ARELLANO U N I V E R S I T Y – Jose Rizal Campus

SCHOOL OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT

Gov. Pascual Ave. Malabon City, Metro Manila

TPC 4: SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

MIDTERM EXAMINATION

Name: Jasmin Rindi D. Kumar; BSTM – 3rd year

General Instructions: Discuss blatantly the following in 250 words.

1. The concept and concern for human dignity motivates human

approach.
Answer:
Human dignity is the idea that every human being that's born regardless
of their utility, irrespective of their station in life their class regardless of
their giftedness or talent, or how much we perceive they contribute that
every human being has value and worth and we get that from the
Christian story as revealed to us in the Bible that says God has created
each person in His image and what that means is that every single
person who walks the face of the earth is it bears the image of God they
bear the stamp of the Creator that there's something distinct and
wonderful about human life that separate separates it from creation,
and this is important because if we believe in human dignity affects two
things; it first affects the way we see ourselves that we are not just our
souls where we're body and soul that we are not just who we perceive
ourselves to be that we have been designed with a purpose by a creator
but it also affects the way that we see other people the way we see our
 neighbours that every person we interact with whether we like them or
not whether we disagree with them, or not is an image bearer of God and
so my attitude toward my neighbour reflects my attitude toward God.
For Example, in respect of the dignity of those with whom we work, the
rebuilding process is led by local leaders, and the community
participates in the decision that affects them through the recovery
process. Support women are a constant concern for Development and
Peace in promoting human dignity.

