IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 17, No.

3; June 2010 799

On the Frequency Domain Dielectric Response

of Oil-paper Insulation at Low Temperatures
I. Fofana1,2, H. Hemmatjou1,2, F. Meghnefi1,2, M. Farzaneh2, A. Setayeshmehr3, H. Borsi3
and E. Gockenbach3
1
Canada Research Chair on Insulating Liquids and Mixed Dielectrics for Electrotechnology (ISOLIME),
University of Quebec at Chicoutimi, Qc, Canada
2
International Research Centre on Atmospheric Icing and Power Network Engineering (CenGivre),
University of Quebec at Chicoutimi, Qc, Canada
3
Institute of Electric Power Systems, Division of High Voltage Engineering, Schering- Institute;
University of Hanover, Germany

ABSTRACT
Results of Frequency Domain Spectroscopy measurements are known to be largely
influenced by environmental conditions, such as the temperature. Because field
measurements, last hours after de-energizing the transformer, the ambient
temperature may affect the results. Especially in cold regions of the world, extreme
care are required to interpret the results when performing tests at relatively low
surrounding temperatures. A better understanding and analysis of the dielectric test
results are therefore only possible with a clear understanding of the physical behavior
of the insulation system in response to the ambient conditions. In this contribution, the
dielectric behavior of a composite oil paper insulation system has been explained from
the properties of Debye basic model. A series of experiments have been performed
under controlled laboratory conditions with preset moisture content inside the
insulation. The equivalent circuit parameters of a laboratory made oil paper condenser
bushing model were obtained using a non-linear optimization procedure. Since the
dielectric parameters values are geometry dependent, poles, calculated from resistances
and capacitances, were used as they are independent of the geometry. It was shown
that the poles can be regarded as parameters able to be used for insulation condition
assessment.

Index Terms - Dielectric spectroscopy, Frequency domain, conductivity, moisture

content, low temperatures, oil-paper insulation, poles.

1 INTRODUCTION Because the lifetime of a transformer is directly related to

POWER transformers are considered capital investments
in the infrastructure of every country in the world. They are
the “heart” of any electric power distribution and transmission
systems and it is essential that they function properly. This
importance is either raised due to the increasing demand of
electric energy.
Nowadays, a large number of power transformers around
the world are approaching towards the end of their design life.
Replacing them with new ones - only because of their age - is
clearly uneconomic, since some of these transformers are still
in good condition and could be used for many more years. For
these reasons, transformer life management gained an ever
increasing interest over the past decade, due to both economic
and technical reasons [1-8].
Manuscript received on 26 August 2009, in final form 2 December 2009.
the quality of the insulation, condition monitoring of the
insulation of transformers appeared to be an important issue.
Indeed, condition monitoring can be utilized to attempt the
prediction of the insulation condition and the remaining
lifetime of a transformer. In this context, the adequacy of
existing and the application of new diagnostic tools and
monitoring techniques gain increasing importance [1-7].
Numbers of modern diagnostic techniques used to assess the
insulation condition of transformers include, but not limited
to, dissolved gas analysis (DGA), degree of polymerization
(DP) measurement, and high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC), the classical insulation resistance,
power frequency dissipation factor, and polarization index
measurements [1, 3].
Increasing requirements for appropriate tools to diagnose
power systems insulation non-destructively and reliably in the
field drive the development of diagnostic tools like Time

