0.1 Hz to
performed to test the methods’ performance in the presence
test the measurement uncertainty in the range ±15% of the
of harmonics/interharmonics with variable amplitudes.
nominal frequency of 60-Hz systems. The sample frequency
Case 1: The model of the test signal is as follows:
f s is set as 3840 Hz.
x(t) = cos(2π f 1 t), where f 1 is the fundamental frequency
The frequency estimation errors (FE) are given in Fig. 13.
and f1 is set as from 42.5 to 57.5 Hz with a step of 0.1 Hz
Fig. 13 shows that both methods satisfy the class A require-
to test the measurement uncertainty in the range ±15% of the
ments of IEC 61000-4-30, and the maximum uncertainty
nominal frequency of 50-Hz systems. The sample frequency
is less than 10 MHz in the range ±15% of the nominal
f s is set as 3200 Hz.
frequency: 60 ± 7.5 Hz. Fig. 13 also shows that the errors
The frequency estimation errors (FE) are given in Fig. 12.
of the proposed method are much less than those of the
Fig. 12 shows that both methods satisfy the class A require-
DFT-based method.
ments of IEC 61000-4-30, and the maximum uncertainty
Case 3: The model of the test signal is as follows:
is less than 10 MHz in the range ±15% of the nominal
frequency: 50 ± 7.5 Hz. Fig. 12 also shows that the errors x(t) = cos(ω1 t) + 0.1 cos(3ω1 t) + 0.05 cos(5ω1 t + π)
of the proposed method are much less than those of the
+ 0.1 cos(7ω1 t) + 0.05 cos(13ω1 t)
DFT-based method. An error analysis shows that the errors
of the DFT-based method are mainly caused by the negative + 0.05 cos(25ω1 t) + 0.05 cos(29ω1 t)
fundamental frequency component in the test signal, while + 0.01 cos(2π175t) + 0.01 cos(2π375t)
XUE et al.: POWER SYSTEM FREQUENCY ESTIMATION METHOD IN THE PRESENCE OF HARMONICS 65
Fig. 17. Frequency tracking results (red graph is for the DFT-based method,
and blue graph is for the proposed method).
Fig. 19. Sampled voltage signals (the red line is for the microgrid, and the
blue line is for the connected power grid).
VI. C ONCLUSION
A novel frequency estimation method is proposed in this
paper. A new sequence is constructed using the summation
of the samples of the original sequence, and the amplitude
ratio of the new and original sequences is used to calculate the
frequency deviation value. The effects of negative fundamental
component, harmonics, and interharmonics are studied. A pre-
processing procedure is also proposed to eliminate the effects
of the interharmonics with frequency near the fundamental
Fig. 24. Zoomed-in view of Fig. 23. frequency. Theoretical analysis and simulations validate that
the proposed method has good immunity to harmonics. Due to
its good resistance to harmonics and low required processing
effort, the proposed method is a good candidate for online
frequency estimation under harmonic-polluted situations.
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In Fig. 21(a), there are apparent larger oscillations in the of three-phase power system using weighted-least-square algorithm and
red line (the estimations obtained using the PLL without the adaptive fir filtering,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 59, no. 2,
postfilter) before the grid-connected process, and these oscil- pp. 322–329, Feb. 2010.
[14] R. Chudamani, K. Vasudevan, and C. S. Ramalingam, “Real-time
lations are caused by the high-frequency harmonics and inter- estimation of power system frequency using nonlinear least squares,”
harmonics in the test signal. Compared with the DFT-based IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1021–1028, Jul. 2009.
XUE et al.: POWER SYSTEM FREQUENCY ESTIMATION METHOD IN THE PRESENCE OF HARMONICS 69
[15] A. Abdollahi and F. Matinfar, “Frequency estimation: A least-squares Maohai Wang received the B.S. degree from North China Electric Power
new approach,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 790–798, University, Beijing, China, in 1997, the M.S. degree from Wuhan University,
Apr. 2011. Wuhan, China, in 2002, and the Ph.D. degree from Tsinghua University,
[16] A. Routray, A. K. Pradhan, and K. P. Rao, “A novel Kalman filter for Beijing, in 2006.
frequency estimation of distorted signals in power systems,” IEEE Trans. He is currently a Senior Engineer with the Power Dispatch Control Center,
Instrum. Meas., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 469–479, Jun. 2002. North China Power Grid Company, Ltd., Beijing. His current research interests
[17] Z. Salcic, S. K. Nguang, and Y. Wu, “An improved Taylor method for include phasor measurement unit and wide area measurements.
frequency measurement in power systems,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.,
vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 3288–3294, Sep. 2009.
[18] T. Lobos and J. Rezmer, “Real-time determination of power system
frequency,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 877–881,
Aug. 1997.
[19] V. V. Terzija, “Improved recursive Newton-type algorithm for frequency Rengang Yang received the Ph.D. degree from Tsinghua University, Beijing,
and spectra estimation in power systems,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., China, in 1993.
vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1654–1659, Oct. 2003. He is currently a Professor with the College of Information and Electrical
[20] M. Akke, “Frequency estimation by demodulation of two complex Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing. His current research
signals,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 157–163, Jan. 1997. interests include power quality monitoring, harmonic analysis, and reactive
[21] C.-I. Chen and Y.-C. Chen, “Comparative study of harmonic and inter- power compensation.
harmonic estimation methods for stationary and time-varying signals,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 397–404, Jan. 2014.
Hui Xue (M’14) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from the Electric
Power Department, Shandong University, Jinan, China, in 1995 and 1998,
respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the College of Information and Yan Zhang received the B.S. degree from China Agricultural University,
Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, in 2003. Beijing, China, in 2014, where she is currently pursuing the master’s degree
She is currently an Associate Professor with the College of Information with the College of Information and Electrical Engineering.
and Electrical Engineering, China Agriculture University. Her current research Her current research interests include power quality monitoring and har-
interests include power quality and harmonic analysis. monic analysis.