Buoyancy Calculation Report: Tanap Trans Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline Project

BUOYANCY CALCULATION REPORT Client No.
BCH-CAL-PPL-PLG-002
Revision: P2-1 Status: IFA Date: 24.04.2014 Bechtel No. 25853-100-R5C-R000-00200
TANAP
TRANS ANATOLIAN NATURAL GAS
PIPELINE PROJECT
BUOYANCY CALCULATION REPORT
Document Issued Checked Approved TANAP

Rev Status Date
Status Description by by by Approval
Discipline Internal
P2-A DIC 20.01.2014 ATES HOHA SPOJ/EMER
Check
P2-C IFR 24.01.2014 Issued for Review ATES HOHA SPOJ/EMER
P2-D Re-IFR 21.02.2014 Re-Issued for Review ATES HOHA SPOJ/EMER
P2-E Re-IFR 19.03.2014 Re-Issued for Review ATES HOHA SPOJ/EMER
P2-0 IAA 11.04.2014 Issued as Approved ATES HOHA SPOJ/EMER
P2-1 IFA 24.04.2014 Issued for Approval ATES HOHA SPOJ/EMER
SECURITY LEVEL 2
TANAP DOĞALGAZ İLETİM A.Ş. (TANAP) 2014. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. TANAP CONFIDENTIAL. CONTAINS INFORMATION THAT IS CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY TO TANAP OR ITS
AFFILIATES, CONTRACTORS, SUPPLIERS, AND MAY NOT BE USED, REPRODUCED OR DISCLOSED WITHOUT TANAP’S PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION.
ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS ARE CONTROLLED. ANY PRINTED COPY WILL BE UNCONTROLLED AND MAY BECOME OUTDATED
BUOYANCY CALCULATION REPORT Client No. BCH-CAL-PPL-PLG-002
DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY SHEET
Revision
Rev. Date Issued Update / Amendment Details
Description
P2-A DIC 20.01.2014 DISCIPLINE INTERNAL CHECK

P2-C IFR 24.01.2014 ISSUED FOR REVIEW
P2-D Re-IFR 21.02.2014 RE-ISSUED FOR REVIEW
P2-E Re-IFR 19.03.2014 RE-ISSUED FOR REVIEW
P2-0 IAA 11.04.2014 ISSUED AS APPROVED
P2-1 IFA 24.04.2014 ISSUED for APPROVAL
DOCUMENT REVISION SHEET
No. Comment Response
Remove the HOLDs for the Contractor's BoD, as HOLDs cannot be

E-1 in a final document and the BoD should meanwhile be defined as Agreed and incorporated.
document
C-1, Document structure stilt to be improved: The document structure was
-18, changed by PMOE engineers
D-1, 1) Present chapter 5 introducing the buoyancy control before submission of Re-IFR
-2 measures in general shall be chapter 4. The on 17.03.2014. However
"Comparison..." table presently in chapter 6 shall be
Contractor modified partially
included in this new chapter 4 as a summary of this
introduction. the structure of document
2) The calculations, presently being chapter 4 shall be chapter based on PMOE your request.
5. This new chapter 5 shall at its end summarize the
calculation results for all buoyancy control methods,
considered in the calculations.
3) A new chapter 6 shall describe for which cases which
buoyancy control
method is recommended; taking into account the
non-calculatory and
calculatory aspects, with explanation why recommended
so.
4) The calculation tables, attached as Appendices shall be

compiled property to be clearly identifyable as calculation
sheets of this document (relevant document format,
5) header, footer, etc.) and also included in the PDF file.
PROJECT CONFIDENTIAL
Page 2 of 31
The content in present chapter 4 (new chapter 5) shall be

subdivided, as below:
4.1 Objective
Cover here what is written on the first 1/2 of page 11
4.2 Basis
4.1.1 Line Pipe Properties (Dia, grade, WT, PE
thickness, etc.)
4.1.2 Soil / Media Properties (densities)
4.3 Calculations - Weighting Methods
4.3.1 Weighting Properties
4.3.2 Weight Calculations
4.3.2.1 PE Coated Pipe
4.3.2.2 Concrete Coated Pipe
4.3.2.3 Pipe with Concrete Saddles
4.3.2.4 Pipe with Saddle Bags
4.3.3 Buoyancy Calculations
4.3.3.1 PE Coated Pipe
4.3.3.2 Concrete Coated Pipe
4.3.3.3 Pipe with Concrete Saddles
4.3.3.4 Pipe with Saddle Bags
4.4 Calculations - Screw Anchors
4.4.1 Anchor Properties
4.4.2 Assumptions
4.4.3 Definitions
4.4.4 Buoyancy Calculations
4.4.4.1 Pipeline Weight
4.4.4.2 Anchor Loading
4.4.4.3 Deflection
4.4.4.4 Stress
Saddle weights shall not be stated as set-on weights and flotation

