PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

PRELIM

MODULE- 01:
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM
.

AVT 2116
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES (LEC)

Prepared By

RACHELLE R. NOCETE
Instructor

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE REFERENCE PAGE TIME
NUMBER ALLOCATION
PER MINUTE
Binary Number System 1 6 35
Binary and Decimal Conversion 1 8 30
BCD Code 1 12 30
Prelim Module Activities 1 14 40
40
MODULE ACTIVITIES 270

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

TABLE OF REFERENCES

REFERENCES NO.
Introduction to Electronics, Fifth Edition Earl D. Gates, 2007 1

TIMEFRAME
You should be able to complete this module including all the self-
assessments, research works, assignments, and other performance
tasks within 7 hrs

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

Course Leaning Outcomes [CLO]

Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]

Topic Leaning Outcomes

[TLO]

CLO 1. Demonstrate a
broad understanding of
Digital Techniques in TLO 1. Identify the
the field of Aviation place value for each bit
technology; in a binary
CLO 2. Present the MLO 1 Describe the number.TLO 2.
underlying principles binary number system. Convert binary
for digital techniques numbers to decimal
will be easily MLO 2. Discuss binary numbers.
comprehended; system.MLO 3 Solve TLO 3 Convert
CLO 3. Explain the through conversion decimal numbers to
Importance of Digital binary to other number binary numbers.
Techniques in today’s system TLO 4Convert decimal
digitalization world; numbers to 8421 BCD
code.
TLO 5 Convert 8421
BCD code numbers to
decimal numbers.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

COURSE CONTENT
Key Points:
 The binary number system is the simplest number system.
 The binary number system contains two digits, 0 and 1.
 The binary number system is used to represent data for digital and
computer systems.
Binary data are represented by binary digits called bits.
 The term bit is derived from binary digit.
 The place value of each higher digit’s position in a binary number is
increased
 by a power of 2.
 The largest value that can be represented by a given number of places in
base 2 is 2n =1, where n represents the number of bits.
 The value of a binary digit can be determined by adding the product of
each digit and its place value.
 Fractional numbers are represented by negative powers of 2.
 To convert from a decimal number to a binary number, divide the
decimal number by 2, writing down the remainder after each division.
The remainders, taken in reverse order, form the binary number.
 The 8421 code, a binary-coded-decimal (BCD) code, is used to represent
digits 0 through 9.
 The advantage of the BCD code is ease of converting between decimal
and binary forms of a number.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

DISCUSSION:

A number system is nothing more than a code. For each distinct quantity,
there is an assigned symbol. When the code is learned, counting can be
accomplished. This leads to arithmetic and higher forms of mathematics.

The simplest number system is the binary number system. The binary system
contains only two digits, 0 and 1. These digits have the same value as in the
decimal number system.

The binary number system is used in digital and microprocessor circuits

because of its simplicity. Binary data are represented by binary digits, called
bits. The term bit is derived from binary digit.

BINARY NUMBERS

The decimal system is called a base-10 system because it contains ten digits, 0
through 9. The binary system is a base-two system because it contains two
digits, 0 and 1. The position of the 0 or 1 in a binary number indicates its value
within the number. This is referred to as its place value or weight. The place
value of the digits in a binary number increases by powers of two.

Counting in binary starts with the numbers 0 and 1. When each digit has been
used in the 1s place, another digit is added in the 2s place and the count
continues with 10 and 11. This uses up all combinations of two digits, so a
third digit is added in the 4’s place and the count continues with 100, 101, 110,
and 111. Now a fourth digit is needed in the 8’s place to continue, and
so on. Figure 32–1 shows the binary counting sequence.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

To determine the largest value that can be represented by a given number of

places in base 2, use the following formula:
Highest number =2n -1
where: n represents the number of bits (or number of place values
used)

EXAMPLE: Two bits (two place values) can be used to count from 0 to 3
because:

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

BINARY AND DECIMAL CONVERSION

As stated, a binary number is a weighted numberwith a place value. The

value of a binary number can be determined by adding the product of each
digit and its place value. The method for evaluating a binary number is
shown by the following example:

The number 45 is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 101101.

Fractional numbers can also be represented in binary form by placing digits to
the right of the binary zero point, just as decimal numbers are placed to the
right of the decimal zero point. All digits to the right of the zero point have
weights that are negative powers of two, or fractional place values.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

decimal point

EXAMPLE: Determine the decimal value of the binary number 111011.011.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

In working with digital equipment, it is often necessary to convert from

binary to decimal form and vice versa. The most popular way to convert
decimal numbers to binary numbers is to progressively divide the decimal
number by 2, writing down the remainder after each division. The
remainders, taken in reverse order, form the binary number

EXAMPLE: To convert 1110 to a binary number, progressively divide by 2

(LSB =least significant bit)

(1/2=0 means that 2 will no longer divide into 1, so 1 is the remainder.)