2. Freedom encompasses both positive and negative freedoms.

Answer:
The negative freedom (or negative liberty) consists of freedom from
something, whereas positive freedom (or positive liberty) consists of
doing something. Therefore, negative freedom consists of laws to combat
discrimination, whereas positive freedom enables those on limited
incomes to lead a more fulfilled and meaningful existence.
The distinction between positive and negative freedom is a significant
one in terms of the proper role of the state. The goal of negative freedom
demands a limited role for the state, whereas positive freedom results in
a more significant role. Following on from this, the state's role is a
fundamental dividing line within liberal thought between those on the
right of the libertarian axis and those on the left. In the realm of
economic policy, classical liberals such as the Austrian school of
economists extol the virtues of laissez-faire economies. Therefore, the
state's role must be limited to that of a night-watchman (e.g., to ensure
that legal contracts are upheld and the marketplace runs smoothly).
In contrast, social liberals such as the founder of the modern welfare
state William Beveridge (1942), believe that the most vulnerable within
society require a degree of state assistance. Frankly, it is difficult to
disagree with his assertion that "a starving man is not free." The
 negative freedom (or negative liberty) consists of freedom from
something, whereas positive freedom (or positive liberty) consists of
doing something. Negative freedom, therefore, consists of laws to combat
discrimination, whereas positive freedom enables those on limited
incomes to lead a more fulfilled and meaningful existence.
The distinction between positive and negative freedom is a significant
one in terms of the proper role of the state. The goal of negative freedom
demands a limited role for the state, whereas positive freedom results in
a more significant role. Following on from this, the state's role is a
crucial dividing line within liberal thought between those on the right of
the libertarian axis and those on the left.
In the realm of economic policy, classical liberals such as the Austrian
school of economists extol the virtues of laissez-faire economies. The
state's role must therefore be limited to that of a night-watchman (e.g.,
to ensure that legal contracts are upheld and the marketplace runs
smoothly). In contrast, social liberals such as the founder of the modern
welfare state William Beveridge (1942), believe that the most vulnerable
within society require a degree of state assistance. Frankly, it is difficult
to disagree with his assertion that "a starving man is not free."
3. Zero hunger involves promoting sustainable agricultural,
supporting small-scale farmers and equal access to land,
technology and markets.
Answer:
There are 500 million smallholder farmers worldwide, and they
provide up to 80 percent of the food consumed in the developing
world. There's also evidence that small farms are more efficient than
large farms, particularly on continents like Africa and Asia.
Agriculture is the single largest employer globally, providing
livelihoods for up to 40 percent of the total global population. It is the
largest source of income and jobs for poor rural households. This
 highlights the connection between sdg2 zero hunger and SDG-1 no
poverty again and SDG-8 decent work because in developing countries
in particular for many people, their land is their sole asset not only
providing sustenance for their families but also their only income
source. Unfortunately, continued population growth has led to the
shrinking of small farms, making it very hard for families to live off
the income from farming alone, which is why broader rural
development is essential. In addition, these small farms sometimes
struggle to access these big global food supply chains and trade with
the rest of the world that more industrialized producers have access
to. So with a trend towards this more industrialized agriculture,
smallholder farmers must be protected from consolidation; this may
involve more inclusive business models, for example, a small farmer
agreeing to produce a specific yield for a large company while still
retaining ownership over their land. Still, it's a highly complex issue
both for eliminating poverty and for removing hunger.
4. What do you think are the strategies made by Central and East
Asia, Latin America and Caribbean to make huge progress in
eradicating extreme hunger?
Answer:
The slow pace of poverty and hunger reduction points to an urgent need
for strategies that better target the areas where poor people live and the
activities on which their lives depend. A successful strategy for
alleviating poverty and hunger in developing countries must begin by
recognizing that they are mainly rural phenomena and that agriculture
is at the heart of the livelihoods of rural people. The above discussion
shows that achieving massive and sustainable poverty reduction entails
(a) targeting hunger directly to increase the productivity and productive
potential of those who suffer from it, and allow them to take advantage
of the opportunities offered by development and (b) stimulating
 agriculture and rural development, both essential for both overall
economic growth and sustainable reductions in poverty. The
productivity handicap caused by hunger must be dealt with directly if
agricultural development is to proceed as it should. People in abject
hunger must have enough to eat if they are to share the benefits of
agricultural and rural growth. The vicious circle of undernourishment
leading to low productivity and growth perpetuates underdevelopment
and hunger. Hungry people must have better access to food, which
requires direct assistance. The vicious circle must be broken. At the
same time, the concentration of poverty in the rural areas implies that
growth in agriculture and overall rural development is essential for a
sustainable exit from poverty.
5. Good health is essential to sustainable development.
Answer:
Good health is essential to sustainable development and the 2030
Agenda reflects the complexity and interconnectedness of the two. Our
settings influence our health and well-being; by 2030, two-thirds of
humanity will live in urban areas. Cities provide an excellent
opportunity for local governments to protect and promote health at
many levels. Environmental factors cause twenty-three percent of
deaths. More than 90% of the world population is exposed to air quality
levels that do not meet the recommendations of the World Health
Organization. Some 235 million people currently have asthma; it is the
most common non-communicable disease among children, and
urbanization is associated with an increase in asthma 39% of adults are
overweight. Obesity is one of the biggest health problems worldwide, and
living in urban areas contributes to sedentary lifestyles. Health is not
only about medical and clinical services such as hospitals; it is about
including health directives in all policies cities can be designed to
provide well-being and care; thus, many local governments are already
 taking actions to bring about health benefits by raising awareness in
communities for prevention and promoting healthy lifestyles. Improving
services including primary health services, waste management hygiene
in food chains, and water and sanitation, putting people at the centre of
urban and transport planning, responding to the needs of all citizens
promoting connectivity in diverse neighbourhoods, and improving the
quality and safety of public spaces to favour mental health, physical
activity, and social cohesion, improving road safety, and managing
traffic to reduce injuries and casualties protecting common goods such
as soil water and the natural environment in an integrated way across
sectors the sustainable development agenda. Including SDG 3 is about
ensuring healthy living, fostering well-being for all ages, and promoting
indicators to monitor progress. This can only be achieved through local
action.
6. Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health.
Answer:
Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the
communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect
developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines
and vaccines, per the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and
Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to
the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public. The
key to universal health coverage is that individuals can receive the
health services they need without suffering any financial hardship, so
it's both about the services available and the cost of those services.
Essential health services include health promotion and prevention
treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care over the lifespan of an
individual; these two indicators measure to target the proportion of the
population that can access essential quality health services and the
 balance of the people that spends a large amount of their household
income on health the WHO uses 16 basic health services in four
categories as indicators of the level and equity of coverage in individual
countries. The four big categories are reproductive, maternal, new-born,
and child health. Including family planning delivery care and child
immunization, infectious disease prevention and treatment, non-
communicable disease prevention, and treatment and service capacity.
Including hospital access, healthcare worker density, access to essential
medicines, half of the world's population does not have access to health
care. They need about 930 million people worldwide to spend at least 10
percent of their total income on health services. One hundred million
people each year fall into poverty because of out-of-pocket health
spending.

