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MODULE 2
Topic 1: Introduction to Philosophy
Learning Outcomes:
1. Concretely explain the major concepts of Philosophy
2. Perform a talk-show about the importance and benefits of learning philosophy to them
and to the community
Introduction:
Philosophy is a broad term used to refer significant topics in human life. It is derived
from two Greek words; “philos” meaning “love” and “Sophia” which means “wisdom”.
Combined together, these two words would eventually denote “love for wisdom”. However,
Philosophy is more than just the etymology or meaning of its words of origin. Philosophy is
seen and perceived differently from one area to another. Thus it is important to note that in
understanding the true meaning of philosophy, it is important to consider the many
definitions attached to it.
Philosophy means;
1. The fundamental values or some basic assumption about things, persons,
institutions, and others which form presuppositions that influence one’s beliefs,
decisions, and actions.
2. The activity of reflecting on and analyzing one’s beliefs or reasons for actions or
decisions.
3. A reconstructed belief or a value system which shows a universal and
comprehensive character as a result of reflection and analysis in a more
comprehensive and systematic manner.
Simply put, philosophy largely means a person’s well-supported thought, belief, or
value that influence his/her actions and decisions in life. These personal thoughts, beliefs,
and values are a result of one’s reflection and analysis of the things he/she knew,
experienced, learned, or logically thought out.

The Major Branches of Philosophy

The concept of Philosophy is too broad as it involves anything produced by the
person’s mind as a result of reflecting on and analyzing his/her own experience. With this in

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mind, it is important to dissect Philosophy into different fields with specific areas concerned.
Because of this, Philosophy is subdivided into different branches.
Ethics
● Came from the Greek word “ethos” which means moral philosophy
● It is mainly concerned about human conduct
● It deals with norms or standards of what is right and wrong, good and not
good, moral and not moral
● It is a prescriptive field of interest, as it prescribes or advises people on what
should they do in different aspects in life rather than merely describing what is
good or bad alone.
● It helps people prioritize their values.

Aesthetics
● Came from the Greek word “aisthetikos” which means “sensitive” or
“perceptive”. This means that this field is largely concerned on the things that
can be perceived through the senses.
● It is concerned with the analysis of aesthetic experience and the idea of what
the person finds beautiful.
● Here, philosophers analyze whether beauty is based on utility (usefulness),
experience, form, pleasure, or expression.

Epistemology
● Came from the Greek word “episteme” which means “knowledge”
● It deal with various problems concerning knowledge
● One of its prime concerns is to find out the origin of knowledge- whether
knowledge came from empiricism (that knowledge is comes from experience) or
from rationalism (that knowledge came from the mind before having an
experience)
● It is also concerned with the distinction between belief and knowledge, the
nature of truth, the problems of perception, the external world, meaning, and
other minds.

Logic

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● It looks into finding out whether there are rules or principles that govern
reasoning
● It analyzes the methods of deduction and induction to provide the rules on how
people ought to think logically.
a. Deduction – creating specific thoughts from a general concept
b. Induction – creating general thought/concept from specific thoughts.
● It increases one’s ability to reason correctly and avoid irrational or invalid
reasoning (fallacies)

Metaphysics
● Literally means “after physics” or “beyond physics”. This means that this field
focuses on topics that are beyond the physical aspect of the world.
● It is defined as the study of the nature of reality
● Analyzes whether everything is material, and if life, energy, and mind are its
manifestations
● It seeks to analyze things according to its appearance (how something looks or
by how it appears to be) and its reality (that which actually is)

Brief History of Philosophy

The study of Philosophy is something that has naturally ocured in the minds of
humans even during the early years of the beginning of human civilization. It is important to
understand how the study of philosophy has progressed throughout the years, and its
important milestones to the lives of people across history.

Period of Period in Major Philosophical Ideas Contributor

Philosophy History
Pre- Ancient 1. Explaining the origin of Ancient Babylonians,
philosophical Period things through folklores, Chinese, Hindus,
Period myths, and legends that Egyptians, and
ancient civilizations Greeks
believed in.
Pre-Socratic Classical 1. Search for causes and Thales of Miletus, the
Period Period principles of the natural Father of Philosophy
world and various

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phenomena without
relying on supernatural
explanation and divine
components
2. Belief that earth floats on
water, and that water is
the ultimate substance
3. The universe was formed
from the boundless
(apeiron) which is both the
Anaximander
first principle (arche) and
the substance (stoicheion)
of the universe
4. On another account, the
Earth is surrounded by
air in a more or less
compressed state through Anaximenes
the process of rarefaction,
therefore air is the
fundamental element.
5. Believed that there is a
single non- Xenophanes of
anthropomorphic (non- Colophon
human like) god.
6. The universe is made up
of a structured system of Pythagoras
numbers.
c 1. The use of Socratic Socrates
Method of finding the
truth. Socratic Method is
a method of questioning
that makes one to
examine his/her own
ideas and conceptions
about a certain question.