C-2 shells; please maintain wording consistency. Check this Agreed and incorporated.
throughout the entire document.
Please make specific references to the relevant Appendix / Parts
C-9,
of Appendix, where appropriate, as links between document and Agreed and incorporated.
-13
calculations must exist.
This value is a common and
obtained from various vendors
C-11 Please clarify the origin / basis of the hold down load of 50,000 lb to their highest standards.
design.
Page 3 of 31
Both formulas are equivalent;

C-22 The deflection calculation is still based on (wL4/384EI) instead of one is metric and the other is
(wL4/185EI) for imperial units.
Why is stress calculation now removed completely? Please
maintain structural calculations for screw anchors and address
Stress calculation steps are
the earlier comment C-23: The stress calculation is based on
mentioned in the document
the unrestrained pipe formulas, which is the case only during
C-23 and all calculation for stress
construction before the pipe is buried, therefore the pressure
analyses are performed in the
should not be taken into account. On the other hand the
attached excel sheets.
stresses induced in the pipe by the anchor must be accounted
for and included in the calculations.
Page 4 of 31
HOLDS
Input Planned
No. Section Description
From Date
Page 5 of 31
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT..................................................................7
2 SCOPE OF DOCUMENT.......................................................................7
3 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS AND DEFINITIONS....................................8
3.1 Project Documents.........................................................................8
3.2 Codes & Standards.........................................................................8
3.3 Definitions.....................................................................................9
3.4 Abbreviations...............................................................................10
3.5 Unit Abbreviations........................................................................11
4 NEGATIVE BUOYANCY MEASURES...................................................12
4.1 Continuous Concrete Coating.........................................................12
4.2 Saddle Bags.................................................................................13
4.3 Concrete Saddle Weight................................................................14
4.4 Screw Anchor...............................................................................14
4.5 Comparison of Buoyancy Methods.....................................................16
5 BASIS OF CALCULATIONS AND FORMULAS.....................................18
5.1 Inputs for Concrete Coating, Saddle Bags and Concrete Saddle:.........18
5.2 The following formulas are used in the calculations for Concrete Coating,
Saddle Bag, and Concrete Saddle:..........................................................19
5.3 Inputs Screw Anchor:...................................................................23
5.4 Calculation Basis and Assumptions for Screw Anchor.........................24
5.5 Basis of Design for Screw Anchor....................................................25
5.6 The following formulas are used in the calculations for Screw Anchor...26
5.6.1 Pipeline.......................................................................................26
5.6.2 Anchor Loading Calculation............................................................26
5.6.3 Deflection Calculation....................................................................26
5.6.4 Stress Calculation.........................................................................27
6 CONCLUSION..................................................................................28
7 ATTACHEMENTS (CALCULATION TABLES).....................................31
Page 6 of 31
PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT
Buoyancy control is a significant design consideration for pipelines to prevent

the flotation in wet or water logged areas, open-cut river crossings, major river
crossings or swampy, marshy grounds and potential liquefaction areas.
The cause of flotation is an uplift force which is weight per unit length of pipe
of displaced liquid. If the buoyancy force exceeds the weight of the pipe and
its content, the pipe floats upward.
The purpose of this document is to make buoyancy control calculations,

assess the conditions and determine the measures to provide the pipeline
with adequate stability in wet conditions.
SCOPE OF DOCUMENT
In all areas with ground water level and potential ground water level (in flood
and swamp areas) above the pipe bottom and organic soil, the buoyancy
control is carried out.
The calculation bases, feasible measures as well as input and output data for
buoyancy control are included to this document. The Stress calculation will
carry out in the detail design face.
The natural gas pipeline crosses the rivers, flood and swamp areas along
pipeline alignment. Anti-buoyancy measures such as concrete coating, saddle
bags, concrete saddle weight and screw anchor have to be provided after
assessment of their applicability.
In the scope of this document the aforesaid measures are taken into
consideration and assessed.
Page 7 of 31
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS AND DEFINITIONS
The following documents, latest editions, are referred to in this calculation:
3.1 Project Documents
BCH-SPC-PPL-PLG-001 Specification for Submerged Arc Welded

