Applications and Impacts of

Trellis Coded Modulation

on Modern Communications

Kullaya Watchalapong
RDT5 internship
April 20 – May 31st, 2005
th

Telecommunication Engineering
King Monkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang

Mentor:
Dr. Keattisak Sripimanwat
Researcher
National Electronics and Computer Technology Center
Internship objectives

1. Gain knowledge about Trellis Coded Modulation; its application, commercial products and
impact on education and academic aspect.

2. Practice skill on searching for information in the Internet.

3. Gain knowledge about process to do research.

4. Practice skill on finding solution to solve problem that have not ever known before.

5. Gain practical experience in a professional work environment.

6. Gain opportunity to collaborate with professional people.

Action plan : Research about impact of Trellis code modulation on modern communication

Assignment April May

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Impact of Trellis code modulation on
communication
1. Search applications and impact of
Trellis code modulation : online.
2. Rewrite (Investigation & Survey)

3. Analysis and synthesis information for

making up report.
4. Make up and examine the report
5. Prepare final draft
Abstract

Trellis coded modulation (TCM) is a bandwidth efficient transmission scheme that

can achieve high coding gain by integrating coding and modulation. It has been discovered in
the late 1970s and is now used in many systems for modern information transmission,
especially in modems. This report presents investigation of Trellis Coded Modulation by
collective of its related such as standardizations, applications and products. This report also
describes impact of these applications on education and academic aspect such as in the
university’s curriculum, etc. There are various sections in this report; each is cascaded in
order to understand Trellis Coded Modulation as simple as possible. After, the author hope
that this report may be helpful to people who interested in this coded.
Table of Content

1. Introduction 1

2. Paper Outline 1

3. History of Trellis Coded Modulation 2

4. Concept of Trellis Coded Modulation 4

5. Telecommunications Standards using Trellis Coded Modulation 5

5.1 ITU-T 7

5.2 IEEE 11

6. Applications of Trellis Coded Modulation 14

6.1 Wireline Communications 14

6.1.1 ADSL 14

6.1.2 Data/Fax modem 15

6.1.3 Cable 16

6.1.4 Ethernet 18

6.2 Wireless Communications 20

6.2.1 Wi-Fi 20

6.2.2 MAN / WiMAX 21

6.2.3 WPAN 22

6.2.4 UWB 22

6.2.5 Satellite Communication 23

6.3 IP Core 24

7. Impacts of Trellis Coded Modulation 25

7.1 On Education and Academic Aspect 25

7.1.1 Academic Curricula 26

7.1.2 Training Courses 27

 7.1.3 Online Courses 28

7.2 Commercial products 28

8. Conclusion 35

9. References 36

Appendix A 42

Appendix B 43

Appendix C 45
1. Introduction

Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) was invented in the late1970’s by an IBM

research scientist. It originally invents for coding data for transmission between
computer modems, so it is claimed to be a technique to change the way modems work

Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) is an efficient coding technique, which

achieves the coding gain at no cost in bandwidth. Then, it allows reliable high data-
rate communication over channels with limited bandwidth. This makes the use of
TCM very attractive for land mobile radio communications where the spectrum and
the battery power are limited resources.

[answers.com] “In the early 1980s, modems operating over plain old telephone
service ("POTS") typically achieved 9.6 to 14.4 kbit/s. This bit rate ceiling existed
despite the best efforts of many researchers, and some engineers predicted that
without a major upgrade of the public phone infrastructure, the maximum achievable
rate for a POTS modem was 19.2 kbit/s. Paradoxically, 19.2 kbit/s is only 60% of the
theoretical bit rate predicted by Shannon's Theorem for POTS lines (approximately 30
kbit/s).

In 1982, Ungerboeck published a paper [http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~yonga

cog/courses/channel%20coding/ung1.pdf] describing the principles of trellis
modulation. A flurry of research activity ensued, and by 1984, the International
Telecommunication Union published modem standards utilizing trellis modulation to
achieve rates of 19.2 kbit/s and higher.”

Accordingly, Trellis Coded Modulation does not cause an impact only every
kind of modem, but also causes many affects to our world communication too.
Ethernet, ADSL and Wi-Fi technology are examples of TCM’s application that
nowadays we can see around us.

This report focuses on how Trellis Coded Modulation is important for us by

discussing its application and impact on education and academic aspect, including its
available commercial products at the end.

2. Paper Outline

This report is arranged as following:

a) History of Trellis Coded Modulation

b) Concept of Trellis Coded Modulation

c) Telecommunications Standards of Trellis Coded Modulation

d) Application of Trellis Coded Modulation

e) Impact of Trellis Coded Modulation

1
3. History of Trellis coded Modulation (TCM)

In the late 1970s, Dr.Gottfried Ungerboeck invented a system. His system,

originally invented for coding data for transmission between computer modems, has a
major impact on world telecommunications.

The coding system that he developed, is used in most systems for modern
information transmission now, for example, in telephone modems, in satellite and
terrestrial wireless systems, for digital audio and TV broadcasting, in digital
subscriber loops designed for gaining access to the Internet and other services via
conventional telephone copper wires at Megabit-per-second rates, and so forth.

[sciencegrants.dest.gov.au] “If he hadn't changed the way modems work, the

modem telecommunications network would be much slower than it is today,” says
Professor of Computer Science at the University of Wollongong, Jennifer Seberry.

Ungerboeck’s work, the concept of combining the modulation and coding

functions in a methodical and meaningful fashion, provided a much needed quantum
step of progress. The results have come quickly to fruition, coincident as it was with
the headway in digital signal processing and algorithm development. The technique is
known today as Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM).

The system, called Trellis Coded Modulation or TCM, enables reliable data
transmission over telephone lines and other transmission media at far higher speeds
than was ever thought possible.

Once Trellis Coded Modulation was in place, modem speed soon increased
from 9,600 to 14,400 bits per second. By using more powerful TCM versions and
making other improvements, most modems now transmit at 28,000 bits per second.
Trellis-coded modulation helped remove the log jam in world communications.

[zurich.ibm.com]“We are honored and pleased that one of our scientists has
been chosen to receive this prestigious award,” said James C. McGroddy, IBM senior
vice president and advisor to the chairman. “Without Dr.Ungerboeck's invention,
telephone modems would likely be limited to transmitting data over telephone lines at
considerably lower rates than the 28,800 bits per second achieved today.”

Within years of its emergence, Trellis Coded Modulation became an industry

standard. It was first recommended in 1984 by the International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) for use in high-speed telephone modems.