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2. Urged self-examination
and started the thought
that “an unexamined life
is not worth living”
3. Knowledge through
concepts is the only
means to acquire through
knowledge.
4. A society must be led by a
Philosopher King for it to Plato
flourish.
5. True justice is achieved
when one person acts in
accordance to what
he/she is ought to do.
6. Human beings
philosophize because of
their curiosity of the
world, and finding
answers to this will only
lead to more questions.
Aristotle
7. Believed that the aim of
philosophy is to see the
truth, and that senses
(human senses) provide a
greater opportunity to
learn the truth.
Scholasticism Medieval 1. Faith can be described or
Medieval Philosophers
Period reinforced through
and Theologians
reason.
Rationalism Modern 1. Reason is the only source Rene Descartes,
Period of knowledge. All types of Baruch Spinoza,
knowledge are confined to Gottfried Wilhelm
analytic and formal Leibniz
knowledge of mathematics

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and logic
Empiricism 1. Both reason and
experience are the sources
of knowledge.
2. The five senses are a rich
source of new knowledge
that can be known and
that it works together with
reason to get a rich
supply of knowledge.
Synthetic a 1. Reason can be used to
Priori criticize reason itself to
Knowledge establish a reliable basis
for science, religion, and
Immanuel Kant
morality
2. Human reason is capable
of a priori (formed
beforehand) knowledge
Analytic Contemporar 1. Language should be
Tradition y Period carefully examined and
logically analyzed for it to
Bertrand Rusell,
be used for solving
George Edward
problems in philosophy
Moore, Ludwig
2. Knowledge and ideas can
Wittgenstein
only be considered as true
when it can be verified by
science
Continental 1. Science is not enough to
Tradition verify knowledge or ideas
to be true but that it also
requires perspective from
the past or history.

Value of Philosophy

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The complexity of Philosophy has been perceived by some as a reason why studying
the Philosophy or even engaging in the act of philosophizing (the act of analyzing or
reflecting on things logically) as a complete waste of time as it doesn’t immediately grant
material advantages to people. However, Philosophy, if well understood can take one’s life
into a higher plane of awareness. Below are some of the many things that prove how valuable
Philosophy is.

● Bertrand Rusell claims that the aim of philosophy is knowledge, thus striving for
philosophy helps achieve the knowledge that gives unity and system to the different
bodies of science.
● It enables people to gain knowledge out from their convictions, prejudices, and beliefs,
which eventually helps people in developing their quality of knowledge and ability to
reason.
● It enables individuals to examine more about themselves and find their answers to
significant life questions for themselves. It opens a person’s perception to different
possibilities that can be used to arrive at a reasonable answer unique and special to
that person.
● It develops one’s ability in contemplation. Contemplation is the act of looking into
oneself to find answers to significant questions. An act similar to self-reflection,
contemplation develops the human mind to understand him/herself more and be
highly aware of the decisions that he/she will make.
● It develops a person’s open mindedness as he/she tries to analyze significant life
questions in a more objective manner. Though philosophy revolves in contemplation, it
does not necessarily mean putting bias on oneself but that makes the person look at
his perspective as an equal to other people’s perspective; judging and weighing
different perspectives to reach a more reliable, valid, and reasonable answer to a
certain significant life question.
To sum things up, the value of philosophy is not really seen on the goal of finding
answers to questions in life, but that Philosophy aims to develop the human person’s
ability to reflect and analyze things carefully for him/herself. It is the prime goal of
philosophy to help individuals examine themselves and become more aware of their lives.
When a person develops his ability to examine himself, as what is aimed by philosophy,
he/she can stand for him/herself and arrive at decisions and actions that are truly
beneficial and advantageous to him/her.

