CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

MECHANISMS FOR MOVEMENT OF

MOLECULES
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
Diffusion

Molecules move out from their region

of higher concentration to the region
of lower concentration.
DIFFUSION
Osmosis
OSMOSIS

net movement of solvent molecules

through a partially permeable
membrane into a region of higher
solute concentration, in order to
equalize the solute concentrations
on the two sides.
Osmosis is essential in
Biological membranes are semi-permeable
biological systems
 HYPOTONIC

Lower solute concentration

•Water enters the cell by osmosis
•A red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution (e.g., pure water) bursts
immediately ("hemolysis") from the influx of water.
 ISOTONIC

Equal Concentration
•When red blood cells are placed in a 0.9% salt solution, they
neither gain nor lose water by osmosis
 HYPERTONIC

High Solute Concentration

•If red cells are placed in sea water (about 3% salt), they lose water by osmosis and the cells shrivel up. Sea water
is hypertonic to their cytosol.
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Active transport is the pumping of molecules or ions

through a membrane against their concentration
gradient.
It requires:
•a transmembrane protein (usually a complex of
them) called a transporter
• energy; the source of this energy is ATP.
TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS
ANIMALS
TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS IN ANIMALS

In the body of majority of animals, substances

are transported from one part of the body to
another through blood
Thus blood is the “tissue for transport” and
circulates throughout the body.
Circulatory system consists of organs, which
make blood circulate throughout the body.
Blood transports nutrients, respiratory gases,
hormones and waste material from one part of
the body to another.
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. serves for the transport of:
▪ nutritive products like glucose, amino acids, fats,
inorganic salts and water from the intestine to all
parts of the body.
▪ respiratory materials like oxygen (from the lungs
to the tissues) and carbon dioxide (from the
tissues to the lungs, and that is to be eliminated).
▪ hormones that stimulate glands to secrete
enzymes and other secretions.
▪ excretory products like urea, uric acid, creatines
and wastes from the liver and intestine.
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
2. fights infection – related to natural
immunity.
3. maintains an acid-base balance through
the buffer system (fluid balance)
 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
4. to prevent loss of blood within the blood
vessels by the process called clotting
5. maintenance of body temperature
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

HEART
BLOOD
BLOOD VESSELS
BLOOD CELLS
 The Heart

The heart is a muscular structure that

contracts in a rhythmic pattern to pump
blood.
 HEART

- About the size of your fist

• Less than 1 lb.
- Pumps blood
 HEART

• Four chambers
• Two Atria - receiving chambers
• Right atrium
• Left atrium
• Two Ventricles- Discharging/pumping
chambers
• Right ventricle
• Left ventricle
 The Heart: Valves

• Allow blood to flow in only one direction

• Four valves
• Atrioventricular valves – between atria and
ventricles
• Bicuspid valve (left)
• Tricuspid valve (right)
• Semilunar valves between ventricle and
artery
• Pulmonary semilunar valve
• Aortic semilunar valve
 Coronary Circulation

• Blood in the heart chambers does not

nourish the myocardium
• The heart has its own nourishing
circulatory system
• Coronary arteries
• Cardiac veins
 AUTOMATICITY

INHERENT ABILITY TO CONTRACT

RHYTHMICALLY IN THE ABSENCE OF EXTERNAL
STIMULI
CARDIAC CYCLE

One systole
One diastole
 HEART SOUND
First heart sound - “lubb” sound- beginning
of ventricular systole and results from closure
of AV valves

Second heart sound “dubb” sound -

beginning of ventricular diastole and results
from closure of the semilunar valves.
 Blood Vessels

• Taking blood to the tissues and back

• Arteries – carry blood away from the heart
• Arterioles
• Capillaries – sites of exchange of
materials
• Venules
• Veins- carry blood towards the heart
BLOOD VESSELS
The basic circulatory patterns of blood
flow in a mammal.
 Blood

Plasma is the liquid component of the blood

Mammalian blood consists of a liquid (plasma)
and a number of cellular and cell fragment
components.
Plasma is about 60 % of a volume of blood; cells
and fragments are 40%.
It acts as a buffer, maintaining pH near 7.4. Plasma
contains nutrients, wastes, salts, proteins, etc.
Proteins in the blood aid in transport of large
molecules such as cholesterol.
 BLOOD PLASMA

• Composed of approximately 91 %
water, 7% proteins and 2 % other
substances (nutrients, respiratory
gases, hormones etc.)
 Blood

Figure 10.1

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

• The main function is to carry oxygen

• Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
• Biconcave disks
• Essentially bags of hemoglobin
• Anucleate (no nucleus)
• Contain very few organelles
• Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1
 Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

• Crucial in the body’s defense against

disease
• These are complete cells, with a nucleus
and organelles
• Able to move into and out of blood vessels
(diapedesis)
• Can respond to chemicals released by
damaged tissues
 Types of Leukocytes

• Granulocytes
• Granules in their
cytoplasm can be
stained
• Include neutrophils,
eosinophils, and
basophils
Neutrophil

very active in phagocyting bacteria and are

present in large amount in the pus of
wounds
Eosinophil

attack parasites and phagocyte

antigen-antibody complexes
Basophil

secrete anti-coagulant and vasodilatory

substances as histamines and serotonin
 Types of Leukocytes

• Agranulocytes
• Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
• Include lymphocytes and monocytes
monocyte
Lymphocyte

main constituents of the immune system which is a

defense against the attack of pathogenic micro-
organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and
protista
 Granulocytes