Line Pipe
BCH-SHT-PPL-PLG-002 Data Sheet for Line Pipe and Mother Pipe

for Hot Induction Bends
BCH-REP-PPL-PLG-001 Pipeline Class Location Report
BCH-CAL-PPL-PLG-003 Pipeline Wallthickness Calculation
BCH-SPC-EGG-GEN-001 Basis Engineering Design Data
3.2 Codes & Standards
The following codes and standards (latest edition) shall apply unless other
edition specified.
API 5L Specification for Line Pipe
API RP 1102 Steel Pipeline Crossing Railroad & Highway
ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping

Systems
ASME B36.10 Welded & Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
Pipeline Design & Construction, Practical Approach 3rd Edition
Page 8 of 31
3.3 Definitions
Definition Meaning
Approve is used if Client/ Contractor requires

notification and a written agreement before an action is
implemented by Contractor. This does not imply that all
Approve details of a document have been considered by Client
and does not mitigate the responsibilities of Contractor
which are covered separately by Client, as appropriate
in the conditions of contract.
TANAP DOĞALGAZ İLETİM A.Ş, its affiliates, permitted

CLIENT
assignees and legal successors.
EC/ Engineering Contractor, Bechtel International Inc.

CONTRACTOR
(Turkey Branch)
Means any Person who has entered into a contract with

the Client for the supply of goods and materials for the
Vendor
Project which will be freely issued to the Project
Contractors.
Denotes an action or requirements that is not

Should
mandatory but is strongly recommended.
Shall Indicates a mandatory requirement.
Will Applies to an action by Client.
Page 9 of 31
3.4 Abbreviations
Abbreviation Meaning
API American Petroleum Institute

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BOTAS Turkish State Pipeline Company
BS British Standard
DSI General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works
FEED Front End Engineering Design
FOS Factor of Safety
ID Inside Diameter
IP Intersection Points
ISO International Standards Organization
KP Kilometer Points
MTO Material Take Off
OD Outer Diameter
SOW Scope of Work
SMYS Specified Minimum Yield Strength
Page 10 of 31
3.5 Unit Abbreviations
Abbreviation Meaning
°C Degrees Celsius
bNcmy Billion Normal Cubic Meters per Year
cm Centimeter
g Gram
in Inch
kg Kilogram
kN Kilo Newton
km Kilometer
m Meter
mm millimeter
°C Degrees Celsius
cm Centimeter
Page 11 of 31
NEGATIVE BUOYANCY MEASURES
The measures will be applied to provide negative buoyancy and prevent pipe
movement due to flotation, in swampy/marshy lands with high water tables
and also underwater pipelines.
Areas of clay and/or rock require special consideration since trenches in low
laying areas have a tendency to act as large land drains and fill with water. If
dry laying techniques are impractical or impossible for river crossings some
form of negative buoyancy measures are required. In areas of little or no soil
cohesion such as marshy/swampy lands or granular soil with a high water
table the negative buoyancy measures are also required.
The following stabilization techniques are used to resist buoyancy:
4.1 Continuous Concrete Coating
It is costly method to apply to the pipe and transport the extra weight and
diameter but it is used offshore as well as river crossings and the
transportation can be eliminated by bringing the "factory" to site. Pipe can be
coated on site, adjacent to the trench, if required. Continuously coated pipes
give a dense homogenous concrete with a lower porosity and finish which
assists in protecting not only the pipe, but also against corrosion and erosion
of the primary coating system. Concrete coating may also be used to provide
mechanical protection to the pipeline for the backfilling process – with
concrete coating, natural coarse river bed material may be used rather than
needing to produce and import select material for bedding and padding.
Calculations are presented comprehensively in attachments with name 48”
Concrete Coating and 56” Concrete Coating.
Page 12 of 31
4.2 Saddle Bags
It is specifically designed for wetland applications, having no environmental

impact, providing more negative buoyancy per pound than a concrete weight,
easily and quickly installed, cheaper, easier to handle and not damage the
pipe coating but requiring special calculations for size of bag and spacing.
The saddle bag weight is an aggregate-filled geotextile fabric that is designed
to either saddle weights or strap on a pipeline to provide negative buoyancy,
depending on the project requirements. The saddle bag is end loaded and
fully sealed to prevent loss of aggregate during handling and installation. All
stress points of the saddle sag are heat welded to provide strength.
Page 13 of 31
Bag weights utilize proven polypropylene fabric that is resistant to commonly