2
 History of Trellis – Coded Modulation

Ungerboeck
Invented TCM
1976

Rotationally
Invariant TCM
1983 • Voiceband Modems
Up to 14.4 kbps

• Voiceband Modems
Multidimensional Up to 33.4 kbps
TCM
1984 - 1985

Rotationally TCM with TCM with TCM with Multilevel Concatenated

Invariant Built-In Time Tomlinson Unequal Error Coding Coding
TCM Diversity Precoder Protection With TCM With TCM
With M – 1988 - 1990 1990 - 1991 1990 1992 - 1993 1993 - present
PSK

• Satellite • Wireless • Digital • Broadcast • Satellite • HDTV

Communications Communications Subscriber Channels Communications • CATV
Trials Loops • DBS
• HDTV • Digital
Subscriber
Loops
Available URL : [www2.ing.puc.cl/~iee3552/Trellis_Coded_Modulation.PDF]

3
4. Concept of Trellis Coded Modulation

Trellis Code Modulation is one of the coded modulation techniques used in

digital communications. It combines the choice of a modulation scheme with that of a
convolutional code together for the purpose of gaining noise immunity over uncoded
transmission without expanding the signal bandwidth or increasing the transmitted
power.

Trellis Coded Modulation, or TCM, was invented as a method to improve

the reliability of a digital transmission system without bandwidth expansion or
reduction of data rate. Normal channel codes such as block and convolutional codes
improve the performances of the communication system by expanding the bandwidth.
The Euclidean distance between the transmitted coded waveforms would be increased
by the use of coding, but at the price of increasing the bandwidth. Trellis coded
modulation is a coded modulation scheme that can increase the noise immunity and
simultaneously do not increase the bandwidth. Therefore, Trellis Coded Modulation
is suitable for band-limited channels.

[nemesis.lonestar.org] “Trellis Coded Modulation is an enhancement of QAM,

which adds a large number of redundant bits to each Symbol, a technique known as
Forward Correction. The result is that a given Symbol has more invalid than valid
bit combinations, and this means that bit errors have a higher probability of being
detected at the transmission level. In TCM, the receiver uses the extra data from the
previous Symbol to check the accuracy of the current Symbol.”

[ee.nctu.edu.tw] Trellis Coded Modulation Schemes

Input Data Pn
Channel Constellation Modulater
Encoder Mapper
m m+r
Bits / Symbol
Channel

Viterbi P̃n
Demodulater
Output Decoder
Data m

Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) is used widely in high-speed voice-band

modems. Without coding, high-speed modems achieved data rate up to 9600 bits/sec
with M = 16 QAM signal constellation. The added coding gain provided by Trellis
Coded Modulation has made it possible to increase the speed of the transmission by at
least a factor of 2. For example, the ITU V.34 family TCM modem recommendations
supports data bit rate as high as 33.6 kb/sec. Trellis Coded Modulation also has other
applications that will be discussed in section 6 in this report.

4
5. Telecommunications Standards of Trellis Coded Modulation

Nowadays, standardization is recognized an essential discipline for all global

marketplace players—who must strive to be competitive. Companies have integrated
standardization as a major technical and commercial element in business planning.
They are aware that they must play an active role to assert their interests—or be
prepared to accept standards established without them.

Standardization is the process that encompasses the initiation, development

and application of standards documents. It’s the process of merging scientific research
with application experience to determine the precise, optimum technical requirements
for an aspect of technology. The output of this merger is an authoritative document
called a “standard.”

[thinkstandards.net]“Standards are a vehicle of communication for producers

and users. They serve as a common language, defining quality and establishing safety
criteria. Costs are lower if procedures are standardized. Training is simplified. And
consumers accept products more readily when they can be judged on intrinsic merit.”
The 1991 Annual Report of the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)
says.

This report shows two telecommunication standards – IEEE and ITU-T or CCITT.

5
 Table 1 : Standards and its applications.

Standard ITU – T IEEE

Recommendations Standards
Applications Series G Series J Series V
6.992.1 6.992.2 J.83 J.112 J.116 J.122 J.142 V.17 V.32 V.32bis V.33 V.34 802.3 802.11 802.15.3 802.16

ADSL
a a
Cable Modem
a a a a a
Dial / Fax Modem
a a a a a
Ethernet
a
WLAN / WIFI
a
WPAN
a
UWB
a
WIMAX / MAN
a

6
5.1 The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is one of the three

Sectors of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which was founded in 1865.
ITU-T was established on 1 March 1993 within the framework of the “new” ITU, replacing
the former International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee(CCITT) whose
origins go back to 1865. The public and the private sectors cooperate within ITU-T for the
development of standards that benefit telecommunication users worldwide.

The function of ITU-T is to provide global telecommunication standards by studying

technical, operating and tariff questions. The results of these studies are published as ITU-T
Recommendations.

ITU-T aims to continue to be recognized as the pre-eminent worldwide

telecommunication standards body.

The ITU-T mission is to ensure an efficient and on-time production of high quality
standards (Recommendations) covering all fields of telecommunications except radio
aspects. Series of ITU-T recommendations that using Trellis Coded Modulation
(TCM) are:

5.1.1 G series Transmission systems and media, digital systems and networks

G.992.1 (G.DMT), Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Transceivers.

This recommendation describes Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

Transceivers on a metallic twisted pair that allows high-speed data transmission between the
Central Office or the network operator (ATU-C) and the customer end remote terminal
(ATU-R).G.992.1(G.DMT) allows approximately 6 Mbps downstream and approximately
640 kbps upstream data rates depending on the deployment and noise environment. Systems
support a minimum of 6.144 Mbit/s downstream and 640 kbit/s upstream. Optional
capabilities and features are: echo cancellation, Trellis Coded Modulation, dual latency,
transport of a network timing reference, transport of STM and/or ATM, reduced overhead
framing modes.

G.992.2 (G.LITE), Splitterless Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

Transceivers

This recommendation (also known as DSL Lite, spitterless ADSL,and Universal

ADSL) describes the interface between the telecommunications network and the customer
installation in terms of their interaction and electrical characteristics. It also uses Trellis
Coded Modulation to increase the coding gain of the transmission. The recommendation
includes procedures to allow provisioning without the need for "splitters", typically installed
at the ingress to the customer premises.

It does not require splitting of the line at the user end but manages to split it for the
user remotely at the telephone company. Since there is no splitter, normal operation of the
POTS telephone will cause reductions in the rate of the data service provided. Additionally,
power management procedures and link states are specified to achieve power savings at the

7
central office and customer premises. This saves the cost of what the telephone companies
call “the truck roll.”

With the G.LITE version of ADSL service, the modem and the POTS operate
together on the same internal home wiring. Sharing the same in-house wiring creates the
greatest potential for difficulty with G.LITE.