1070-9878/10/$25.00 © 2010 IEEE

800 I. Fofana et al.: On the Frequency Domain Dielectric Response of Oil-paper Insulation at Low Temperatures
domain measurement based on Polarization/Depolarization
Current measurements and Frequency Domain Spectroscopic
measurements, over the last decades [1-8]. This is facilitated
significantly by the availability of modern computer
controlled instrumentation.
Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) measurement
techniques provide indication of the general ageing status and
moisture content of the oil-paper insulation of transformer.
However, the results of these tests are severely influenced by
several environmental factors, predominantly the temperature
[7]. This temperature effect is more prominent in outdoor
substations where the external environmental conditions are
hardly predictable and controllable. In cold regions of the
world, the annual average temperature can be as low as 0°C
(even lower in some regions) with only few summer weeks.
Maintenance engineers have to perform sometimes
measurements under low outdoor temperatures. For accurate
interpretation of the measurement results in such situations, it
is essential to understand the variations of FDS measurement
results under low temperatures.
A better understanding and analysis of the dielectric test
results are only possible with a clear understanding of the
physical behavior of the insulation system in response to
moisture and temperature. A circuit model, based on the
principles of linear dielectric response has been derived. The
measurement has been performed under controlled
temperatures and moisture content in the paper. The values of
the model parameters have been identified from the dielectric
tests on the laboratory made bushing.
Since the dielectric parameters values are geometry
dependent, poles, calculated from resistances and
capacitances, were used as they are independent of the
geometry. A correlation has been developed between the
physical condition of the insulation and the equivalent
model parameters that enable a clear and transparent
interpretation of the dielectric test results. The feasibility of
using poles to assess insulation condition is discussed. This
contribution reports laboratory tests results on oil
impregnated paper condenser bushing model with
controlled variations of temperature with moisture content
in the paper as a parameter. A climate room chamber with ±
0.1°C accuracy was used to vary the temperature at -10, 5
and 20°C. For each temperature, FDS measurements were
performed after allowing sufficient time (2 weeks) for the
oil paper insulation to reach stable temperature and
moisture equilibrium.
2 BACKGROUND ON FREQUENCY
DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPY
This technique allows studying the slow polarization
processes by measuring current due to a sinusoidal excitation
U(ω). It offers an alternative method to study of the dielectric
response in the frequency domain. An analytical transition
from time to frequency domain can be made using the
Laplace- or Fourier transform by rewriting polarization
equations [5]. Since single frequency component is considered
at a time, resultant current can be written as follows:
⎡ ⎤
) ⎢ ⎛ σo ⎞⎥ )
I (ω ) = jωCo ⎢ε ∞ + χ ' (ω ) − j ⎜⎜ + χ " (ω )⎟⎟⎥U (ω )
⎢ 14243 ⎝ ε oω ⎥
⎢ ε '(ω ) 1442443⎠⎥
⎣ ε "(ω ) ⎦
)
= jω [C ' (ω ) − jC ' ' (ω )]U (ω ) (1)
) )
= jωC (ω )U (ω )
where Co is the geometrical capacitance of the test object,
computed to 20.136 nF, ε∞ is the high frequency component
of the permittivity, ω is the angular frequency, Û(ω) is the
applied voltage, C’(ω) and C”( ω) are real and imaginary
components of the complex capacitance Ĉ(ω).
The complex susceptibility χ(ω) =χ’(ω) - jχ”(ω) is the Fourier
transform of the dielectric response function f(t) and defined
as the complex dielectric susceptibility. Given that the
complex permittivity ε(ω) = ε’(ω) - jε’’(ω), the loss factor tan
δ in frequency domain can be defined as follows [5, 8]:
σo
+ χ " (ω )
ε " (ω ) ε oω
tan δ (ω ) = = (2)
ε ' (ω ) ε ∞ + χ ' (ω )
where σo is the dc conductivity of the dielectric material, εo =
8.852 10-12 As/Vm is the vacuum permittivity, ε’(ω) and
ε”( ω) are real and imaginary components of the complex
permittivity.
Both quantities C and tanδ depend on frequency. As aging
effects will change these quantities in quite different and
specific frequency ranges, new diagnostic tools will monitor
and detect this effect.
Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (FDS) method has been
implemented in the Insulation Diagnostic Analyzer “IDA 200”
[9]. This instrument allows the frequency scan, of the
capacitance, power factor, dielectric constants and dielectric
losses over essential frequency ranges, that is from 0.1 mHz to
1 kHz (typically 1 mHz to 1 kHz). It should be emphasized
that all dielectric quantities are more or less temperature
dependent. Any comparison or measurement of these
quantities must take this into account.
3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
A laboratory oil paper condenser model (Figure 1) has been
designed to study the effect of low temperature on the
frequency domain spectroscopic measurement results.
The object model was constructed by wrapping a conductor
with cellulose paper and aluminum foils. Cellulose paper used
was a Diamond Pattern Paper (DPP), manufactured by
Weidmann [10] having a thickness dlayer = 0.125 mm and a
dielectric strength VB,layer = 8.5 kV, performed according to
ASTM D-202, Section 143.
The moisture content of the cellulose paper, when
delivered, was measured to 6% using Karl Fisher coulometer.
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 17, No. 3; June 2010 801

The oil paper condenser model was carefully dried under consists of the oil duct in series with the pressboard, the ratio
vacuum (<1 mbar, 48 hours at 105°C) before impregnation. of the capacitance (CR) is about 3-5, for good insulation [8,
Then, impregnation with degassed and dried commercial 12]. Figure 3 summarises the CR computed from values given
grade mineral oil (moisture content < 5 ppm) was performed. in Figure 2.