encountered soil chemicals, mildew, and insects and is non-biodegradable.
Custom geotextile weights are for pipe size from 4” pipe to 48”-56” pipe. But
they can be also manufactured for special pipe sizes. Calculations are
presented comprehensively in attachments with name 48” Saddle Bag and
56” Saddle Bag.
4.3 Concrete Saddle Weight
These are used in soils with little or no cohesive strength. Saddle weight
weights are designed primarily for wetlands applications as might be
encountered in a flood plain or an approach to a river crossing. Weights are
balanced so that most weight is distributed to the legs, below the center line of
the pipe which provides a more secure fit. Sizes are ranging from 2" through
large size diameter pipe. Calculations are presented comprehensively in
attachments with name 48” Concrete Saddle and 56” Concrete Saddle.
4.4 Screw Anchor
They are used in swampy/marshy areas as an alternative to concrete

coatings, concrete saddle and saddle bags.
Pipelines are subjected to buoyant forces when they encounter freestanding

or flowing water, and when buried in saturated soils. The objective of this
document is to determine the buoyancy of the pipeline and calculate the
required screw anchor spacing to achieve desired negative buoyancy hold
Page 14 of 31
down force within the assumed allowable screw anchor design force and not
to exceed allowable deflection of 75% SMYS or 4” whichever less.
The preferred method of buoyancy control for liquefaction areas is screw

anchors. The final selection of the type of buoyancy control measure shall be
made on a site specific basis by ground water table from soil survey data and
ground profile to ensure adequate clamping force.
The design is complied with all assumption and calculation. Areas requiring
buoyancy control are specified in the design basis manual and alignment
sheets.
Calculations are presented comprehensively in attachments with name 48”

SCREW ANC. WL, 56” SCREW ANC. WL, 48” SCREW ANC. LQF and 56”
SCREW ANC. LQF
WL: Water Logging LQF: Liquefaction
Page 15 of 31
4.5 Comparison of Buoyancy Methods
Saddle Bag Weights Concrete Saddle weight Weights Concrete Coated Pipe Screw Anchor
 Generally used for wetland applications  Primarily used for wetland  Obligatory used in river crossings  Used in potential liquefaction
applications, then areas where soils areas where ground
 Environmentally clean – bag fabric is non- have little or no cohesive strength  Concrete coated pipe is heavier conditions are suitable
biodegradable and fill ballast is local, (directly influencing overall project
natural gravel  Curing of concrete often requires costs)  Screw anchor is preferable
chemicals not natural to the method for liquefaction as
 Short lead time surrounding environment  Trucking costs are higher compare with others in terms
of installation, cost, time,
 No trench dewatering required  Longer lead time for weights to form  Equipment costs are higher man power etc.
and cure
 Saddle bag weights are a ‘soft’ weight  Welding costs increase (many-  Environmentally clean it is
requiring no extra depth  Trench must be dewatered prior to more in trench welds) manufacture process and
installation no extra requirement at site.
 No men required in trench to place saddle  Whole construction process is
bag weights  Extra trench depth is required to slowed-down.  Mob/Demob is very easy
protect against 3rd party damage
 Designed to sit on ANY trench bottom  Expensive option for the pipeline  No trench dewatering
 Men required in trench creating industry
 Saddle bag weight’s low center of gravity potential safety concern  Designed to fix on ANY
prevents the risk of tipping  Obligatory used in river crossings trench bottom if ground is
 Designed to sit on flat trench bottom suitable
 No gap between saddle bag weights and only to prevent tipping  Concrete coated pipe is heavier
pipe (directly influencing overall project  No damage and extra
 Top heavy concrete weights can tip costs) protection material between
 With a natural, local stone used as off pipe connection pipe and strap.
ballast, no chemical leaching to damage
the pipeline coating  During installation, gaps between
weight and top of pipe common
 Porous fabric and ballast allows easy
path to cathodic protection currents  Have been known to leach chemicals
that can attack the pipeline coating
Page 16 of 31
 Left-over saddle bag weights easily folded and groundwater
and stored or returned for refund
 Cathodic protection systems can be
 Easy to remove with straps if shielded
maintenance is required
 Any left-over weights are difficult and
 Lower installation cost than equivalent costly to accommodate
concrete based system.
 Lift hooks rust, can be difficult to
remove if necessary
Page 17 of 31
BASIS OF CALCULATIONS AND FORMULAS
Table 1: Calculated minimum required wall thicknesses.
Line size 48 inch 56 inch