5.1.2, J series, Transmission of television, sound program and other multimedia signals

J.83, Digital Multi-program systems for television, sound and data services for cable
distribution.

This recommendation provides worldwide specifications for the delivery of digital

television services over a cable television network. The recommendation defines the framing
structure, channel coding and modulation for digital multi-program television, sound and
data signals distributed to the audience by cable television networks, possibly in frequency-
division multiplex with existing analogue television signals.

The recommendation has four Annexes, which provide the specifications for the four
digital television cable systems submitted to the ITU-T. This reflects the fact that
standardization of digital cable television systems is being addressed for the first time by the
ITU-T and that a number of systems had been developed and provisionally implemented
when this standardization effort was undertaken by the ITU.

In addition, the ITU-T J.83 Annex B FEC has an additional powerful channel coding
scheme called Trellis coding. Because Trellis coding is embedded in the modulation process,
it often carries the name Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM).

J.112, Transmission systems for interactive cable television services.

This recommendation extends the scope of ITU-T recommendation J.83 to make

provision for bidirectional data transmission over coaxial and hybrid fibre-coax cables for
interactive services. Therefore, this recommendation uses ITU-T J.83 Annex B physical layer
and Trellis Coded Modulation as ITU-T J.83.

Like ITU-T recommendation J.83, the recommendation contains several annexes (A,
B and C) in recognition of different existing media environments. The annexes should be
read in conjunction with the corresponding annexes in ITU-T recommendation J.83.

It should be noted that the annexes to ITU-T recommendation J.112 describe different
variations of the same protocol layers, for use in different ITU regions. However,
telecommunications and computer standards that are well established and widely used in the
public domain can support connectivity between these variations.

J.116, Interaction channel for local multipoint distribution systems.

This recommendation is the baseline specification for the provision of an interaction

channel for Local Multipoint Distribution Systems (LMDS) networks as a digital
broadcasting delivery medium. This recommendation is based upon Annex A of ITU-T
J.112, then it also uses Trellis Coded Modulation in the physical layer.

8
 The recommendation addresses concepts for the IB (In-Band) and the OOB (Out-Of-
Band) principle for the implementation of an interactive channel within LMDS networks. For
narrow-band interaction, only PSTN and ISDN network-specific aspects are addressed.

J.122, Second-generation transmission systems for interactive cable television services -

IP cable modems

This recommendation, relating to broadband IP services over cable networks,

provides significantly increased capacity and improved robustness to the upstream
path allowing cable operators to make maximum use of their existing infrastructure.
The recommendation has been created for the purpose of increasing channel
capacity and improving noise immunity by using 64 QAM or 128 QAM Trellis
Coded Modulation over a 6.4MHz channel for upstream. The specification of this
recommendation includes two technologies that achieve that goal: an advanced form
of time-division multiple access, and synchronous code-division multiple access.

The intended service will allow transparent bidirectional transfer of Internet Protocol
(IP) traffic, between the cable system head-end and customer locations, over an all-coaxial or
hybrid-fibre/coax (HFC) cable network

J.142, Methods for the measurement of parameters in the transmission of digital cable
television signals.

This Recommendation specifies objective methods for the measurement of

parameters in the transmission of digital cable television signals.

5.1.3 V series, Data communication over the telephone network.

V.17, A two-wire modem for facsimile applications with rates up to 14,400bps. This
international standard defines the operating sequences and modulation techniques to be used
in high speed fax applications.

This recommendation defines a modem with the following characteristics:

• Half-duplex mode of operation for fax applications.

• QAM is used for the channel with synchronous line transmission at 2400 baud.
• Data signaling rates: 14400, 12000, 9600, 7200, 4800 and 2400 bps synchronous.
• Trellis coding at rates from 7200 to 14000 bps.
• Use Trellis Coded Modulation to adaptive to different transmit data rates and
Viterbi decoding
• Exchange of rate sequences is provided during start-up to establish the data-rate,
coding, and any other special facilities.
• The frequency carrier operates at 1800Hz.
• Transmitted power levels conform to V.2.
• Modulation rate is 2400 symbols/s.
• Supports V.24 interchange circuits

V.32, A family of 2-wire, duplex modems operating at data signalling rates of up to 9600
bit/s for use on the general switched telephone network and on leased telephone-type circuits.

9
This recommendation defines a modem with the following characteristics:

• Line frequency of 1800 Hz

• Duplex operation
• Channel separation by echo cancellation
• Quadrature amplitude modulation
• 9600, 4800, or 2400 bit/s
• Two alternative modulation schemes at 9600
1. 16 carrier states (required)
2. trellis coding with 32 carrier states (optional)
• Exchange of rate sequences during start-up
• Use Trellis Coded Modulation as an error-correcting technique

V.32bis, A duplex modem operating at data signalling rates of up to 14400 bit/s for use on
the general switched telephone network and on leased point-to-point 2-wire telephone-type
circuits

This recommendation defines a modem with the following characteristics:

• Line frequency of 1800 Hz

• Duplex operation
• Channel separation by echo cancellation
• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
• 14400, 9600, 7200, 4800, or 2400 bit/s
• Compatibility with V.32 at 9600 and 4800
• Exchange of rate sequences during start-up
• Procedure to change rate without retraining
• Use Trellis Coded Modulation as an error-correcting technique

V.33, A 14.4 kbps and 1.2 kbps modem for use on four-wire leased lines based on V.32 and
uses Trellis Coded Modulation based on 128-QAM at 2400 baud or a data rate of 6 x 2400
= 14,400 bps.

This recommendation defines a modem with the following characteristics:

• Based on V.32

• Synchronous, full-duplex operation, supports data rates of 2400, 4800,

9600,and 14,400 bps

V.34, A modem operating at data signalling rates of up to 28 800 bits/s for use on the general
switched telephone network and on leased point-to-point 2-wire telephone-type circuits.

This recommendation describes a high-speed modem providing data signalling rates from
2400 to 28 800 bit/s over connections on General Switched Telephone Networks (GSTN)
and point-to-point 2-wire leased circuits. It is the first modem to identify itself to the
telephone network equipment. It will also adapt to the characteristics of the connection by
first probing the channel and then setting critical parameters such as carrier frequency,
equalization, symbol rate and transmitted power to maximize the data throughput.