7. Discuss the disparities between rural and urban area in education.

Answer:
The general presumptions are :
The economic returns to investment in rural masses' education are
relatively less than those of urban workers. Hence, any public
subsidization of education of rural workers can be supported only on
noneconomic grounds like social justice.
The rural households tend to invest less in their children's education as
they fail to recognize the benefits of education and or as they cannot
afford to invest in a long gestation period sector like education.
There exit large earnings differentials between rural and urban workers.
All these presumptions are open to question. Based on data collected
through a sample survey of the West Godavari District of Andhra
Pradesh in South India, the above hypotheses have been examined in
this paper. The study rejects the first hypothesis and establishes that
rural workers' rates of return to education are generally higher than the
 returns to urban workers. Investment in education in rural areas is as
justified as in urban areas from an economic efficiency point of view. The
study, without strictly verifying the factors behind it, confirms the latter
two hypotheses.

Stage one compares rural and urban students' home background, social
capital, parents' expectations, and educational aspirations. Students'
perception of disparities between rural and urban students in their
home environment and schooling is also highlighted in the survey. The
questionnaire survey findings reveal that urban students have more
advantages in most of the factors investigated in the questionnaire
compared to their rural counterparts. Rural and urban students also
perceived that urban students are more advantaged in their home and
school environment than rural students. In stage two, the correlation
between rural and urban students' educational aspirations and most of
the variables of interest in this survey are examined to explore the
factors associated with the rural and urban students' educational
aspirations. The factors correlated to rural and urban students'
educational aspirations also show some disparities, e.g.gender and
mother's educational attainment are only significantly correlated with
rural students' educational aspirations.
8. Education is a human right for all.
Answer:
Education is crucial because it enables socioeconomic mobility upward
and is a vital part of escaping poverty. It is the absolute basis and
foundation for acquiring decent work, which provides almost all
necessities. It has multiple dimensions of education, training, and
development from birth to death or, as you might hear it often called
lifelong learning. First, accessibility is how difficult or easy it is to
obtain an education, including eliminating barriers that may prevent
 access, such as cost location or socioeconomic conditions. The second
dimension I noticed is equity, which looks more at who can access the
education system, particularly ensuring that marginalized groups have
the support they need for access and participation. Next is quality and
this dimension says it's not enough to simply access education or make
it available. The system needs to be of adequate quality to ensure that
people get the skills and knowledge they need to participate in society
and ultimately make a good life for themselves. Education is a means to
a larger end and an essential one.
9. Women’s labor participation is often highly informal, without social
protection.
Answer:
From street vendors and domestic workers to subsistence farmers and
seasonal agriculture workers, women make up a disproportionate
percentage of workers in the informal sector. In South Asia, over 80
percent of women in non-agricultural jobs are in informal employment;
in sub-Saharan Africa, 74 percent; and in Latin America and the
Caribbean, 54 percent. As it's sometimes called, working in this informal
or grey economy leaves women often without any protection of labor
laws, social benefits such as a pension, health insurance, or paid sick
leave. They routinely work for lower wages and in unsafe conditions,
including the risk of sexual harassment. The lack of social protection
has a long-term impact on women. For example, fewer women receive
pensions globally, and as a result, older women are now living in
poverty. Even in developed economies, such as France, Germany,
Greece, and Italy, women's average pension is more than 30 percent
lower than men's. An estimated 40 – 50 percent of migrants in Hanoi
and Ho Chi Minh City, the two biggest cities in Viet Nam, are women,
and they face distinct challenges. Low and unstable incomes and lack of
social protection make them particularly vulnerable to abuse and
 exploitation. But migrant women workers of Viet Nam refuse to live on
the fringes any longer. More than 10,000 migrant workers have learned
how to access social welfare benefits, legal protection, and health care.
They are advocating for their rights and helping one another.

10. What do you mean by unpaid care and domestic work by

women? Discuss.
Answer:
Women are responsible for the vast majority of the world’s unpaid
domestic and care work. This means they’re working longer hours total
than men, for much less money. To ease the burden, experts suggest we
recognize, redistribute and reduce this labor.
Worldwide, women are responsible for 75 percent of all unpaid care and
domestic work. They spend up to three hours more a day doing
housework than men and up to 10 times a day caring for children and
the elderly. In regions where piped water to homes is not the norm,
women and girls are more likely to fetch water for domestic use.
Collectively, women in sub-Saharan Africa spend 16 million hours every
day collecting water, with women and girls responsible for managing 71
percent of all household water. As a result, they have less time to engage
in paid labour or work longer hours, combining paid and unpaid labour.
Women’s outstanding work subsidizes the cost of care that sustains
families, supports economies, and often fills in for the lack of social
services. Yet, it is rarely recognized as “work.” Unpaid care and domestic
work are valued at 10 and 39 percent of the Gross Domestic Product
and can contribute more to the economy than the manufacturing,
commerce, or transportation sectors. With the onslaught of climate
change, women’s unpaid work in farming, gathering water, and fuel is
growing even more. Policies that provide services, social protection, and
 basic infrastructure, promote sharing of domestic and care work
between men and women, and create more paid jobs in the care
economy, are urgently needed to accelerate women’s economic
empowerment.