Design factor 0.72 0.6 0.5 0.72 0.6 0.5
ASME B31.8 16.67 20.01 24.01 19.45 23.34 28.01
HDD Line Pipe 24.01 24.01 24.01 28.01 28.01 28.01
Hot Induction Bend 20.01 - 27.01 23.34 - 31.97

Design factor 0.72 0.6 0.5 0.72 0.6 0.5
ASME B31.8 8.18 9.82 11.78 12.50 15.00 18.01
Hot Induction Bend 9.76 - 13.79 14.35 - 20.01
5.1 Inputs for Concrete Coating, Saddle Bags and Concrete Saddle:
Steel grade of land pipeline - X70 / L485
Diameter of land pipeline - 56”, 48”, 36” and 30”
Selected wall thicknesses of onshore pipeline See Table-1
Density of water at river crossings – 1000 kg/m3 only for water logging areas
Density of fluid medium areas 1800 kg/m3
Density of soil – 1850 kg/m3
Density of polyethylene coating – 940 kg/m 3
Steel density – 7850 kg/m3
Standard concrete density – 2400 kg/m3
Heavy aggregate concrete density – 3000 kg/m 3
Density of crushed stone for saddle bags – 1684 kg/m 3
FOS (Factor of Safety) in onshore stable conditions – 5%
Page 18 of 31
Thickness of PE coating – 3.5 mm
Min. weight of saddle bag – 6599 kg
Volume of the Concrete Saddle 1.22 m3 for 56” and 0.92 m3 for 48”.
In order to ensure static equilibrium firstly, the weight of pipe and buoyant
force occurred on the pipe are evaluated.
The specific gravity of pipeline against buoyancy must be higher than or equal
to stability safe mass specific gravity (SAFE S.G.).
SAFE S.G. must be 10% greater than Mass Specific Gravity of Medium
(M.S.G.).
M.S.G. must be 1.0 for water crossings with concrete weight coatings and
1.80 for lying in swampy ground in accordance with BoD (Hold).
SAFE S.G. must be 1.10 for water crossings with concrete weight coatings
and 1.98 for Liquefaction areas.
5.2 The following formulas are used in the calculations for Concrete
Coating, Saddle Bag, and Concrete Saddle:
Weight of 1m line pipe:
W = Wp + Wc
Where:
Wp : dead weight of pipe per unit length
Wc : dead weight of contents per unit length
In order to investigate the worst case, Wc will be assumed as “0” for an empty
pipe.
To calculate W, if available, the other dead weights of PE-coating, concrete

coating, rock shield mat, soil cover, saddle bags, etc. are added to dead
weight of pipe per unit length.
Page 19 of 31
For static equilibrium, the buoyant force must not exceed pipe weight reduced
by safety factor (SF).
W
S=
B S > SF
Where:
S: Specific gravity of pipeline
W: Weight of pipe per unit length
B : Buoyant force
Specific weights are calculated as follow:
γ =ρ⋅g
γ : Specific weight (N/m3)
ρ : Density (kg/m3)
g : Acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2)
Dead weight of per unit length of pipe:
π
W p=(D a 2 −D i ) γ p
2
Where:
Wp : Dead weight of pipe material (N/m)
γ p : Specific weight of pipe material (N/m3)
Da : Outside diameter of line pipe (mm)
Di : Inside diameter of line pipe (mm)
Dead weight of per unit length of PE-coating:
Page 20 of 31
π
W PE=( D 2 −D 2 ) γ PE
PE a 4
Where:
WPE : Dead weight of PE-coating (N/m)
γ PE :Specific weight of PE-coating (N/m3)
Da : Outside diameter of line pipe (mm)
DPE : Outside diameter of PE-coating (mm)
Dead weight of soil cover (h) under water:
W S =DPE⋅h⋅(γ S −γ w )
Where:
WS : Dead weight of soil cover (h) under water (N/m)
h : Soil cover (m)
γS : Specific weight of soil (N/m3)
γW : Specific weight of water (N/m3)
DPE : outside diameter of PE-coating (mm)
Dead weight of per unit length of concrete coating:
π
W Con=( D −D ) γ
4 Con
2 2
Con Rock
Where:
WCon : Dead weight of concrete coating (N/m)
DCon : Outside diameter of concrete coating (mm)
DRock : Outside diameter of rock shield mat (mm)
Page 21 of 31
γ Con : Specific weight of concrete coating (N/m3)
Dead weight of 1 m concrete flotation shell:
W FS=V FS⋅γ Con
Where:
WFS : Dead weight of 1 m concrete flotation shell (N)
VFS : Volume of concrete flotation shell (m3)
γ Con : Specific weight of concrete coating (N/m3)
Dead weight of 1 m saddle bag:
W SB=V SB⋅γ SB
Where:
WSB : Dead weight of 1 m saddle bag (N)
VSB : Volume of saddle bag (m3)
γ SB : Specific weight of crushed stone (N/m3)
Buoyancy of 1 m line with PE-coating:
π
B PE =D2PE⋅ ⋅γ w
4
Where:
DPE : Outside diameter of PE-coating (mm)
Buoyancy of 1 m line with concrete coating:
π
B Con=D 2Con⋅ ⋅γ w
4
Page 22 of 31
Where:
DCon : Outside diameter of concrete coating (mm)
Buoyancy of 1 m concrete flotation shell:
B FS =V FS⋅γ w
Where:
VFS : Volume of flotation shell (m3)
BFS : Buoyancy of 1 m concrete flotation shell (N)
Buoyancy of 1 m saddle bag:
B SB =V SB⋅γ w
Where:
VSB : Volume of saddle bag (m3)
BSB : Buoyancy of 1 m saddle bag (N)
5.3 Inputs Screw Anchor:
E Pipe Modulus of Elasticity 2.1E+05 (MPa)