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Topic 2: Socialization

Learning Outcomes:
1. Formulate a personal definition and understanding importance of socialization
2. Interview different social institutions regarding the modern conditions of socialization
in their community
3. Complete a conceptual matrix by formulating solutions and alternatives to deal with
the problems and negative sentiments about the condition of socialization in their
community

Overview/Introduction:
Society is a complex system made up of people that share more or less the same culture.
Society operates and functions because of the people that compose it. In return for the
benefits provided by society to individuals, it is also a person’s responsibility to sustain and
develop society through the process known as Socialization. In this topic, students will
be able to understand their role in society and how this roles have progressed or changed
over the course of time. It is the goal of this topic to let the students understand how they
become part of society and their importance to the survival of society, and ultimately
contribute to the remediation of society’s current problems.

Understanding Socialization
Socialization is perceived as the lifelong process of a person’s life in learning the norms of
his/her societal group, acquire a social status, play a corresponding role in society and
eventually develop his/her personality (Cordero, et al., 1978 as cited by Saquilayan, 2011). In
the different stages of the person’s life, he/she also experiences different social status and
social role that he/she needs to play in the society he/she belongs. The experiences and
insights that the person learns from these different stages all contribute to the building of
his/her personality.
Social status refers to the person’s rank in a particular social group at a given period of time.
Social status can be classified into two categories; Ascribed Social Status and Achieved Social
Status. Ascribed Social status is the innate rank given to a person at birth or at any given
point in time (e.g. being the eldest son, being the youngest child, being the only child). By
being an innate social status, the person does not work or do anything to be credible of the

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status. On the other hand, Achieved Social Status refers to the rank achieved by a person
through his/her own effort and action (being an Honor student, being the champion of a
certain competition).
Social Role, is defined as the behavior patterns, obligations and privileges that are linked to a
particular social status. For instance, a Filipino child under the age of legality are bound to
follow the orders of his/her parents, otherwise he/she may be labelled as “ suwail” or a rebel
to the family. Another example is when a person is born as the eldest son, he/she has the
responsibility to see to it that he/she becomes successful, and when he does, the person is
given the responsibility to also take care of the education of his/her siblings. In return for
this responsibility, the first-born child or the eldest child is always given utmost respect from
his/her siblings and always enjoy the first positions in everything that the family does.
Another instance is, when a person becomes a successful owner of a big company, he enjoys
ultimate respect and obedience from his/her employees but is also given the greatest
responsibility of keeping the company grow in order to sustain the livelihood of its workers.

Gender & Sex Role in Socialization

Gender and sex are among the most common characteristics of individuals that define
personality. However, most people often mistake these words as synonymous to each other.
While in reality, these two terms go in two different meanings. Sex refers to the biological
orientation of the human person as being a male of a female. A person that is possesses male
sex organs and characteristics identify their sex as males, while those with female sex organs
and characteristics are regarded as female human organisms. Gender, on the other hand,
refers to the socially constructed distinctions and expected behaviors that are attached to the
real sex of the person. An example for this is the Filipino mentality that men are better
leaders than women which explains the reason why most politicians are men. However
ultimately speaking, gender and sex have had a huge contribution to the development of
human personality. The following concepts will discuss the different theories that explain the
reasons for the development of human personality.

Charles Horton Cooley: The “Looking Glass Self” Theory

Cooley, an American Sociologist, proposed that an individual develops his/her

personality through social interaction, and social influence. By interacting with others in
society, a person develops his attitudes, behavior, and self-concept. The more that the person

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interacts with others in the society, the more he/she is able to develop an idea about his/her
personality by imagining how others see or think about his/her looks or actions. Thus, the
looking glass self is simply about seeing ourselves in the eyes of others in the society. For
example, George thinks that he is smart because his teachers always praise him for his good
grades and high scores in tests.

In a more elaborate sense, the Looking Glass Self Theory is composed of three major
elements; (1) our imagination of how others see us (e.g. if a person sees him/herself as a
punctual person because his teachers and classmates commend him/her for always being
the first person to arrive in class); (2) our imagination of how others judge our appearance
(e.g. if a person thinks that he/she lacks the sense of good fashion because he/she sees that
his outfit is quite different from how others dress themselves); (3) the feeling of self that
results from our imagination of the thoughts others have of us (e.g. if a person feels that his
punctual personality is good and useful because the teacher entrusted to him/her the task of
keeping the classroom key and opening the classroom every morning).