• Neutrophils
• Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
• Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
• Eosinophils
• nucleus often bilobed
• release chemicals that reduce inflammation
• attacks certain worm parasites
 Granulocytes

• Basophils
• Have histamine-containing granules

• Initiate inflammation
 Agranulocytes

• Lymphocytes
• Nucleus fills most of the cell
• Play an important role in the immune response
• Monocytes
• Largest of the white blood cells
• Function as macrophages
• Important in fighting chronic infection
 Platelets

For blood clotting

Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells
(megakaryocytes)
 Preventing Blood Loss

Vascular spasm – is an immediate but

temporary constriction of a blood vessel
resulting from contraction of smooth muscle
within the wall of the vessel.
 Preventing Blood Loss

Platelet plug – is an accumulation of platelets

that can seal up a small break in a blood
vessel.
 Preventing Blood Loss

Blood Clotting or coagulation - results in the

formation of a clot. A clot is a network of
threadlike protein fibers, called fibrin, that
traps blood cells, platelets and fluid.

A clot is a network of fibrin that traps blood

cells, platelets, and fluid.
BLOOD CLOT
ABO BLOOD TYPES
Rh Factor

Rh +
Rh-
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Arteriosclerosis – changes in arteries that

make them less elastic. These changes occur
in nearly every individual, and they become
more severe with advancing age.
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Atherosclerosis – results from the deposition

of material in the walls of arteries to form
plaques.
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart attack occurs when blood flow to a

part of heart is blocked for a long enough
time that part of the heart muscle is damaged
or dies
Myocardial infarction.
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Heart murmurs – abnormal heart sounds are

usually a result of faulty valves. A murmur
caused by an incompetent valve makes a
swishing sound immediately after closure of
the valve
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Rheumatic heart disease – can result from a

streptococcal infection in young people. Toxin
produced by the bacteria can cause an
immune reaction called rheumatic fever
approximately 2-4 weeks after the infection.
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Congenital heart disease – is heart disease

present at birth and is the result of abnormal
development of the heart
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Cyanosis – is a symptom of inadequate heart

function in babies suffering from congenital
heart disease. The term “blue baby” is
sometimes used to refer to infants with
cyanosis. The blueness of the skin is caused
by low oxygen levels in the blood in
peripheral blood vessels
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Erythrocytosis – is an overabundance of red

blood cells, resulting in increased blood
viscosity, reduced flow rates, and, if severe,
plugging of the capillaries
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Anemia – is a deficiency of normal

hemoglobin in the blood, resulting from a
decreased number of red blood cell, a
decreased amount of hemoglobin in each red
blood cell, or both.
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Aplastic anemia – one general cause of anemia

is insufficient production of red blood cells.
Aplastic anemia is caused by an inability of the
red bone marrow to produce red blood cells.

It is usually acquired as a result of damage to

the red marrow by chemicals such as benzene,
drugs such as certain antibiotics and sedatives,
or radiation
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Iron-deficiency anemia – results from a

deficient intake or absorption of iron or from
excessive iron loss.
thrombocytes
BLOOD CLOT
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Leukemia – is a cancer in which abnormal

production of one or more of the white blood
cell types occurs; can cause leukocytosis.
Immature or abnormal white blood cells
Lack normal immunological functions, people
with leukemia are very susceptible to infections
Can interfere with red blood cell and platelet
formation and thus lead to anemia and
bleeding
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Leukocytosis –is an abnormally high WBC

count. Bacterial infections often cause
leukocytosis.
LEUKEMIA
DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Hemophilia – is a genetic disorder in which

clotting is abnormal or absent. Hemophilia is
a sex-linked trait, and it occurs almost
exclusively in males.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

consists of organs, ducts, and nodes

transports a watery clear fluid called lymph
This fluid distributes immune cells and other
factors throughout the body.
It also interacts with the blood circulatory
system to drain fluid from cells and tissues.
The lymphatic system contains immune cells
called lymphocytes, which protect the body
against antigens (viruses, bacteria) that
invade the body.
Main functions of the lymphatic
system
to collect and return interstitial fluid, including
plasma protein to the blood, and thus help
maintain fluid balance
to defend the body against disease by
producing lymphocytes
to absorb lipids from the intestine and
transport them to the blood
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC VESSELS
LYMPH
LYMPH NODES
LYMPHATIC ORGANS
▪ lymph nodes
▪ spleen
▪ thymus
 LYMPHATIC VESSELS
• Lymphatic collecting vessels
• Returns fluid to circulatory veins near the
heart
 LYMPH NODES
• Filter lymph before it is returned to the
blood
• Defense cells within lymph nodes
• Macrophages – engulf and destroy foreign
substances
• Lymphocytes – provide immune response
to antigens
 Lymph Nodes

Figure 12.3

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 LYMPHOID ORGANS

• Spleen
• Thymus
• Tonsils
• Peyer’s patches
 SPLEEN

• Filters blood
• Destroys worn out blood cells
• Forms blood cells in the fetus
• Acts as a blood reservoir
 TONSILS

They provide protection against pathogens

and other potentially harmful material
entering from the nose and mouth.
 THYMUS
The thymus functions as site for the
production and maturation of lymphocytes.
Produces hormones to program lymphocytes
 Peyer’s Patches

• Found in the wall of the small intestine

• Resemble tonsils in structure
• Capture and destroy bacteria in the
intestine

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide