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Lleqcia 1 Mikrobiologiis Sesavali Da Mikrobiologiis Ganvitarebis Istoria
Lleqcia 1 Mikrobiologiis Sesavali Da Mikrobiologiis Ganvitarebis Istoria
Cveni planeta, iseve, rogorc mTeli samyaro, Sedgeba cocxali da aracocxali bunebisagan, romlebic
erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebaSia da urTierTobis mravalgvari formebi gaaaCnia. cocxali buneba qmnis
biosferos da moicavs mcenareul da cxovelur samyaros, adamianis CaTvliT da maTi cxovelqmedebis
produqtebs.
biologia, aris mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis cocxal organizmebs da maT bunebas. cocxali
organizmebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen:
dedamiwaze arsebuli yvela cocxali organizmi SeiZleba pirobiTad daiyos or did jgufad: makro da
mikrosamyarod. makrosamyaros ganekuTvneba yvela is cocxali arseba romlis danaxvac SesaZlebelia
SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT (adamiani, cxovelebi, mwerebi, mcenareebi), xolo mikrosamyaros ki is cocxali
arsebebi, romelTa danaxvac SeuZlebelia sxvadasxva optikuri xelsawyos gareSe, maT kidev uwodeben
protistebs.
M mikrobebi Zalze farTod arian gavrcelebuli, isini arseboben yvelgan: niadagSi, haerSi, wyalSi,
atmosferoSi, kosmosSi, adamianis, cxovelTa da mcenareTa organizmebSi. maTi saxeobrivi Semadgenloba
Zalian mravalferovania, magaliTad mxolod baqteriebis 100 000 ze meti saxeobaa cnobili, sokoebis ki 250
000mde. adamianis organizmSi “cxovrobs” 1013-14 baqteria, amavdoulad asobiT da aTasobiT soko, virusi da
umartivesi. es niSnavs, rom adamianis yovel erT ujredze modis ramdenime mikrobi. mikrobebi, romlebic
saxloben adamianis organizmSi qmnian mis mikroekologias, romelic uzrunvelyofs rogorc adamianis
organizmis normalur cxovelqmedebas, ise did rols asrulebs paTologiur procesebSi. garemoSi – wyalSi,
haerSi, niadagSi, sacxovrebel garemoSi, sakveb produqtebSi arsebuli mikrobebic TavisTavad did gavlenas
axdenen biologiur, bunebriv da sanitarul pirobebze im arealSi, romelSic cocxlobs adamiani.
mikrobebsa da sxva cocxal da aracocxal bunebas Soris arsebobs kavSiri – biocenozi. adamiansa da
mikrobebs Soris Camoyalibebuli biocenozi SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxis iyos.
mikrobebis arseboba dedamiwaze maTi Seswavlis “mizezi” gaxda. biologia Seiswavlis cocxal
organizmebs (laTinuri sityvidan bios – sicocxle), xolo mikrobebs, maT morfologias, fiziologias, genetikas,
sistematikas, ekologias da urTierTobas sicocxlis sxva formebTan ki Seiswavlis biologiis erT –erTi dargi
mikrobiologia (berZnuli sityvidan micros – mcire).
veterinarul mikrobiologias
kosmosur mikrobiologias
1. evrestiuli (evristika – niSnavs mixvedras) periodi – iwyeba hipokrates (IV - III sauk. Zv. w)
mosazrebebiT imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianidan adamianze gadamcemi daavadebebi gamowveulia
germanelma mecnierma da swavlulma iezuitma aTanase kirxerma (1602 – 1680 w) mZlavri lupis
saSualebiT, romelic mxolod 32 jerad gadidebas iZleoda, dampal xorcSi, rZeSi, ZmarSi da a. S. dainaxa
umciresi “Wiebi” (rogorc man uwoda) da ivarauda am “Wiebis” roli zogierT daavadebaSi, magram
kirxeris lupaSi danaxul “Wiebs” aRiareba ar mohyolia. mikrobebis “oficialuri” aRmomCeni gaxda
anton van levenhuki (1632 – 1723), holandieli vaWari, romelmac minebis damuSavebiT Seqmna
linzebis sistema, primitiuli mikroskopi, romelic iZleoda 150-300 jerad gadidebas. levenhukma wvimis
wyalSi, kbilebis nadebSi, dampal xorcSi aRmoaCina cocxali umciresi “mxecebi” – animalikutesi,
rogorc man uwoda. amiT dadasturda mikrobebis arseboba, magram maTi monawileoba daavadebebSi
jer damtkicebuli ar iyo. kacobriobas uWirda adamianebisa da cxovelebis samyaros garda kidev mesame
samyaros arsebobis aRiareba. adamianis paTologiur procesebSi mikrobTa rolis dasadastureblad daiwyo
cxovelebze cdebis Catareba, mogvianebiT frangma medikosma henlem Camoayaliba idea infeqciebsa
da maT gamomwvevebs Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb. henlem pirvelma daadgina, rom infeqciis
gamomwvevs aqvs unari gamravldes qsovilebSi, gavrceldes da gamoiwvios daavadebis konkretuli,
tipiuri mimdinareoba. Mme XIX –e saukunis bolos rusi mecnieris, botanikosi ivanovskis mier
aRmoCenili iqna virusebi – daavadebis gamomwvevi umciresi agentebi, romlebic gadiodnen baqteriul
filtrebSi.
adamiani uxsovari droidan spirtuli duRilis Sedegad, romelsac awarmoeben baqteriebi, iRebda yurZnis
Rvinos, magram TviTon procesis buneba misTvis ucnobi rCeboda. safrangeTsa da sxva saxelmwifoebSi
ganviTarebuli Rvinis warmoeba rigi bioteqnologiuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetas moiTxovda. medicinis
sferoSic momwifda uamravi kiTxva gadamdeb infeqciebis bunebasTan, Wrilobebis daCirqebis
mizezebTan dakavSirebiT. am sakiTxebis umravlesoba gadaWra frangma mecnierma, qimikosma lui
pasterma (1822 – 1895w). pasterma eqsperimentulad dasabuTa, rom spirtuli duRili gamowveulia
gansazRvruli saxeobis mikroorganizmebiT, Rvinis daZmareba ki gamowveulia sxva saxis baqteriebis mier
warmoebuli ZmarmJava duRiliT. pasterma agreTve dauSva, rom adamianis daavadebebi warmoadgendnen
duRilis msgavss process, gamowveuls sxvadasxva mikroorganizmebiT, romlebic operaciebis Semdeg
Cirqovani garTulebebis mizezi xdebodnen. pasteri amtkicebda, rom mSobiareTa cxeleba, furunkulozi,
osteomieliti, jilexi da sxva daavadebebi mikroorganizmebiT iyo gamowveuli.
1. duRili da aRwera misi buneba – pasterma daamtkica rZemJava, spirtuli, ZmarmJava duRilis
mikrobuli buneba da am procesebSi mikrobuli fermentebis monawileoba
2. anaerobiozi – pateris mier damtkicebuli iqna is faqti, rom zogierTi baqteria ara Tu ver uZlebs
Jangbadian garemos, aramed izdeba da mravldeba mxolod uJangbado areSi,
3. sterilizaciis principebi – Rvinis daavadebebTan brZolisaTvis pasterma gamoiyena misi gaTboba 50-
600C mde, imisaTvis rom moespo bqteriebi, romelic mis daZmarebas iwveven, am meTodiT ki man
safuZveli Cauyara sterilizaciis princips, romelic dRemde pasterizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili,
4. pasterma uaryo mis dros gavrcelebuli TviTCasaxvis Teoria – pasteris dros iTvleboda, rom yvela
cocxali arseba TviTwarmoiSveboda: mag, taraknebi – WuWyidan, bayayebi – Slamidan, aseve
Tvlidnen, rom mikrobebic TviTwarmoiSvebodnen. magram pasterma daamtkica, rom Tu sterilur
bulionis zedapirs Sexeba ar eqneboda haerTan, igi ar dabinZurdeboda baqteriebiT, ese igi,
baqteriebis TviTwarmoqmna ar xdeboda,
pasteris mier pirvelad iqna SemuSavebuli vaqcina qaTmis qoleris gamomwvevis mimarT. Tumca 1797
w. pasteris cdebamde gacilebiT adre, ingliseli eqimis eduard jeneris mier miRebuli iqna vaqcina infeqciuri
daavadebis - yvavilis gamomwvevis mimarT. jenerma Zroxis yvavilis gamomwvevi Seuyvana adamians,
riTac man gamoiwvia msubuqi imunizacia da adamiani SemdgomSi yvaviliT aRar daavadda. am vaqcinam
namdvili aRiareba pasteris cdebis Semdeg moipova. pastermaAaCvena, rom sxvadasxva gziT dasustebuli
(dasxivebiT, temperaturuli zemoqmedebiT da sxv.) infeqciuri agentis, mag; qaTmis qoleris an cofis
gamomwvevis Seyvana adamianSi iwvevda SemdgomSi am organizmis mdgradobas amave daavadebis
mimarT, man SeZlo vaqcinaciis principis dasabuTeba.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo pasteris mier cofis vaqcinis Seqmna. man cofiT daavadebuli ZaRlebis da
bocvrebis Tavis tvinidan miiRo cofis cocxali gamomwvevi, araswori kultivirebiT daasusta igi da
gamoiyena rogorc vaqcina. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli qveyana, sadac moxda cofis vaqcinis warmoeba iyo
ruseTi. rusma mecnierma i. meCnikovma da n. gamaleiam odesaSi Camoayalibes sadguri, romelac uwodes
pasteris saxeli da sadac xdeboda cofis vaqcinis warmoeba.
