1.

2 Decimals and Real Numbers

We have a nice way to represent numbers including fractions, and that is as decimal expansions.
Suppose we consider numbers like \frac{1}{10}101, \frac{2}{10}102, (which is the same
as \frac{1}{5}51), \frac{3}{10}103, and so on.

We write them as .1 , .2, .3.1,.2,.3, and so on. The decimal point is a code that tells us that the
digit just beyond it is to be divided by ten.

We can extend this to integers divided by one hundred, by adding a second digit after the
decimal point. Thus .24.24 means \frac{24}{100}10024. And we can keep right on going and
describe integers divided by a thousand or by a million and so on, by longer and longer strings of
integers after the decimal point.

However we do not get all rational numbers this way if we stop. We will only get rational
numbers whose denominators are powers of ten. A number like 1/3 will
become .33333.....33333...., where the threes go on forever. (This is often written as .3*.3∗,
the star indicating that what immediately precedes it is to be repeated endlessly)

To get all rational numbers using this decimal notation you must therefore be willing to go on
forever. If you do so, you get even more than the rational numbers. The set of all sequences of
digits starting with a decimal point give you all the rational numbers between 0 and 1 and even
more. What you get are called the real numbers between 0 and 1. The rational numbers turn out
to be those that repeat endlessly, like .33333.....33333...., or .1000.....1000....,
or .14141414.....14141414...., (aka .(14)*.(14)∗).

Now neither you nor I nor any computer are really going to go on forever writing a number so
there is a sense of unreality about this notion of real numbers, but so what? In your imagination
you can visualize a stream of numbers going on forever. That will represent a real number.

If you stop a real number after a finite number of digits, you get a rational number (because all
its entries after where you stopped are zeroes). As a result, the rules of addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division that work for rational numbers can be used to do the same things for
real numbers as well. Fortunately, the digits that are far to the right of the decimal point in a
number have little effect on computations when there are non-zero digits much closer to the
decimal point.

Since we cannot in real life go on forever to describe a non-rational real number, to do so we

have to describe it some other way. Here is an example of different way to describe a number.
We define the number that has decimal
expansion .1101001000100001.....1101001000100001....; between each consecutive
pair of 11's there is a number of 00's that is one more than between the previous
consecutive pair of 1's.This number is not rational; it does not repeat itself.
We do not have to, but just for the fun of it, we will go one step further and extend our numbers
once more, to complex numbers. This is required if you want to define inverses to the operation
of squaring a number. (Complex numbers are entities of the
form a+bia+bi where aa and bb are real numbers and ii squared is -1−1.)