k Biaxial Stress Coefficient 0.9
P Pipeline Design Pressure (1385psi) 9,55 (MPa)
S Specified Minimum Yield Strength (70,343 psi) 485 (MPa)
t Pipeline Wall Thickness See Table (mm)

T Temperature Derating Factor 1
5
Angle of Contact Between Screw Anchor and
β 120 (°)
Pipe
Page 23 of 31
b Density of Saturated Soil 14.416 (kN/m3)
s Steel Density 78 (kN/m3)
 Pipe Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.22E-05 (1/°C)
5.4 Calculation Basis and Assumptions for Screw Anchor
 The buoyancy control of the pipelines is calculated in saturated soil.
 The saturated soil is considered as mud
 In location where the highest water table is less than 2.5m below the
natural grade.
 In areas subjected to frequent flooding with soil characteristic to liquefy.
 Through areas designated as “swamp”.
 Through rice paddies and other flooded type crops.
 At narrow water crossings.
 Maximum allowable deflection in the pipe maximum at 0.1m.
 An additional of 10% down force will be used for allowable stresses in

screw anchor components.
 The calculation is conservative in that it does not consider the effects of

backfill soil load on the pipeline and shear strength of the soil.
 The pipeline is considered empty.
 Anchor force is based on a maximum hold down load is 50,000 lb this

value is common value and obtained from various vendors to their
highest standards.
Page 24 of 31
5.5 Basis of Design for Screw Anchor
The anchor locations are selected based on the anchor design capacity limit
for all the applications. The anchor spacing was selected to be less than
allowable maximum unsupported span.
The pipe maximum deflection and the deflection angle are calculated on the
base of the selected anchors spacing.
1) ID = OD - 2t Inside Diameter [m]

2) J = π*(OD4 - ID4)/64 Pipe Inertia Moment [m4]
3) Z = 2(J/OD) Pipe Resistance Module [m3]
4) Ap = π *(OD2 - ID2)/4 Pipe Steel Area [m2]
5) Wp = (AP)*dp Pipe Unit Weight [kg/m]
6) DS = π *OD2/4* Pipe Unit Volume [m3/m]
7) Bp = DS*df Buoyant Unit Force [kg/m]
8) Wb = Bp - Wp Uplift Unit Force [kg/m]
9) SL = P*OD/4t Pipe Longitudinal stress [kg/cm2]
10) Sb = (0.75St*T) - SL Long. Bending stress [kg/cm2]
11) RE = E*OD/2Sb Elastic Radius [m]
12) L = [8Z*Sb/(Wb)]1/2 Pipe Max unsupported span [m]
13) L1 < L Selected anchor span [m]
14) y = Wb*(L 1)4/185E*J Max Deflection [m]
15) α= arctg (2y/L1)*180/π Angle of deflection [deg]
16) AL > Wb*L1 Anchor capacity [kg]
Page 25 of 31
5.6 The following formulas are used in the calculations for Screw Anchor
5.6.1 Pipeline
The uniform dry weight of the pipeline is;
πρs ( OD 2 −ID 2 )
W p=
4
The uniform buoyancy force of the pipeline is considered only the pipeline is
installed by open cut method in saturated soil characteristic which is more
conservative and effective than in high water table area.
The net uniform buoyancy force of pipeline is;
πρ b ( OD 2 )
F B=
4
πρ b OD 2 πρ s ( OD 2 − ID 2 )
w b= −
4 4
5.6.2 Anchor Loading Calculation
The load generated by the net buoyancy force for the given anchor spacing is;
F L=wb L
As design basis manual specified safety factor = 2, so safe load of screw
anchor is;
F S =2 F L
5.6.3 Deflection Calculation
The maximum deflection of the pipeline is calculated based on a uniform