ingliselma eqimma iozef listerma erT_erTma pirvelma daafasa pasteris aRmoCenebis mniSvneloba da
gamoiyena igi qirurgiuli operaciebis dros. swored man danerga klinikur praqtikaSi aseptikis meTodi, rac
mdgomareobs yvela qirurgiuli instrumentisa da saoperacio ubnis profilaqtikur damuSavebaSi sadenzifeqcio
xsnarebis saSualebiT. am gziT man SeZlo operaciebis Semdgomi sikvdilianobis mkveTri Semcireba.
pasteris paralelurad germaniaSi moRvaweobda robert koxi (1843 – 1910), mecnieri, romelmac udidesi
roli Seasrula mikrobiologiuri kvlevis meTodebis Seqmnasa da daxvewaSi. man Semoitana baqteriuli
kulturis, sufTa kulturis cneba, man pirvelma aRmoaCina tuberkulozis gamomwvevi (e.w. koxis Cxiri) da
qoleris vibrioni. man miiRo tuberkulozis sawinaaRmdego pirveli preparati tuberkulini da Camoayaliba
infeqciuri sneulebebis damadasturebeli myari kriteriumebi, romlebic cnobili iyo rogorc gentle (germaneli
mecnieri) – koxis triada. infeqciur sneulebebSi mikroorganizmebis monawileobis faqtebs asaxavda:
3. am sufTa kulturis mier eqsperimentul cxovelSi Seyvanis Semdeg daavadebis igive suraTis miReba,
rac avadmyof adamians axasiaTebda.
daaxloebiT XX saukunis 20 ian wlebSi iqna aRmoCenili baqteriebis unari warmoqmnan toqsinebi
da pirvelad gamoiyo difteriuli egzotoqsini. antitoqsiuri Sratebis da vaqcinebis Seqmnam safuZveli Cauyara
axal mecnierebas – imunologias, romlis erT –erTi fuZemdebeli iyo i. meCnikovi (1845 – 1917) –
fagocitaruli anu ujreduli Teoriis damaarsebeli. 1915 w. rusma mecnierma m. raiskma pirvelma aRmoaCina
imunulogiuri mexsierebis movlena. imunologiisa da qimioTerapiis ganviTarebaSi aseve udidesi roli
Seasrula paul erlixma, romelmac pirvelma ivarauda imunur pasuxSi antisxeulebis monawileoba da saerTod
maTi arseboba. 1900 wels r. koxma aRmoaCina imunuri sistemis reagirebis axali forma, romelsac uwoda
dayovnebuli tipis hipermgrZnobeloba. erlixs, rogorc humoruli imunitetis Teoriis da meCnikovs, rogorc
fagocitaruli Teoriis fuZemdeblebs 1908 w mieniWad nobelis premia, imunologiis dargSi.
4. XIX saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisSi aRmoCenili iqna virusebi - infeqciis gamomwvevi
umciresi agentebi, romlebic gadiodnen baqteriul filtrebSi, vinaidan isini bevrad ufro patara zomis
iyvnen vidre baqteriuli filtris forebi. maT filtrirebadi agentebi Searqves. eleqtronuli mikroskopis
aRmoCenamde virusebis kvleva aqtiurad ver mimdinareobda. SemdgomSi am aRmoCenebs mihyva
riketsiebis, qlamidiebis, umartivesebis, mikoplazmebis da sxv baqteriebis aRmoCena. Seiqmna
anatoqsinebi – difteriis, tetanusis. SemuSavda sadiagnostiko serologiuri meTodebi. 30-ian wlebSi
Seiqmna malariis sawinaaRmdego wamali. meore msoflio omis periodSi, 1940 w ingliseli mecnierebis
e. Ceinisa da g. floris mier miRebul iqna jer kidev 1928 w aseve ingliseli mecnieris flemingis mier
aRmoCenili soko Penicillium mier sinTezirebuli nivTiereba, romelsac penicilini ewoda. penicilinis
miRebam safuZveli Cauyara antibiotikebis eras. 1943w daiwyo penicilinis seriuli warmoeba,
SeerTebul StatebSi, ruseTSi mas awarmoebda z. ermolieva. xolo 1944 w amerikelma mecnierma e.
vaksmanma aqtinomicetebidan gamoiyo streptomicini. daiwyo antibiotikebis qimiuri gziT miReba da
maTTvis sul ufro qmediTi radikalebis mierTeba.