10
Additionally, this recommendation supports a half-duplex mode of operation for facsimile
applications.

The principal characteristics of the modem are as follows:

• Duplex and half-duplex modes of operation on GSTN and point-to-point 2-wire

leased circuits
• Channel separation by echo cancellation techniques
• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) for each channel with synchronous line
transmission at selectable symbol rates including the mandatory rates of 2400, 3000,
and 3200 symbols/s and the optional rates of 2743, 2800 and 3429 symbols/s
• Synchronous primary channel data signalling rates of:
o 33 600 bit/s (Optional)
o 31 200 bit/s (Optional)
o 28 800 bit/s
o 26 400 bit/s
o 24 000 bit/s
o 21 600 bit/s
o 19 200 bit/s
o 16 800 bit/s
o 14 400 bit/s
o 12 000 bit/s
o 9600 bit/s
o 7200 bit/s
o 4800 bit/s
o 2400 bit/s
• Trellis coding for all data signalling rates
• Use multidimensional Trellis Coded Modulation in transmission system
• An optional auxiliary channel with a synchronous data signalling rate of 200 bit/s, a
portion of which may be provided to the user as an asynchronous secondary channel
• Adaptive techniques that enable the modem to achieve close to the maximum data
signalling rate the channel can support on each connection
• Exchange of rate sequences during start-up to establish the data signalling rate
• Automoding to V-Series modems supported by V.32 bis automode procedures and
Group 3 facsimile machines

5.2 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE )

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, pronounced I-triple-E, founded in 1884

by electrical engineering innovators who understood the value of shared information as the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE). The IEEE was formed in 1963 when
AIEE merged with the Institute of Radio Engineers( IRE). IEEE is an organization composed
of engineers, scientists, and students. The IEEE is best known for developing standards for
the computer and electronics industry. In particular, the IEEE 802 standards for local-area
networks are widely followed.

The IEEE's mission is to promote the development of electro-technology and allied

sciences, the application of these sciences for the benefit of humanity, the advancement of
the profession, and the well-being of its members

11
 The IEEE describes itself as “the world's largest technical professional society --
promoting the development and application of electrotechnology and allied sciences for the
benefit of humanity, the advancement of the profession, and the well-being of our members.”

IEEE 802.3, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access
Method and Physical Layer Specifications

IEEE 802.3 is the IEEE standard defining the physical layer and transport layer of (a
variant of) Ethernet. This standard utilizes Trellis Coded Modulation to improve reach and
bandwidth efficiency. Data packets are transmitted from node to node using the CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection algorithm.

The standard uses CSMA/CD access at a variety of speeds over a variety of physical
media.It supports a data transfer rate of 10Mbps and use coaxial cable, fiber and twisted pair
cables.The maximum segment length is 500m and the maximum total length is 2.5km. The
maximum number of hosts is 1024. This standard also utilizes either a bus or star topology.

Physical variations of the original IEEE 802.3 specification include 10Base2,

10Base5, 10BaseF, 10BaseT, and 10Broad36. Physical variations for Fast Ethernet include
100BaseT, 100BaseT4, and 100BaseX.

The IEEE 802.3u is Fast Ethernet standard that provides a data rate of 100 megabits
per second (referred to as 100BASET). There are two Gigabit Ethernet standards, which
describe Ethernet systems that operate at 1000 Mbps. The IEEE 802.3z standard describes
the specifications for the 1000BASE-X fiber optic Gigabit Ethernet system. The IEEE
802.3ab standard describes the specifications for the 1000BASE-T twisted-pair Gigabit
Ethernet system.

IEEE 802.11, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

IEEE 802.11 is the first wireless LAN (WLAN) standard defining the media access
control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layers for a LAN with wireless connectivity. It addresses
local area networking where the connected devices communicate over the air to other devices
that are within close proximity to each other. The standard specifies a Carrier Sense Multiple
Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol and Trellis Coded Modulation to
improve data rate.

IEEE 802.11 is a family of wireless networking, including IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b,

and 802.11g. IEEE 802.11a provides up to 54 Mbps on the 5GHz band.802.11b hits 11
Mbps in the 2.4GHz band and is backward-compatible with IEEE 802.11, the original
specification. IEEE 802.11g, the most recently approved, provides over 20 Mbps on the
2.4GHz band. It is compatible with IEEE 802.11b. Both IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g have
effective ranges of about 300 feet; 802.11a's higher frequency limits its range to about 60
feet. Other standards in this family include IEEE 802.11e, 802.11h, and 802.11n.

IEEE 802.15.3, Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications for High Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)

IEEE 802.15.3 is the IEEE standard for high data rate WPAN designed to provide
Quality of Service (QoS) for real time distribution of multimedia content, like video and

12
music. It uses TDMA (time-division multiple access) to allocate channel time among devices
to prevent conflicts and only provides new allocations for an application if enough bandwidth
is available. It is designed for networking media devices and for sharing multimedia files
wirelessly in short distances and is ideally suited for a home multimedia wireless network.
The original standard uses a "traditional" carrier-based 2.4 GHz radio and Trellis Coded
Modulation for coding data as the physical layer (PHY).

The standard allows a WPAN to link as many as 245 wireless consumer devices in a
home at data rates to 55 Mbps at distances from a few centimeters to 100 meters. It specifies
raw data rates of 11, 22, 33, 44 and 55 Mbps, which can provide data throughputs in excess
of 45 Mbps. The rate chosen affects typical transmission range, for example, as much as 50
m at 55 Mbps and 100 m at 22 Mbps. The highest rate accommodates low-latency,
multimedia connections and large-file-transfer, while 11 and 22 Mbps provide long-range
connectivity for audio devices.

A follow-on standard, IEEE 802.15.3a, is still in the formative stages. It will define
an alternative PHY, current candidate proposals are based on Ultra wideband (UWB), that
will provide in excess of 110 Mbps at a 10m distance and 480 Mbps at 2m. This will allow
applications requiring streaming of high-definition video between media servers and flat
screen HD monitors and extremely fast transfer of media files between media servers and
portable media devices.

IEEE 802.16, Broadband Wireless MAN Standard (WiMAX) ,Air Interface for Fixed
Broadband Wireless Access Systems

IEEE 802.16 is the IEEE standard defining wireless service that provides a
communications path between a subscriber site and a core network such as the public
telephone network and the Internet. The Wireless MAN technology is also branded as
WiMAX. The WiMAX wireless broadband access standard provides the missing link for the
"last mile" connection in metropolitan area networks where DSL, Cable and other broadband
access methods are not available or too expensive.

IEEE 802.16 addresses the "first-mile/last-mile" connection in wireless metropolitan

area networks. It focuses on the efficient use of bandwidth between 10 and 66 GHz and
defines a medium access control (MAC) layer that supports multiple physical layer
specifications customized for the frequency band of use. The physical layer provides
concatenated FEC that using Reed Solomon and Pragmatic Trellis Coded Modulation with
optional interleaving.