Decimal 11 is equal to 1011 in binary.
The process can be simplified by writing the numbers in an orderly fashion as
shown for converting 2510 to a binary number.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

Decimal number 25 is equal to binary number 11001. Fractional numbers are

done a little differently: The number is multiplied by 2 and the carry is
recorded as the binary fraction.

EXAMPLE: To convert decimal 0.85 to a binary fraction, progressively

multiply by 2.

Continue to multiply by 2 until the needed accuracy is reached. Decimal 0.85

is equal to 0.110110 in binary form.

EXAMPLE: Convert decimal 20.65 to a binary number. Split 20.65 into an

integer of 20 and a fraction of 0.65 and apply the methods previously
shown.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

and

Combining the two numbers results in 20.6510 = 10100.10100112. This 12-bit

number is an approximation, because the conversion of the fraction was
terminated after 7 bits.

BCD CODE

An 8421 code is a binary-coded-decimal (BCD) code consisting of four binary

digits. It is used to represent the digits 0 through 9. The 8421 designation
refers to the binary weight of the 4 bits.
Powers of 2: 23 22 21 20
Binary weight: 8 4 2 1

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

The main advantage of this code is that it permits easy conversion between
decimal and binary form. This is the predominant BCD code used and is the
one referred to unless otherwise stated.

Each decimal digit (0 through 9) is represented by a binary combination as

follows:
Decimal 8421 code
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001

Although sixteen numbers (24) can be represented by four binary positions,

the six code combinations above decimal 9 (1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, and
1111) are invalid in the 8421 code. To express any decimal number in the 8421
code, replace each decimal digit by the appropriate 4-bit code.

EXAMPLE: Convert the following decimal numbers into a BCD code: 5, 13,
124, 576, 8769.
5 = 0101
13 = 0001 0011
124 = 0001 0010 0100
576 = 0101 0111 0110
8769 = 1000 0111 0110 1001
To determine a decimal number from an 8421 code number, break the code
into groups of 4 bits. Then write the decimal digit represented by each
4-bit group.

EXAMPLE: Find the decimal equivalent for each of the following BCD codes:
10010101, 1001000, 1100111, 1001100101001, 1001100001110110.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

1001 0101 = 95
0100 1000 = 48
0110 0111 = 67
0001 0011 0010 1001 = 1329
1001 1000 0111 0110 = 9876

Note: If there is an insufficient number of bits in the group furthest to the left,
zeros are implied.

PRELIM MODULE I ACTIVITIES

Name: Date:
Course, Year and Section:

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

“As members of Academic Community, students are expected to recognize

and uphold standards of intellectual and academic integrity. Philippine State
College of Aeronautics assumes, as a basic and minimum standard of conduct
in academic matters, that students should be honest and that they submit for
credit only the products of their own efforts.

______________________________
SIGNATURE OVER PRINTED NAME

DIRECTION. Read the questions below. There are numbers 1 to 6, choose 3

numbers you would like to answer. From letters A, B, C, D, E, choose 3 letters
you would like to answer.

Write your answer in the clean paper. Submit and send it to the subject
facebookpage . Follow instructions for submission.

1. What is the advantage of the binary number system over the decimal
number system for digital circuits?
2. How is the largest value of a binary number determined for a given number
of place values?
A. What is the maximum value of a binary number with:
a. 4 bits
b. 8 bits
c. 12 bits
d. 16 bits
3. What is the value of each position in an 8-bit binary number?
4. What is the value of each position to the right of the decimal point for 8
places?
B. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal numbers:
a. 1001
b. 11101111
c. 11000010
d. 10101010.1101
e. 10110111.0001
5. What is the process for converting decimal numbers to binary digits?
C. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary form:
a. 27
b. 34.6

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Learning Module 01: BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

c. 346
d. 321.456
e. 7465

6. What is the 8421 code and how is it used?

D. Convert the following decimal numbers into BCD code:
a. 17
b. 100
c. 256
d. 778
e. 8573
E. Convert the following BCD codes into decimal numbers:
a. 1000 0010
b. 0111 0000 0101
c. 1001 0001 0011 0100
d. 0001 0000 0000 0000
e. 0100 0110 1000 1001

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