Terminals

Box containing paper

samples for Karl Fisher
titrations

OIP condenser

Figure 1. Overview of the OIP condenser Model. Figure 2. Effect of paper moisture content and temperature on the frequency
scan of capacitance.
First of all, the samples were exposed to ambient air to reach a
certain moisture level (as quantified by the moisture in paper). Out of Figure 3, it can be seen that, the higher the CR, the
As the time constant of moisture migration from oil to solid wetter the insulation is. Moisture changes the dielectric
insulation and vice versa is about 333 h at 20 °C [11], samples constant of the equivalent capacitor so it also affects CR.
were placed in the sealed vessel, at 20 °C, for at least 2 weeks Also, for a given moisture content, the CR increase with
to reach an equilibrium condition before performing temperature increase.
measurements. In order to access low temperatures effect on
6
FDS measurements, an adiabatic climate chamber with ± m.c.=0,93%
0.1°C accuracy was used and measurements performed at
5
discrete temperature of -10, 5 or 20 °C. After the temperature m.c.=3,13%
was found to reach the temperature set in the climate chamber,
4 m.c.=5,06%
the measurements on oil impregnated paper samples were
performed about two hours later. At temperatures lower than
C-ratio

3
20 °C, complex dynamic processes occurring as moisture
diffuses, are very slow with diffusion time constants higher
2
than 2 weeks [11]. The moisture content measured
immediately after each measurement by Karl Fisher titration
1
revealed remained almost the same.
4 MEASUREMENT RESULTS 0
-10 5 20
IDA 200 was used to evaluate frequency scan of insulation Temperature (°C)
Figure 3. CR computed from values reported in Fig. 2.
material properties in a large frequency range, starting from 1
mHz to 1 kHz. Out of the following Figures, some of the
measured values are missing. This is because of a problem that
occurred during the FDS measurement at T = -10 °C. The
frequency scan of the Capacitance C is represented in Figure 2.
Below 1 Hz the capacitance values increase with decreasing
frequency. Low frequency measurements appear to be very helpful
for accurately monitoring the condition of insulation. This is
agreement with investigations reported by other authors [6-8].
Quantities such as Capacitance Ratio (CR) which are
important for transformer insulation diagnosis [8, 12] can
directly be "read" from the capacitance frequency scan. This is
the ratio between C (at 1 mHz) and C (60 Hz) capacitances. Figure 4. Effect of paper moisture content and temperature on the frequency
For a high voltage transformer where the insulation system scan of the dielectric dissipation factor.
802 I. Fofana et al.: On the Frequency Domain Dielectric Response of Oil-paper Insulation at Low Temperatures
The Dielectric Dissipation Factor (DDF) and the real and
imaginary part of the permittivity of the complex dielectric
capacitance are plotted respectively in Figures 4, 5 and 6. The
DDF increases with temperature and moisture increase. The
capacitance also increases with temperature in the low
frequency range.
Figure 5. Effect of paper moisture content and temperature on the frequency
scan of the real part of permittivity.
Figure 6. Effect of paper moisture content and temperature on the frequency
scan of the imaginary part of permittivity.
Figure 7. Effect of paper moisture content and temperature on the frequency
scan of the composite insulation conductivity.
The shape of the imaginary part of the permittivity scans
(Figure 5) are very similar to those obtained for the
capacitance.
Insulation temperature and moisture content are known to
increase the conductivity of cellulose and oil. This
phenomenon is also observed at low temperatures (Figure 7).
It can be seen from Figures 4-7 that, moisture affects the FDS
measurements of oil impregnated paper. This is in agreement
with the common scheme for FDS reported by CIGRE Task
Force 15.01.09 [7]. Temperature has a direct influence on
these parameters. Obviously, all these parameters are more
sensitive to moisture than to temperature.
5 INSULATION MODEL
The interpretation of dielectric system responses has to take
into account complex equivalent circuits for the different
insulating parts. A number of equivalent circuits for modeling
the transformer oil/paper insulation system have been
proposed over the last few years [13] for a better
understanding of the dielectric response. In essence, all of the
models proposed so far have been derived from an extended
Debye approach based on a simple RC model. This model
consists in a parallel arrangement of branches each containing
a series connection of resistor and capacitor. The number of
branches in most practical modeling purposes varies from six
to ten depending upon the nature of the depolarization
process. Figure 8 depicts such an arrangement adapted to the
multilayer oil-paper insulation. Each series circuit Ri – Ci
represents a relaxation process in the insulation and has associated
time constant given by τi = RiCi. Considering the insulation
system as a “black box”, this model attempts to identify the