George Herbert Mead: The Social Self Theory

Like Cooley, Mead’s theory of the Social Self also stresses out that the self (social self)
of an individual is a product of social interaction or socialization. For Mead, there is no self at
the birth of the individual but rather it is developed as soon as the individual interacts with
others in the society. The theory also suggests that social interaction, usually through the
form of gestures and non-verbal communication comes first before the development of
language and self. For example, a child does not need to know the word “happy” for him/her
to understand that a smiling person is happy. This ability of the child to naturally interact
with society is natural to him/her and is enhanced with language and to further develop the
social self. Mead, in his theory, classified the self into two categories; the “I” and the “Me”.
The “I” refers to the unorganized, and undirected tendencies of the self, while the “Me” is the
socialized self which follows the values and expectations of others in the society. In the case
of the “Me”, this is the self where the individual acts in accordance to how the society expects
him/her to act.

Erving Goffman: The Dramaturgical Approach

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In Goffman’s theory, he proposes that society is like a big stage (theater stage) where
the people play both as audience and actors. People play different roles depending on their
respective daily routine. Analyzing society like this as a big stage is what is referred as the
Dramaturgical Approach. In this approach, it is said that people in the society are acting
out a script on society’s expectations. For instance a child’s script is to play and help in
household chores in real life. Furthermore, the people, as actors, always try to impress the
audience (the people still) by making improvements and contributions to the society.
Moreover, the self, in this sense, has a dual characteristic of being both an actor and a part
of the audience. To clarify this, for example, a son of a wealth and influential family has a
different “self” to his workers in his house and to the business partners of his family. He can
be an audience to the actions of his workers and an actor to his business partners or the
other way around. This means that people in the society do not have a single self, but that
they have multiple-selves depending on the social status and situation that they are in.

Agents of Socialization

Socialization is a complex network of interaction between members in the community. With

this being said, people undergo different experiences that support them in learning the
norms of society. For this process to continue, society must always sustain the different
agents that make socialization possible. There are seven agents of socialization that interact
and function interdependently with one another to sustain the growth of society.

Family

The family is said to be the basic unit of society, simply because they carry the most
basic and important responsibility in socialization; procreation and nourishing of the young’s
formative years. By procreating, families create more people that will inherit and continue
society. By nourishing the child in his/her formative years, the family plays a critical role in
shaping the personality of the child. From the family, the child is also given care, emotional
supports, medical attention, shelter, basic education and other basic needs. But more than
the provision of such needs, the parents also play the critical role of being role models of the
child in his formative years as he/she grows and prepares to become a full contributing
member of society. The formative years, also known as childhood years, are the most critical
times as it is in this time that most of the individual’s personality is based. No matter the
changes that a person undergoes in any stage of life, his/her personality and decision will

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always be derived from his/her childhood years. Thus, it is the family’s duty that after
producing children who will continue society, they must ensure that these children become
the type of people that the society needs them to be.

School

Schools are the formal agents of socialization tasked to provide emotional and
intellectual growth to children. The school teaches the knowledge, like the 5Rs (reading,
writing, arithmetic, right conduct, and rational thinking) necessary to survive in the complex
society. This institution also ensures that the young would learn necessary skills to practice
a profession in the future, as well as the necessary values of being productive, effective, and
responsible citizens. Without this formal agent of socialization, society would regress into
becoming a simple, and communal society that relies only in simple means of living. In other
words, without education, the present society would eventually die out. That is why the
Constitution, the highest code of laws in the land, mandates that all educational institutions
shall aim “to inculcate love of country, teach the duties of citizenship, and develop a moral
character, personal discipline, and scientific, technological, and vocational efficiency”.

Peers

Peers refer to the informal grouping of two or more individuals with the same age
levels, neighborhood, school, or friends. Peers offer a place of camaraderie or belongingness
to youth, and at times provide protection, support, and recreational or leisure activities.
These traits make peer groups, or commonly known as gangs or barkada, able to support the
family in its goal to develop the youth. However, there are times when the strong attachment
of the youth to these peer groups overshadow or replace the primacy of the family and school
in a young person’s life. This can sometimes lead to terrible results when the young person
is lead to follow peer groups that do unethical or bad practices in the society, as this could
contribute to the personality of the person. That is why families and other institutions must
strive to establish a community of productive and morally good peer groups so that their
children will be exposed to good and desirable practices rather than otherwise.

Mass Media

Mass media is a broad platform whose primary goal in socialization is to inform,

entertain, and educate. Mass media can be in the form of print (newspapers), broadcast

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(radio or live), or electronic (TV, internet). The effects of Mass media could either be good or
bad depending on the level of appropriateness of the things they show to the general public.
In order to ensure appropriateness, Mass media labels its programs as “General Public” if the
program is good for children, “Moderate Parental Guidance” if the program is okay for
children as long as the child is accompanied by a guiding adult while receiving the program;
and lastly “Strictly restricted or Adult (SPG)” if the program is not good for children to see or
hear. Without proper management of Mass media, children may develop undesirable traits
that could negatively impact their social development. However, if it is properly administered
to children, Mass Media can become a good source of children’s learning.

Religion

Religion is an agent of socialization responsible for providing guidance and a sense of

direction to the people in society. The morals and values taught by religion will enable
children and the youth to act and behave in a manner that helps them succeed in everything
they do. Thus, religion is just as important as all other institutions that teach people how to
be a good and contributing member of society. Religion also helps people find peace with
themselves and the state of spirituality. Without religion, society would just be filled with
people that don’t have any sense of direction in life.

Workplace

Socialization is not just a process for children but also extends up to adulthood and
even to the point of death. When adolescents succeed in equipping themselves with the
necessary knowledge in their chosen path, its time they enter into their chosen workplaces.
This is where the person spends most of his life, dedicating his time and effort in producing
good contributions to his workplace and society. Here, the person experiences most of the
experiences that society has to offer, both good and bad experiences. The person may
experience success or failures, great salary and poverty, promotions and demotions, he/she
may even be reprimanded or praised by his/her boss or employer, but the point of this is
that the workplace is where he/she will learn a lot about how society works and prepare
them to create their own families as well.

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State

The state or government as a social institution supports the role of the family in child
and citizen protection and nourishment. The state supports socialization by providing
institutions and services that serve the welfare of the people. Examples of these institutions
are hospitals, police departments, banks, public transportation, etc. By providing these
institutions and services, the government provides opportunities to address the basic needs
of the people across all ages and provide more opportunities for people to interact with each
other. Lastly, the government also supports all the other agents of socialization by creating
and executing programs that enhance their functions. For example, the government created
the law titled “The Child and Youth Welfare Code” which protects the rights of children and
emphasizes that the government support the family’s role in child-rearing and protection.

Deviant Behavior

Deviance is defined as the behavior that does not follow the norms of society. It is an action
that does not really meet the standards set by the society. For instance, when someone
wearing very short pants enters a Christian school which advocates wearing of proper dress.
However, the idea of deviance may vary according to different factors and conditions. The
following are factors that can be considered to understand the nature of deviance;

Time – The meaning of deviance can change as time passes by. Before, women
wearing very short pants are considered deviant and disgraceful, but today, it is considered
as a form of expression and comfort, and does not receive much critics than it had before.

Geography – deviance is not the same in all geographical places. For example, divorce
is highly regarded as grave violation of God’s commandments and receives high criticism here
in the Philippines, but it may not be the same in other countries like the US or Japan, etc.

Subculture – Subcultures refer a group of people who share a certain culture that
belongs to a greater culture. An example for this is the subcultural group of Filipino Anime
lovers, who all belong and conform to the greater culture of being a Filipino. Deviance, in this
sense, is different from one subculture to another. For example, it is considered deviant for
high class Filipino families to dress ordinary t-shirts and pants when attending a formal
party, however, it may not be the same case for parties of ordinary Filipino farmers.

For Merton (1957), deviance comes in four different forms;

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1. Innovation – this refers to deviance done to use new ways or techniques to achieve
a desired goal.
Example: Creating a new invention that would make stealing a lot easier.
2. Ritualism – happens when one who cannot achieve valued goals gives up but
continues to conform to prevailing rules to lessen the anxieties experienced
Example: Giving up on being an honor student but still goes to school just for the
attendance.
3. Retreatism – when a person totally escapes from the situation when he cannot
achieve his goals and gives up all sanctioned means to reach it.
Example: Drug abuse and alcoholics
4. Rebellion – is a result of frustration generated by very limited opportunities to
attain desired objectives that leads to alienation from the norms and standards by
which the goals are normally accomplished.
Example: A man giving up on being a police officer as what his parents told him to
be, and start being a teacher instead in order to follow his dreams.

Other examples of deviance include Drug abuse, drug addiction, alcoholism, mental
disorders, suicide, etc. Though deviance is normally seen as destructive to the morals and
good of society, it is important to note that some deviant behaviors may lead to good ends if
properly recognized and treated.

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