11. Expound: Sanitation is human right.

Answer:
“Nayla” (a pseudonym) was a 52-year-old teacher from Daraa, Syria,
when anti-government protests began in March 2011. In 2012, she
agreed to transport a military defector and detained government soldiers
at a checkpoint. The soldiers shot at her car and beat her. They took her
to an army building where she was held in solitary confinement and
denied food and water for two days. She was transferred to another cell
and detained for nearly seven months. When Nayla reflected on her
detention and subsequent release, she said, “You feel you will never be
free again – that you will never see your family, never go to [a proper]
toilet. It is a joy to go to the bathroom when you want. Lack of sanitation
is a pervasive human rights concern globally that impacts other rights,
including gender equality. While not an exact marker of the status of the
right to sanitation, as of 2015, 2.4 billion people worldwide are
estimated to be using unimproved sanitation facilities, defined as those
that do not include hygienically separate human excreta from human
contact. Lack of sanitation is not only an affront to an individual’s
dignity and rights. Still, it endangers the rights to the highest attainable
standard of health and the safe drinking water of other people because
of the contaminating nature of human feces. Nearly a billion people
practice open defecation—which has been linked to malnutrition,
stunting, and increased diarrheal disease, among other negative
 impacts. Though not explicitly stated in the International Covenant on
Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, the right to sanitation is derived
from the right to an adequate standard of living. The Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has reaffirmed that the right to
sanitation is an essential component of the right to an adequate
standard of living, and “integrally related, among other Covenant rights,
to the right to health, the right to housing, … as well as the right to
water.” According to UN General Assembly Resolution 70/169, the right
to sanitation entitles everyone “to have physical and affordable access to
sanitation, in all spheres of life, that is safe, hygienic, secure, and
socially and culturally acceptable, and that provides privacy and
ensures dignity.”
12. Open defecation
Answer:
Open defecation is defined as defecating in open fields, waterways, and
open trenches without proper human excreta disposal. The term “open
defecation” is credited to the publications of the Joint Monitoring
Program (JMP) in 2008, a collaboration of the World Health Organisation
(WHO) and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
(UNICEF) to evaluate the global progress on water and sanitation goals.
Open defecation is classified as unimproved sanitation. Despite 15 years
of conjunctive efforts under international action plans such as the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), targets for improved sanitation
were not met, resulting in 2.5 billion people not having access to
improved sanitation facilities (flush latrine or pit latrine) and nearly 892
million of the total world’s population still practicing open defecation. As
a result of this failure to successfully ensure basic sanitation was once
again highlighted as a critical issue in the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs). Number 6 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
is to “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and
 sanitation for all,” where Target 6.2 aims by 2030 to achieve access to
adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open
defecation, paying particular attention to the needs of women and girls
and those in vulnerable situations. Of those who still practice open
defecation, 90% reside in rural areas of three regions; sub-Saharan
Africa, Central Asia, and Southern Asia. The health risks most
researched in open defecation are those associated with human
excrement linked to infectious diseases. Infected human excreta contain
several harmful organisms that are related to several health problems.
13. Discuss the negative impact of wood usage as source of energy
on the environment.
Answer:
As wood energy can be derived from natural forests, grown in
plantations, or integrated on-farm production systems, its production
and use are also part of the discourse about the sustainable
management of SSA’s dry forests and woodlands. Historically, research
has focused on analyses of rates and drivers of deforestation linked to
wood energy production (such as charcoal), often considered a key driver
of unsustainable use in humid and dry forests. The environmental
impacts of potential technological and policy innovations and future
wood energy demand have also been assessed. The overarching
conclusions of this work, and the narrative partly derived from them, are
that wood energy production often has negative consequences for the
environment, especially in “depletion hotspots” concentrated in South
Asia and East Africa. However, there is generally a failure to distinguish
between the market-oriented, intensive, and destructive collection and
the far less devastating impacts of rural supply for local consumption. In
response to the overall negative perception, the focus has shifted to
propagating energy-saving stoves and kilns. However, adoption rates are
often insufficient, and the jury is still out on whether they result in any
 change in wood energy extraction rates. Also, unsystematic assessments
to capture the degrees of socio-economic and environmental
consequences of wood energy have underplayed its significance, thus
further hampering fierce policy debates. Therefore, a more balanced
approach that considers both demand and supply dynamics is needed.