individual effect of paper and oil condition on the model
parameters without requiring any prior knowledge about their
relative arrangements [14].
R1 R2 Ri Rn
R0
U0 C0
C1 C2 Ci Cn
Figure 8. Modelling the dielectric response of a multilayer insulation by
means of equivalent circuits.
The conduction current in the insulation is due to the
insulation resistance R0 while C0 represents the geometric
capacitance of the insulation system [14-16]. The basic theory
behind the model can be found in the literature [14]. This
model has a linear behaviour. The linearity of real multilayer
oil-paper insulation is influenced by the electric field strength
which must not exceed 10 V/mm [17]. This condition is
fulfilled in our investigations.
The physical validity of this model has been demonstrated by
many authors, as for example:
- Gafvert et al [18] for studying the polarization processes
from the basic equations of dielectric physics.
- Houhanessian et al [19, 20], described the derivation of an
equivalent circuit from relaxation current (PDC)
measurements.
- Saha et al [14] modelled the transformer’s main insulation
system, to describe its dielectric behavior.
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 17, No. 3; June 2010
A model for the OIP bushing’s main insulation system which
describes its dielectric behaviour was parameterised. All
parameters of this model can now be simulated and further
determined using already measured characteristics of the OIP
bushing with certain water content. The “best fit” between
measured and calculated amplitudes and arguments for
different moisture contents are provided. Figures 9 and 10
represent respectively the frequency scan of the absolute value
and argument of the geometric impedance of the OIP bushing
condenser, moisture content inside the paper insulation was
5.06%.
Figure 9. Frequency scan of the absolute value of the geometric impedance Z
compared RC model (moisture content inside the paper insulation was 5.06%).
Figure 10. Frequency scan of the argument of the geometric impedance Z
compared RC model (moisture content inside the paper insulation was 5.06%).
The optimization method was used to minimize the error on
the fitting. The equivalent circuit model parameters were
obtained using a non-linear optimisation procedure with the
help of software code "fminsearch" written in MATLAB
library. This code is based on "Nelder-Mead Simplex Method"
[21]. Figure 11 provides an overview of the graphical user
interface of this code.
Ri – Ci values of the equivalent insulation model have been
calculated at different temperatures from data reported in
Figures 9 and 10. Figures 12 and 13 represent respectively the
variation of resistances and capacitances with the temperature.
803
The moisture content inside the paper in this case was measured
at 5.06%. The reduction in insulation resistance with increasing
temperature is due to increased mobility of the charge carriers
inside the insulation at higher temperatures. The insulation
resistance provides information about the overall condition of
the insulation. A higher value indicates better condition of
insulation whereas a lower value corresponds to moist insulation
or high temperature. A better condition of the paper tends to
increase the value of branch resistances Ri and decrease the
value of the time-constant. The obtained results mean a linear
behaviour. This is more or less given for the multilayer oil-paper
insulation without an oil duct [17].
Figure 11. An overview of the graphical user interface of the code developed
in Matlab.
6. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND
MOISTURE CONTENT
In order to determine the influence of the temperature and
moisture content inside the paper on the model parameters, three
temperatures (-10, 5 and 20 °C) and three moisture contents
(0.93%, 3.13% and 5.06%) were considered in the experiments.
The variation of insulation resistance can be defined with an
equation if material does not change inherently. Using Arrhenius
equation, the temperature dependency of the insulation resistance
R0 and the branches corresponding to different time constants
(Ri) on the activation energy can be described.
Ea
R (T ) = R 0 × e RT (3)
Where R is the perfect gas constant and T the absolute
temperature. The R0 is a constant equal to the resistance value
at an infinity high temperature and R(T) is the dc resistance at
the temperature T. The equation (3) shows that the slope of
the graph of the logarithm of the insulation resistance versus
the inverse of the temperature gives the activation energy Ea.
Figure 13 indicates that the values of the geometrical
capacitance C0 and the capacitances Ci of the branches
corresponding to different time constants are almost not
affected by temperature variations.
804 I. Fofana et al.: On the Frequency Domain Dielectric Response of Oil-paper Insulation at Low Temperatures

Figure 12. Variation of model branch resistances with temperature. The

Figure 14. Variation of the insulation resistance R0 as a function of the
moisture content inside the paper was measured at 5.06%.
moisture content inside the paper. The temperature acted as parameter.

Figure 13. Variation of model branch capacitances with temperature. The

moisture content inside the paper was measured at 5.06%.
Figure 15. Variation of the geometric capacitance C0 as a function of the
Figures 14 and 15 represent respectively the insulation moisture content inside the paper. The temperature acted as parameter.
resistance R0 and capacitance C0 as a function of moisture
content inside the paper. The temperature acted as parameter.
Out of Figure 14, the value of the resistance (T = -10°C and
moisture content = 3.13%) is missing. This is because of a
problem that occurred during the FDS measurement at this
temperature. As can be seen in Figures 16 and 17, which
represent respectively the frequency scan of absolute value
and the argument of the geometric impedance of the OIP
bushing condenser (the moisture content inside the paper
being 3.13%), the measurements were interrupted at T = -
10°C. This affected the estimation of the model parameters at
this temperature and moisture content (3.13%).
It should be noticed that the insulation resistance provides
information about the overall status of the insulation. A higher
value of resistance indicates better insulation condition whereas
lower one corresponds to moist insulation or high temperature.
Figure 15 shows that, contrary to insulation resistance, temperature Figure 16. Frequency scan of the absolute value of the geometric impedance
has almost no effect on the geometric capacitance C0. Z (moisture content inside the paper insulation was 3.13%).

From the obtained results it was found that the equivalent A better condition of the paper tends to increase the value
model parameters values were affected by both test temperature of Ri and decrease the value of Ci. This is in agreement with
and the moisture content inside the paper insulation. results reported by Saha et al [14]. However, in order that this
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation
approach be applied to different equipments with different
insulation geometry and size, it is essential to introduce a
parameter independent of the geometry.
Figure 17. Frequency scan of the argument of the geometric impedance Z
(moisture content inside the paper insulation was 3.13%).
Considering theoretical relationships of the insulation
resistance and geometrical capacitance, the pole P of the
insulation may be obtained (S being the cross sectional area
and L, the distance between electrodes):
⎧ L ⎧ 1
⎪⎪P = RC
R =ρ
⎪⎪ S temperatures and different moisture conditions too.
⎨ ⇒⎨
⎪C = ε ε S ⎪P = 1
⎪⎩ 0 r
L ⎪⎩ ρε 0 ε r
Since the dielectric parameters (resistances and
capacitances) values are geometry dependent, poles,
calculated from resistances and capacitances, may be used, as
they are independent of the geometry. Figure 18 represents the
variation of poles as a function of the moisture content inside
the paper; the temperature acted as parameter.
Figure 18. Variation of poles with the temperature and the moisture content
inside the paper.
Vol. 17, No. 3; June 2010 805
It may be observed that the poles can be regarded as
parameters allowing assessing oil-paper composite insulation
state. The poles may provide information about the overall
status of the insulation. A lower value of poles seems to
indicate better condition of insulation whereas higher
corresponds to moist insulation or high temperature. The
authors are actually engaged in additional studies including
insulation aging to assess the capability of poles in assessing
oil-paper composite insulation overall condition.
The results of moisture analysis by the software MODS show
an influence of temperature too (see Figure 19).
Figure 19. Comparison of FDS analysis with Karl Fisher method for moisture
determination in the solid insulation.
The analysed results calculated by the software MODS for
FDS measurement data show only a slight difference at low
temperatures. Therefore these are the best results at different
(4)
7 ON THE CONTEXT OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS
The annual average temperature in cold regions of the
world, can reach values as low as 0 °C (even lower in some
regions) with only few summer weeks. Maintenance engineers
have to perform sometimes measurements under such harsh
conditions, that is, at low outdoor temperatures. The
temperature of the insulation system in power equipments is
known to have a great influence on the results of dielectric
response measurements [1, 2, 4-8, 13-20]. For accurate
modeling and interpretation of the measurement results, it is
essential to understand the variations of FDS measurement
results under low temperatures.
The investigations performed under controlled laboratory
conditions indicate that, the behaviour at low temperature
reflect those at higher temperatures. The estimations of water
content in solid insulation using the instrument for Frequency
Domain Spectroscopy called IDA 200 were compared to those
directly measured by Karl Fisher titration. The analysed