loaded over entire span as pipeline continuous supported – two equal
spans is;
4 4 4
wL by where π ( OD −ID )
Δ max = |Δ|≤0.1m.
PROJECT CONFIDENTIAL I=
185 EI 64
Page 26 of 31
5.6.4 Stress Calculation
The longitudinal stress due to internal pressure in restrained pipelines is;
S p =0 . 3 S H
SH is the net resultant hoop stress determined by;
S H =S Hi + SC
SHi is the hoop stress produced by the internal pressure of the fluid in a pipe
determined by Barlow’s formula is;
Sc is the contact stress induced in the pipe wall produced by the screw
anchor loading force determined by Roark and Young’s Formulas is;
P . OD
S Hi=
2t
KF L
SC=
t 2
ln ( OD
2t )
when K= 0. 02− 0. 00012( β−90 )
The longitudinal stress due to thermal expansion in restrained pipe is;

S T = Eα ( T 1 −T 2 )
The nominal bending stress in straight pipe or large radius bends due to
weight or other external load is;
M
SB =
Z
The bending moment across the pipe cross section is calculated base on a
uniform loaded over entire span as pipeline continuous supported – two equal
spans is;
2
wL
M=
8
For hollow circular section the pipe section modulus is;
Page 27 of 31
π ( OD 4 − ID 4 )
Z=
32OD
The net longitudinal stresses in restrained pipe is;
S L= S P + S T +S B
The maximum permitted value of net longitudinal stresses is;
|S L|≤0. 9 ST
The maximum permitted value for combined biaxial stress state of the pipeline
in operation is;
|S H −S L|≤kST
Stress calculations are presented in the attachments.
6 CONCLUSION
Based on calculations results and past experienced which were gained from
site experiences and international standards, the concrete coating method is
desirable method for river crossing due to the requirement for both
mechanical protection and DSI provisions. Concrete coating will be executed
for river’s set back (bank to bank), it was outcome of site surveys and
statutory meeting requirements. Screw anchor is more suitable and preferable
buoyancy method for water logging, liquefaction and swamp & marshy areas
in terms of applicability at site, cost-effective, time and constructability in
addition screw anchor can be used for small rivers where buoyancy control is
required. Saddle bad and concrete saddle options are not preferable method
for river and water logging areas due to negative buoyancy quality and
construction difficulties. Liquefaction and swampy/marchland areas have high
density of medium, therefore saddle bag and concrete saddle are not
applicable for both areas in terms of required big size of saddle volumes and
very short spacing between bags/saddles. All buoyancy methods have been
evaluated in the calculation tables in order to have all calculations results for
comparison between different buoyancy protection types. Result and
outcomes of calculation tables as well as applicable buoyancy methods and
areas are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Buoyancy methods and applicable areas
Buoyancy Method Liquefactio Water Swamp and River
Page 28 of 31
n Logging Marshy Crossings
Concrete Coating X X X √
Screw Anchor √ √ √ √
Saddle Bag X √ X √
Concrete Saddle X √ X √
X: Not Applicable
√: Applicable
Concrete Coating – River Crossing

Design factor 0.72 0.6 0.5 0.72 0.6 0.5
Concrete 142 126 107 166 147 125
Thickness mm mm mm mm mm mm
Approx. Pipe
22.02 t 21.21 t 20.30 t 30.01 t 28.86 t 27.65 t
Weight