The 10 to 66 GHz standard supports continuously varying traffic levels at many

licensed frequencies (e.g., 10.5, 25, 26, 31, 38 and 39 GHz) for two-way communications. It
enables interoperability among devices, so carriers can use products from multiple vendors
and warrants the availability of lower cost equipment. This opens the door for the creation of
fixed Broadband Wireless Access (BWA), which has become the best way to meet escalating
business demand for rapid Internet connection and integrated data, voice and video services.

IEEE 802.16 standards are concerned with the air interface between a subscriber's
transceiver station and a base transceiver station. IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX are designed as a
complimentary technology to Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.

13
6. Applications of Trellis Coded Modulation

Trellis Coded Modulation is limitations of conventional block and convolutional

codes on band-limited channels. This coding scheme has been used in many application such
as Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), Data/Fax modem, Cable modem,Ethernet,
Wi-Fi, WiMAX / Wireless MAN, WPAN, UWB, Satellite and IP Core. In this section, these
application are discussed in three directions as wireline communication, wireless communi-
cation and IP Core.

6.1 Wireline communications

Wireline communication (or fixed line communication) refers to computer networks

where there is a physical connection (either copper or fiber cables) between sender and
receiver. In additon, wireline communication depends on the physical integrity of the cable
network.

There are many applications of wireline communication systems for voice and data
such as cellular telephone systems, narrowband wireline systems for voice, fax, and data
transmission via telephone lines etc. This report shows application of wireline
communication that using Trellis Coded Modulation as the standard; The ITU Telecom-
munication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) and The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers ( IEEE ).

6.1.1 ADSL

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) is a technology for transmitting

digital information at a high bandwidth on existing phone lines (also known as "twisted
copper pairs") to homes and businesses for ultra-fast Internet access. Unlike regular dialup
phone service, ADSL provides continously-available, "always on" connection. ADSL also
enables access to corporate networks for telecommuters, as well as exciting new interactive
multimedia applications such as multiplayer gaming, video on demand and video catalogs.

ADSL is asymmetric in that it uses most of the channel to transmit downstream to the
user and only a small part to receive information from the user. However, most Internet and
especially graphics- or multi-media intensive Web data need lots of downstream bandwidth,
but user requests and responses are small and require little upstream bandwidth.

ADSL is generally offered at downstream data rates from 512 Kbps to about 6 Mbps.
The high downstream bandwidth means that your telephone line will be able to bring motion
video, audio, and 3-D images to your computer or hooked-in TV set. ADSL simultaneously
accommodates analog (voice) information on the same line. In addition, a small portion of
the downstream bandwidth can be devoted to voice rather data, and you can hold phone
conversations without requiring a separate line.

A form of ADSL, known as Universal ADSL or G.LITE, has been

approved as a standard by the ITU-T.

[whatis.com] “G.LITE (also known as DSL Lite, splitterless ADSL, and Universal
ADSL) is essentially a slower ADSL that doesn't require splitting of the line at the user end
but manages to split it for the user remotely at the telephone company. This saves the cost of

14
what the phone companies call "the truck roll." G.Lite, officially ITU-T standard G-992.2,
provides a data rate from 1.544 Mbps to 6 Mpbs downstream and from 128 Kbps to 384
Kbps upstream. G.Lite is expected to become the most widely installed form of DSL.”

Several experiments with ADSL to real users began in 1996. In 1998, wide-scale
installations began in several parts of the U.S. In 2000 and beyond, ADSL and other forms of
DSL are expected to become generally available in urban areas. With ADSL (and other
forms of DSL), telephone companies are competing with cable companies and their cable
modem services.

6.1.2 Data/Fax modem

A combination of fax and data modem, which is either an external unit that plugs into
the serial port or an expansion board that is installed internally. It includes a switch that
routes the call to the fax or data modem. The data/fax modem is like a regular modem except
that it is designed to transmit documents to a fax machine or to another fax modem. The
data/fax modem makes it possible to fax a document straight from the computer, but cannot
scan documents which are not in the computer. Most all modems today are data/fax modem.

[techonline.com] “For more than a decade, the global demands for voice and data commu-
nications have been growing at a phenomenal rate. With the explosion of the World Wide
Web and Internet communications, there are strong demands for reliable communication at
low-cost and high-speed. As a result, interest in modem and fax technologies, particularly
modem and fax software, has increased substantially.”

The data/fax modems come with communications software similar to communi-

cations software for regular modems that generates the fax transmission from typed-in text, a
disk file or from a screen image. This software can give the fax modem many capabilities
that are not available with stand-alone fax machines. For example, you can broadcast a fax
document to several sites at once. Another advantage with data/fax modems is that it often
transmit a sharper image than a fax machine, which obtains its source material by scanning
the page.

In addition, data/fax modems also have disadvantage, you cannot fax paper docu-
ments unless you buy a separate optical scanner, which eliminates any cost and convenience
advantages of fax modems. Another problem with fax modems is that each document you
receive requires a large amount of disk storage (about 100K per page). Not only does this eat
up disk storage, but it takes a long time to print such files.

To establish successful communication between two computers connected through

modems, it is imperative that both modems follow the same standard. The specifications of a
proprietary modem may be excellent technically, but if it is not compatible with the modem
at the other end of telephone line, it is useless. To solve this problem, the ITU
Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) set standards for data and fax
modems. These standard are V-series standards.

[gaoresearch.com] “ITU-T V.34 is the standard for dial up modems of up to 33,600bps. The
fundamental design of V.34 incorporates a higher level of optional capabilities, intelligence,
and adaptability than the lower V.series modems to make the best use of the available
conditions. The standard supports a half-duplex mode of operation for fax applications. GAO

15
has V34 fax modem software (fax data pump) available for Super Group 3 (Super G3) fax
application. GAO offers mature V.34 data modem software as well, deployed for several
years.”

6.1.3 Cable modem

A cable modem is a device that enables you to hook up your PC to a local cable TV
line and receive data at about 1.5 Mbps. This data rate far exceeds that of the prevalent 28.8
and 56 Kbps telephone modems and the up to 128 Kbps of Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN) and is about the data rate available to subscribers of Digital Subscriber Line
(DSL) telephone service. A cable modem can be added to or integrated with a set-top box
that provides your TV set with channels for Internet access. In most cases, cable modems are
furnished as part of the cable access service and are not purchased directly and installed by
the subscriber.

A cable modem has two connections: one to the cable wall outlet and the other to a
PC or to a set-top box for a TV set. Although a cable modem does modulation between
analog and digital signals, it is a much more complex device than a telephone modem. It can
be an external device or it can be integrated within a computer or set-top box. Typically, the
cable modem attaches to a standard 10BASE-T Ethernet card in the computer.