results calculated by the software MODS 1.5 for FDS
measurement data show only a slight difference indicating that
this software offers a good compensation of influence of
insulation temperature, even at low temperatures.
8 CONCLUSIONS
Interpretation of FDS test results still remains a
difficult task as it is believed to be influenced by various
parameters including insulation ageing condition,
806 I. Fofana et al.: On the Frequency Domain Dielectric Response of Oil-paper Insulation at Low Temperatures
moisture content and also by environmental condition like
the operating temperature. In this paper, the frequency
domain spectroscopy (FDS) has been used to investigate
dielectric response of oil paper insulation at low
temperatures.
A Debye circuit model, which describes the dielectric
behavior of oil-paper composite insulation system, has
been parameterized in this paper. The equivalent circuit
parameters were obtained using a non-linear optimization
procedure. The oil and paper conditions, namely
temperature and moisture, are found to affect the
parameters of the equivalent model in a definite and
distinct way, thereby enabling correct and transparent
interpretation of the dielectric diagnosis results. From the
obtained results it was found that resistance values were
affected by both test temperature and the moisture content
of the paper. On the contrary, the temperature depicted
almost no influence on the geometrical capacitance of the
model.
The temperature compensation introduced in MODS
software seems to be appropriate for oil paper insulation
condition assessment at low temperatures by FDS.
Since the dielectric parameters values are geometry
dependent, poles, calculated from resistances and
capacitances, were used as they are independent of the
geometry. It was found that the poles can be regarded as
parameters allowing assessing oil-paper composite
insulation state. This finding may enable a clear and
transparent interpretation of the dielectric test results.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was carried out within the framework of the
Canada Research Chair, ISOLIME and the International
Research Center, CENGIVRE at the University of Quebec
in Chicoutimi. The authors would like to thank J. Cross and
Weidmann of Electrical Technology Inc. (United States) for
their support in materials as well as all the
sponsors/collaborators of the project.
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Electr. Insul. Dielectr. Phenomena (CEIDP), pp. 441–447, 2001.
[21] J.C. Lagarias, J. A. Reeds, M. H. Wright, and P. E. Wright,
"Convergence Properties of the Nelder-Mead Simplex Method in Low
Dimensions," SIAM J. Optimization, Vol. 9, pp. 112-147, 1998.
Issouf Fofana (M´05-SM’09) received the Electro-
mechanical Engineering degree in 1991 from the University
of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), the Master and Ph.D. degrees
respectively in 1993 and 1996, respectively from the Ecole
Centrale de Lyon, France, where he was postdoctoral
researcher in 1997. From 1998 to 2000, he was researcher
(fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung from
November 97 to August 1999) at the Schering Institute of High Voltage
Engineering Techniques (University of Hanover, Germany). He joined the
Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC) as an Associate Researcher in
2000. He is currently an Associate Professor at the UQAC, Quebec, Canada.
Since September 2005, Dr Fofana is Chair holder of the Canada Research
Chair, tier 2, on Insulating Liquids and mixed dielectrics for
Electrotechnology (ISOLIME). He is registered as a professional engineer in
the province of Quebec, and is currently appointed to the Technical
Committee of the IEEE CEIDP and the International Advisory Committee of
the IEEE ICDL. He is a member of the IEEE Task Force on Atmospheric
Icing performance of line insulators and member of the ASTM D27 Task
Group to develop a test method for Partial Discharge Inception Voltage. He
has authored/co-authored over 130 scientific publications and has 3 patents.
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 17, No. 3; June 2010
Hossein Hemmatjou was born in Iran, Ahar, in 1972. He
received the Bachelor degree in applied electrical engineering
from the Shiraz University in 1996. He joined the University
of Tabriz, where he obtained the Master degree in control and
instrumentation engineering in 1999. Following three year
working in the domain of electronic circuit designing, he
joined the Université du Quebec à Chicoutimi (UQAC) where he completed
his Ph.D. studies as well as his research in the CIGELE’s group in 2006. His
main research interests include high voltage phenomena, electrical insulation,
modeling and computer simulation, and control engineering. He is now
working at GENIVAR, Chicoutimi (Canada) as consulting engineer in the
field of Power Engineering. He has authored and co-authored dozens of
technical papers and reports.