This systematic map aims to build on existing efforts which have started
to provide a balanced and comprehensive approach to researching wood
energy
14. Discuss the goal actions and plans of United Nation
Development Programmed in carbon neutrality.
Answer:
We are instituting a companywide commitment to achieve carbon
neutrality by the end of the fiscal year 2013. The commitment will apply
to Microsoft's business operations in over 100 countries. As part of our
commitment, we establish an internal carbon fee based on current
market pricing for renewable energy and carbon offsets. Business
groups within Microsoft will be financially responsible for the cost to
offset their carbon emissions. The carbon price charge-back model,
which will be administered through the corporate finance department, is
expected to incent carbon reduction through efficiency measures and
encourage the usage of renewable sources of energy. For emissions not
eliminated through efficiency measures, Microsoft will purchase
renewable energy and carbon offsets to achieve the carbon neutrality
goal and increase our purchase of renewable energy. Carbon neutrality
refers to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by offsetting gross carbon
emissions from our operations with equivalent renewable energy and
carbon sequestered or offset. The carbon price will be applied to all
business groups within Microsoft for the carbon associated with data
centers, development labs, offices, and air travel. Business groups
within Microsoft will be required to build the carbon price into their
 budgets. Microsoft has established a carbon price to integrate carbon
reduction (measured in metric tons of CO2 equivalent) with business
productivity (measured in USD). The internal carbon fee will place a
price on carbon based on current market pricing for carbon credits and
make the company's business divisions responsible for the cost of
offsetting the carbon emissions associated with their use of the
company's data centers, software development labs, and office buildings,
as well as business travel.
15. Explain the possible reasons for recruitment of child soldiers.
Answer:
Forced recruitment- "Children usually become soldiers through
coercion, either through mandatory conscription or forced recruitment.
When national armies have a workforce shortfall, they may find it
convenient not to search too carefully for the accurate birth date of a
conscript. Rebel forces seldom have use for birth records, either. In
countries covered by the case studies, government forces, as well as
rebel forces, were often equally likely to use child soldiers." (Wessells,
1997)
Fear and obedience- "Abduction is only the first step in a process that
uses fear, brutality, and psychological manipulation to achieve high
levels of obedience, converting children into killers." (Wessells, 1997)
Unforced recruitment: Children will join to be soldiers for safety or
revenge on the people who killed their families. "The military may offer
children the only path to wages to support themselves or their families.
For these reasons, it is meaningless to ever speak of children's
involvement in the military as strictly "voluntary." (Wessells, 1997)
Global and Systematic: They have no proof of the children's age
because of the lacking of birth certificates. So they lie about the ages of
the children so they can become a soldier. "Beyond that, many military
groups, governmental and rebel do not attempt to document or
 accurately report the ages of the children they recruit. And former child
soldiers are often reluctant to identify themselves because they fear
rejection by their communities or retribution from their former
commanders-or from those whom they once attacked." (Wessells, 1997)
The Guilt: When the boys fight in a war, the other men on the opposing
side will feel guilty killing a helpless little kid who can't do anything.
This gives the kids more time to kill men before they kill them.
16. Explain Aid for Trade Support and Enhanced Integrated
Framework for Trade-related Technical Assistance to Least
Developed Countries
Answer:
The Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance for
Least- Developed Countries – IF) was initially established at the WTO's
High-Level Meeting on Integrated Initiatives for Least-Developed
Countries' Trade Development held at the WTO Office in Geneva from
27th to 28th October 1997 to support least developed countries (LDCs)
to better integrate into the global trading system and to make trade a
driver for development. With the Brussels Programme of Action for the
Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2001-2010, a comprehensive
set of commitments spearheaded by the UN to eradicate poverty in LDCs
ensured that AfT became a crucial component of Official Development
Assistance (ODA). The Brussels Programme recalled the difficulties faced
by LDCs and the measures necessary to reintegrate marginalized
countries into the multilateral trading system. It committed both
development partners and LDCs to a series of actions aimed towards
trade integration. LDCs mainly consisted of financial aid, technical
assistance, and simplified access to developed country markets. Overall,
AfT commitments have amounted to US$66 billion for the period
2001-2011. The WTO declared "technical cooperation and capacity
building" concerning developing capacities for least-developed and low-
income countries as a priority for the Doha Round. At the Sixth Session
of its Ministerial Conference held in Hong Kong in December of 2005,
the WTO reaffirmed its intention to take on an essential role in this area
by launching the AfT Initiative. As a result of this initiative, which
involved the WTO and other organizations, donor contributions
increased further, and an annual event, the Global Review of Aid for
Trade, was created.