[cablelabs.com] “Cable modems allow consumers access to the Internet at higher speeds via
a cable TV network and at a fraction of the time it takes traditional telephone modems. This
is true for two reasons: 1) broadband networks make the connection up to a hundred times
faster, and 2) the service is "always on," meaning customers get the information they want,
when they want it. Unlike telephone modems, cable modems allow consumers to keep their
telephone lines open for voice conversations.”

All of the cable modems attached to a cable TV company coaxial cable line
communicate with a Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) at the local cable TV
company office. All cable modems can receive from and send signals only to the CMTS, but
not to other cable modems on the line. Some services have the upstream signals returned by
telephone rather than cable, in which case the cable modem is known as a telco-return cable
modem.

The actual bandwidth for Internet service over a cable TV line is up to 27 Mbps on
the download path to the subscriber with about 2.5 Mbps of bandwidth for interactive
responses in the other direction. However, since the local provider may not be connected to
the Internet on a line faster than a T-carrier system at 1.5 Mpbs, a more likely data rate will
be close to 1.5 Mpbs.

Cable modem standard

CableLabs, an industry trade organization, drafted a standard for cable modem

products in 1996 called DOCSIS, which stands for Data Over Cable Service Interface
Specification. It is a standard interface for cable modems, the devices that handle incoming
and outgoing data signals between a cable TV operator and a personal or business computer
or television set. The standard was developed to ensure that cable modem equipment built by
a variety of manufacturers is compatible, as dial-up modems are.

16
 Companies are able to offer DOCSIS cable modem products that are fully
interoperable with any cable company who has implemented a DOCSIS cable network. Prior
to DOCSIS, cable companies had to purchase all cable Internet access hardware from the
same provider.

The benefits of an open, well-accepted set of specifications will accrue to both cable
operators and vendors alike. For cable operators, these specifications enable compatible
products to be sourced from multiple vendors in a timely fashion, thereby, unlocking the
revenue potential of the service. For vendors, the specifications should reduce development
risk, resulting in the ability to invest in high-level integration of cost reducing semiconductor
devices, and rapidly build market volume to grow the industry.

[cable-modem.net] “Today, CableLabs continues to manage a rigorous testing process for

DOCSIS cable modems, stamping the products that pass the test "CableLabs Certified."
Through June, 2001, over 150 DOCSIS modems had been approved. Among the companies
marketing DOCSIS cable modems: 3Com, Cisco Systems, Com21, Motorola, Nortel
Networks, Philips, Thomson, Toshiba, Samsung and Sony.”

[cablelabs.com] “ MSOs require interoperability among DOCSIS modems. While no

CableLabs member company is required to purchase DOCSIS modems, the majority of
modems purchased are DOCSIS certified. As of 2004, over 15 million DOCSIS cable
modems had been deployed worldwide.”

A data over cable system adds to a cable television system a high-speed data
communications path that is transparent to the Internet Protocol (IP), between subscriber
locations and the cable operator's headend. The data over cable system includes not only the
data communications elements but also the needed operations and business support elements
for security, configuration, performance, fault, and accounting management.

The DOCSIS specifications provide a baseline privacy that guarantees user data
privacy (across the cable network) and services protection by encrypting CM/CMTS traffic
flows and controlling distribution of encryption keys to CMs. The DOCSIS system
architecture includes security components that ensure user data privacy across the shared-
medium cable network and prevents unauthorized access to DOCSIS-based data transport
services across the cable network. The DOCSIS architecture also supports the policing (e.g.,
filtering) functions that can be used to reduce risks from attacks targeted at attached CPE
devices. These policing capabilities are comparable to those available within dedicated line
network access systems (e.g.; telephone, ISDN, DSL).

DOCSIS specifies modulation schemes and the protocol for exchanging bidirectional
signals over cable. It supports downstream-to-the-user data rates up to 27 Mbps (megabits
per second). Since this data rate is shared by a number of users and because many cable
operators will be limited by a T1 connection to the Internet, the actual downstream data rate
to an individual business or home will be more like 1.5 to 3 Mbps. Since the upstream data
flow has to support much smaller amounts of data from the user, it's designed for an
aggregate data rate of 10 Mbps with individual data rates between 500 Kbps and 2.5 Mbps.

In March 1998, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) accepted

DOCSIS as a cable modem standard, called ITU J.112.Then DOCSIS 1.0 was
ratified.

17
 In April 1999,CableLabs issued a second-generation specification called DOCSIS
1.1, which adds key enhancements to the original standard, such as improved QoS and
hardware-based packet-fragmentation capabilities, to support IP telephony and other
constant-bit-rate services.

In December 2001,The ITU has reached agreement on DOCSIS 2.0 standards for
data-over-cable systems. The ITU called the completion of "Recommendation J.122" for the
Data over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) 2.0 a "major milestone" in the
development of broadband infrastructure across worldwide cable systems.The new standard
is expected to serve as the foundation for integrating voice-over-IP and other telephony
services within cable networks, in addition to improved speeds for broadband access.

[cablemodem.com] “DOCSIS 2.0 builds upon DOCSIS 1.1, and provides all of the features
and functionality that DOCSIS 1.1 provides. In addition, it provides the following
enhancements:

• Significantly enhanced upstream capacity

• 6.4 MHz maximum upstream channel width
• 30.72 Mbps maximum upstream channel capacity
• Synchronous-CDMA operation
• Increased robustness to upstream noise and channel impairments
• Enhanced Reed-Solomon error correction
• Trellis Coded Modulation
• Channel utilization statistics”

[dslforum.com] “ADSL compares to cable modems

ADSL provides a dedicated service over a single telephone line; cable modems offer
a dedicated service over a shared media. While cable modems have greater downstream
bandwidth capabilities (up to 30 Mbps), that bandwidth is shared among all users on a line,
and will therefore vary, perhaps dramatically, as more users in a neighborhood get online at
the same time. Cable modem upstream traffic will in many cases be slower than ADSL,
either because the particular cable modem is inherently slower, or because of rate reductions
caused by contention for upstream bandwidth slots. The big difference between ADSL and
cable modems, however, is the number of lines available to each. There are no more than 12
million homes passed today that can support two-way cable modem transmissions, and while
the figure also grows steadily, it will not catch up with telephone lines for many years.
Additionally, many of the older cable networks are not capable of offering a return channel;
consequently, such networks will need significant upgrading before they can offer high
bandwidth services.”

6.1.4 Ethernet

Ethernet is the most widely-installed local area network (LAN) technology. Specified
in a standard, IEEE 802.3, Ethernet was originally developed by Xerox from an earlier
specification called Alohanet (for the Palo Alto Research Center Aloha network) and then
developed further by Xerox, DEC, and Intel.