Design factor 0.72 0.6 0.5 0.72 0.6 0.5
Concrete
107 mm 95 mm 80 mm 99 mm 92 mm 83 mm
Thickness
Approx. Pipe
12.45 t 11.99 t 11.41 t 8.98 t 8.75 t 8.47 t
Weight
Screw Anchor Spacing – Liquefaction areas 1800 kg/m3

Design factor 0.72 0.6 0.5 0.72 0.6 0.5
Screw Anchor
12.8 m 13.6 m 14.8 m 9.4 m 10.0 m 10.8 m
Spacing 1,8 MSG
Page 29 of 31
Design factor 0.72 0.6 0.5 0.72 0.6 0.5
Screw Anchor
21 m 24 m 26 m 30.2 m 32.2 m 34 m
Spacing 1,8 MSG
Screw Anchor Spacing – Water logging areas 1000 kg/m3

Design factor 0.72 0.6 0.5 0.72 0.6 0.5
Screw Anchor
30.5 m 35.5 m 44.5 m 22.5 m 26 m 32.5 m
Spacing

Design factor 0.72 0.6 0.5 0.72 0.6 0.5
Screw Anchor
47 m 51 m 76 m 37 m 40 m 58 m
Spacing
Page 30 of 31
7 ATTACHEMENTS (CALCULATION TABLES)
All buoyancy calculation methods are comprehensibly presented in the

appendixes.
Page 31 of 31

Buoyancy Calculation Report: Tanap Trans Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline Project

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BUOYANCY CALCULATION REPORT Client No.

BUOYANCY CALCULATION REPORT

Document Issued Checked Approved TANAP

DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY SHEET

P2-A DIC 20.01.2014 DISCIPLINE INTERNAL CHECK

DOCUMENT REVISION SHEET

No. Comment Response

Remove the HOLDs for the Contractor's BoD, as HOLDs cannot be

4) The calculation tables, attached as Appendices shall be

The content in present chapter 4 (new chapter 5) shall be

Saddle weights shall not be stated as set-on weights and flotation

Both formulas are equivalent;

Buoyancy control is a significant design consideration for pipelines to prevent

The purpose of this document is to make buoyancy control calculations,

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS AND DEFINITIONS

The following documents, latest editions, are referred to in this calculation:

3.1 Project Documents

BCH-SPC-PPL-PLG-001 Specification for Submerged Arc Welded

BCH-SHT-PPL-PLG-002 Data Sheet for Line Pipe and Mother Pipe

BCH-REP-PPL-PLG-001 Pipeline Class Location Report

BCH-CAL-PPL-PLG-003 Pipeline Wallthickness Calculation

BCH-SPC-EGG-GEN-001 Basis Engineering Design Data

3.2 Codes & Standards

API 5L Specification for Line Pipe

API RP 1102 Steel Pipeline Crossing Railroad & Highway

ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping

ASME B36.10 Welded & Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

Pipeline Design & Construction, Practical Approach 3rd Edition

Approve is used if Client/ Contractor requires

TANAP DOĞALGAZ İLETİM A.Ş, its affiliates, permitted

EC/ Engineering Contractor, Bechtel International Inc.

Means any Person who has entered into a contract with

Denotes an action or requirements that is not

Shall Indicates a mandatory requirement.

Will Applies to an action by Client.

API American Petroleum Institute

3.5 Unit Abbreviations

NEGATIVE BUOYANCY MEASURES

The following stabilization techniques are used to resist buoyancy:

4.1 Continuous Concrete Coating

4.2 Saddle Bags

It is specifically designed for wetland applications, having no environmental

Bag weights utilize proven polypropylene fabric that is resistant to commonly

4.3 Concrete Saddle Weight

4.4 Screw Anchor

They are used in swampy/marshy areas as an alternative to concrete

Pipelines are subjected to buoyant forces when they encounter freestanding

The preferred method of buoyancy control for liquefaction areas is screw

Calculations are presented comprehensively in attachments with name 48”

WL: Water Logging LQF: Liquefaction

Table 1: Calculated minimum required wall thicknesses.

Line size 48 inch 56 inch

Line size 30 inch 36 inch

Steel grade of land pipeline - X70 / L485

Diameter of land pipeline - 56”, 48”, 36” and 30”

Selected wall thicknesses of onshore pipeline See Table-1

Density of fluid medium areas 1800 kg/m3

Density of soil – 1850 kg/m3

Density of polyethylene coating – 940 kg/m 3

Steel density – 7850 kg/m3

Standard concrete density – 2400 kg/m3

Heavy aggregate concrete density – 3000 kg/m 3