Fethi Meghnefi was born in Tlemcen, Algeria, in 1974. He
was awarded an engineer degree in electronics in 1998 from
the University of Sidi-Bel-Abbes (Algeria), a Master degree
in 2001 from the University of Tlemcen, Algeria and the
Ph.D. degree in 2007 at the Université du Québec à
Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada within the NSERC/Hydro-
Quebec Industrial Chair on Atmospheric Icing of Power Network Equipment
(CIGELE). He is currently postdoctoral research fellow within the Canada
Research Chair ISOLIME, in the same university. His main research interests
include signal processing, modeling and computer simulation, control
engineering and high voltage engineering. He has authored and co-authored
dozens of technical papers and reports.
Masoud Farzaneh (M'83-SM'91-F’07) received his
electrical engineering degree from the École Polytechnique
of Iran in 1973. He received successively a doctoral degree in
engineering from Institut nationale polytechnique and
Université Paul Sabatier, in France, and a Doctorat d'État
from the latter university. From 1980 to 1982, he was
Associate Professor at Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d'Oran,
Algeria. He joined Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC) in 1982 as a
guest professor. Following this, he became a full professor, as well as founder
and Director of the Master's Degree Program in Engineering. He is currently
Chairholder of the NSERC/Hydro-Quebec Industrial Chair on Atmospheric
Icing (CIGELE), and Chairholder of the Canada Research Chair on
Atmospheric Icing Engineering of Power Networks (INGIVRE). He is also
founder of the International Research Centre on Atmospheric Icing and
Engineering of Power Networks (CENGIVRE) of which he is currently
Director. Prof. Farzaneh is author and co-author of more than 800 scientific
publications in the domain of high voltage, outdoor insulation and
atmospheric icing. He is Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
(IEE), Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada (EIC), Charter Member
of the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) as well
as member of the New York Academy of Sciences and the American
Association for the Advancement of Sciences. He is currently Associate
Editor of IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,
Chairman of the IEEE DEIS Outdoor Insulation Committee, as well as
Chairman or member of several working groups and task forces of IEEE and
CIGRÉ dealing with atmospheric icing of HV equipment.
807
Alireza Setayeshmehr was born in 1969 in Iran. He received
the B.Sc. degree in 1993 from Ferdosi University and the
M.Sc. degree in 1996 from the Tarbiat Modarres University,
in electrical engineering, both in Iran. Since 1996, he has
worked as a member of the academic staff of Chamran
University, Ahvaz, Iran. Since 2003, he worked as a Ph.D.
student at the Schering Institute of High Voltage Techniques and Engineering
at the University of Hannover, Germany. His main research interests are
monitoring and diagnostic of high-voltage power transformers.
Hossein Borsi was born in 1946. He received the Dipl.-Ing.
degree in electrical engineering in 1972, Dr.-Ing. degree in
1976 and habilitation with “Venia legendi“ for
“Hochspannungs-meßtechnik” in 1979 from the university
of Hanover, Germany. From 1979 to 1985 he was Professor
of Power Engineering at the University of Mashad, Iran,
from 1980 to 1982 was Dean of the faculty of engineering and from 1981 to
1985 scientific adviser at the ministry of energy in Iran. He is one of the four
founding members of the current transformer factory “Reza Transwerke” in
Iran and was from 1982 to 1985 its technical director. Since 1986 he is a
lecturer of high voltage measuring techniques and Academic Director at the
Schering Institute of the University of Hanover. He is a member of VDE,
different CIGRE Task Forces and national Working Groups for
standardization. He is author and co- author of more than 300 scientific
publications and has more than 20 patents in the field of high voltage
technology.
Ernst Gockenbach (M´83-SM´88-F’01) received the Diplom
degree in 1974 and the Ph.D. degree in 1979 from the
Technical University of Darmstadt. From 1979 to 1982 he
worked at the High Voltage Test Laboratory of the Switchgear
Factory Siemens AG, Berlin, and was responsible for the High
Voltage Outdoor Test Field. From 1982 to 1990 he worked
with E. Haefely AG in Basel, Switzerland, as chief engineer for high voltage
test equipment. Currently he is professor of high voltage engineering and
director of the Schering-Institute of High Voltage Technique and Engineering
at the University of Hanover. He is member of VDE and CIGRE, chairman of
the CIGRE Study Committee D1 Materials and Emerging technologies,
member of CIGRE Working Group D1-33 High Voltage Test and Measuring
Technique and member of national and international Working Groups for
Standardization of High Voltage Test and Measuring Procedures.