Ethernet was named by Robert Metcalfe, one of its developers, for the passive
substance called "luminiferous (light-transmitting) ether" that was once thought to pervade

18
the universe, carrying light throughout. Ethernet was so- named to describe the way that
cabling, also a passive medium, could similarly carry data everywhere throughout the
network. The name "Ethernet" was a registered trademark of Xerox Corporation.

[findarticles.com] “As a 20-year-old technology, Ethernet is no novice. It matured in Local

Area Networks (LANs), scaling up from a 10-megabit coaxial-based network in the 1980s, to
a copper-based application, then to 100 megabits in the mid-1990s. An Ethernet LAN
typically uses coaxcial cable or special grades of twisted pair wires. Ethernet is also used in
wireless LANs. The most commonly installed Ethernet systems are called 10BASE-T and
provide transmission speeds up to 10Mbps. Devices are connected to the cable and compete
for access using a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
protocol.

Ethernet proliferated virtually unchecked by competing protocols. Today,

approximately 95% of the world's LANs are connected via Ethernet, roughly 50% over
fiber and 50% on copper. By 2003, IDC Insulation Displacement Connectors expects
that to escalate to 97%.”

Fast Ethernet is networking standard that supports data transfer rates up to 100
Mbps(100 megabits per second),also called 100BASE-T. It is based on the Ethernet standard
,using the CSMA/CD LAN access method. Officially, the Fast Ethernet standard is IEEE
802.3u.

Gigabit Ethernet is a transmission technology based on the Ethernet standard,

provides a data rate of 1 billion bits per second (one gigabit) and delivered over optical fiber,
making it a viable solution for the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and even the Wide
Area Network (WAN). Gigabit Ethernet is defined in the IEEE 802.3ab and IEEE
802.3z standard. The 802.3ab standard describes the specifications for the 1000BASE-T
twisted-pair Gigabit Ethernet system. The IEEE 802.3z standard describes the specifications
for the 1000BASE-X fiber optic Gigabit Ethernet system.

[whatis.com] “Gigabit Ethernet is currently being used as the backbone (a larger

transmission line that carries data gathered from smaller lines that interconnect with it) in
many enterprise networks. It is carried primarily on optical fiber (with very short distances
possible on copper media). Existing Ethernet LANs with 10 and 100 Mbps cards can feed
into a Gigabit Ethernet backbone. An alternative technology that competes with Gigabit
Ethernet is ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). A newer standard, 10-Gigabit Ethernet, is
also becoming available.”

[findarticles.com] “The major driving force behind any technology traditionally has
been profitability,”says Carlos Zaidi, senior strategic marketing manager for 10-Gigabit
Ethernet at Nortel Networks. “Economics is really what drives technologies and how
network architectures change. So the cost and complexity of ATM vs. Gigabit Ethernet is far
greater, making Ethernet the hands-down winner when it comes to economics. In terms of
quality of service, ATM is traditionally seen as the winner.”

19
6.2 Wireless Communications

Wireless communication is fundamentally the art of communicating information

without wires. A wireless network is an infrastructure for communication “through the air”,
in other words, no cables are needed to connect from one point to another. These connections
can be used for speech, e-mail, surfing on the Web and transmission of audio and video. The
most widespread use is mobile telephones. Wireless networks are also used for
communication between computers.

Wireless communication is one of the most active areas of technology development

of our time.

[phptr.com] “Wireless technology is rapidly evolving, and is playing an increasing role in

the lives of people throughout the world. Wireless communications today covers a very wide
array of applications. The telecommunications industry is one of the largest industries
worldwide, with more than $1 trillion in annual revenues for services and equipment. (To put
this in perspective, this number is comparable to the gross domestic product of many of the
world’s richest countries, including France, Italy, and the United Kingdom.) It is estimated
that by 2003 nearly 62 million people will use wireless devices (such as cell phones or
PDAs) to access the Internet, an increase of about 728% since 2000.”

This report shows application of wireless communication that using Trellis Coded
Modulation as the standard, for example:The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector
(ITU-T) and The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ).

6.2.1 Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi (short for "Wireless Fidelity") is a term for certain types of wireless local area
network (WLAN) that use specifications in the IEEE 802.11 family. The term Wi-Fi was
created by an organization called the Wi-Fi Alliance, which oversees tests that certify
product interoperability. A product that passes the alliance tests is given the label "Wi-Fi
certified" (a registered trademark).

Originally, Wi-Fi certification was applicable only to products using the IEEE
802.11b standard. Today, Wi-Fi can apply to products that use any IEEE 802.11 standard.
The IEEE 802.11 specifications are part of an evolving set of wireless network standards
known as the 802.11 family. The particular specification under which a Wi-Fi network
operates is called the "flavor" of the network.

Wi-Fi has gained acceptance in many businesses, agencies, schools, and homes as an
alternative to a wired LAN. Many airports, hotels, and fast-food facilities offer public access
to Wi-Fi networks. These locations are known a hot spots. Many charge a daily or hourly rate
for access, but some are free. An interconnected area of hot spots and network access points
is known as a hot zone.

[JR.com] “Intel recently introduced the Centrino processor that enables notebook computers
to easily link with IEEE 802.11. Apple has been marketing their 'Airport' enabling their
computers to network wirelessly. Starbucks and McDonalds have initiated programs that
allow customers with IEEE 802.11 enabled computers and PDAs wireless access to the
Internet. Cities all over the country and around the world are developing the infrastructure to

20
enable wireless connectivity. It's a process in development that's ready to be enjoyed right
now.”

Unless adequately protected, a Wi-Fi network can be susceptible to access by

unauthorized users who use the access as a free Internet connection. The activity of locating
and exploiting security-exposed wireless LANs is called war driving. An identifying
iconography, called war chalking, has evolved. Any entity that has a wireless LAN should
use security safeguards such as the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) encryption standard, the
more recent Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), or a virtual
private network (VPN).

6.2.2 MAN / WiMAX

MAN

[whatis.com] “ metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users

with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a
large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network
(WAN). The term is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger
network (which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network). It is also
used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with
backbone lines. The latter usage is also sometimes referred to as a campus network.

Examples of metropolitan area networks of various sizes can be found in the

metropolitan areas of London, England; Lodz, Poland; and Geneva, Switzerland. Large
universities also sometimes use the term to describe their networks. A recent trend is the
installation of wireless MANs or WiMAX."

WiMAX

WiMAX is a wireless industry coalition whose members organized to advance IEEE

802.16 standards for broadband wireless access (BWA) networks. WiMAX 802.16
technology is expected to enable multimedia applications with wireless connection and, with
a range of up to 30 miles, enable networks to have a wireless last mile solution.

[shosteck.com] “Since the IEEE began approving iterations of the standard a few months
ago, WiMAX or wireless MAN has begun to be touted as

(1) another threat to licensed wireless network operators

(2) the technology foundation of so-called "fourth generation" wireless networks still
on the drawing board
(3) a substitute for optical fiber for voice and data service in urban areas
(4) a low-cost backhaul technology which will make wireless LAN hotspots
profitable.

WiMAX or wireless MAN has interesting advantages. As its name implies, wireless
MAN links base stations in metropolitan areas, up to a range of 20 km at present. WiMAX
can use either licensed or unlicensed spectrum from two to 66 gigahertz to deliver secure,
high-quality digital information at high speeds. It can deliver real-time voice-over-IP and
video services at very low costs. It is also protocol agnostic, meaning that it can carry IPv4,

21
IPv6, ATM, Ethernet and other network protocols. In terms of data-carrying capability,
wireless MAN far surpasses 3G wireless networks.”

[mercurynews.com] We already know how convenient it can be to sit down at the corner
Starbucks and surf the Web over a wireless, high-speed Internet connection. Imagine if you
kept that connection as you left the coffee house and jumped on a bus or hopped into the
back seat of your carpool for the commute to the office.

The technology that promises to bring wireless high-speed connections to entire metropolitan
areas is on the way. It's called WiMax and is backed by 140 companies -- from start-ups to
chip giant Intel to telecommunications companies.

6.2.3 WPAN

[whatis.com] “A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a personal area network- a

network for interconnecting devices centered around an individual person's workspace - in
which the connections are wireless. Typically, a wireless personal area network uses some
technology that permits communication within about 10 meters - in other words, a very short
range. One such technology is Bluetooth, which was used as the basis for a new standard,
IEEE 802.15.

A WPAN could serve to interconnect all the ordinary computing and communicating
devices that many people have on their desk or carry with them today - or it could serve a
more specialized purpose such as allowing the surgeon and other team members to
communicate during an operation.

A key concept in WPAN technology is known as plugging in. In the ideal scenario,
when any two WPAN-equipped devices come into close proximity (within several meters of
each other) or within a few kilometers of a central server, they can communicate as if
connected by a cable. Another important feature is the ability of each device to lock out other
devices selectively, preventing needless interference or unauthorized access to information.

The technology for WPANs is in its infancy and is undergoing rapid development.
Proposed operating frequencies are around 2.4 GHz in digital modes. The objective is to
facilitate seamless operation among home or business devices and systems. Every device in a
WPAN will be able to plug in to any other device in the same WPAN, provided they are
within physical range of one another. In addition, WPANs worldwide will be interconnected.
Thus, for example, an archeologist on site in Greece might use a PDA to directly access
databases at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, and to transmit findings to that
database.”

6.2.4 UWB

[whatis.com] “Ultra wideband (also known as UWB or as digital pulse wireless) is a

wireless technology for transmitting large amounts of digital data over a wide spectrum of
frequency bands with very low power for a short distance. Ultra wideband radio not only can
carry a huge amount of data over a distance up to 230 feet at very low power (less than 0.5
milliwatts), but has the ability to carry signals through doors and other obstacles that tend to
reflect signals at more limited bandwidths and a higher power.

22
 Ultra wideband can be compared with another short-distance wireless technology,
Bluetooth, which is a standard for connecting handheld wireless devices with other similar
devices and with desktop computers.

Ultra wideband broadcasts digital pulses that are timed very precisely on a carrier
signal across a very wide spectrum (number of frequency channels) at the same time.
Transmitter and receiver must be coordinated to send and receive pulses with an accuracy of
trillionths of a second. On any given frequency band that may already be in use, the ultra
wideband signal has less power than the normal and anticipated background noise so
theoretically no interference is possible. Time Domain, a company applying to use the
technology, uses a microchip manufactured by IBM to transmit 1.25 million bits per second,
but says there is the potential for a data rate in the billions of bits per second.

Ultra wideband has two main types of application:

1) Applications involving radar, in which the signal penetrates nearby surfaces but reflects
surfaces that are farther away, allowing objects to be detected behind walls or other
coverings.

2) Voice and data transmission using digital pulses, allowing a very low powered and
relatively low cost signal to carry information at very high rates within a restricted range.”

[uwbforum.com] “Ultra-wideband is capable of being used in a multitude of commercial

applications ranging from wireless networks (scalable from low to ultra high speeds) to
remote sensing and tracking devices, ground penetrating radars, as well as many more
applications that have yet to be invented. Consumers will most immediately benefit from
UWB that is optimized for wireless home networks. This architecture allows multimedia-
enabled devices to send and receive multiple streams of digital audio and video at price
points and power consumption levels currently unattainable with existing solutions.”

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is currently

investigating UWB for IEEE 802.15.3, the higher data rate version.

[ece.utexas.edu] “Ultra wideband (UWB) wireless networks are in their infancy, but are
poised to become a valuable component of consumer electronics and computer equipment.
The IEEE 802.15.3a task group is currently developing a UWB standard that involves most
of the major chip manufacturers, including Texas Instruments, Intel, Motorola, and Xtreme
Spectrum.”

6.2.5 Satellite Communications

[smgaels.org] “Communications Satellites have been around since 1958. A communications

satellite is a spacecraft that orbits the Earth and relays messages, radio, telephone and
television signals. Stations on the ground, called earth stations, transmit signals to the
satellite, which then relays the signal to other earth stations. As a newer form of
communications, communications satellites are very useful in bringing the people in the
world together. Communications between people that used to take days or even months, now
take only minutes or seconds using satellites.

23
 The use of satellite technology, particularly in the use of communications satellites
has grown rapidly in the past thirty years. Each day more and more uses for the satellites are
being discovered. Feeding this is the rapid advancement of technology that allows the quick
implementation of these uses.

Communications satellites will not only help out a person in distress but allow a
person walking the street in Manhasset N.Y. USA to use their cellular phone to speak with
someone in China. More and more satellites are being launched each year to support new and
growing uses for business, military and communication needs. Satellite communications will
continue in the right direction, UP.”

[bmbf.de] “Satellite communication is the most successful of all commercial space

applications. In addition to its significance for the "Global Information Infrastructure",
satellite communication plays an increasingly important logistic role in situations of crisis,
such as natural disasters, floods and forest fires, in peace keeping missions and for the
safeguarding of domestic security. Data and communication links are indispensable in
situations where there is no earth-based infrastructure. Satellites play an increasingly
important role for the basic supply of the population with information as well as for initial
and continuing vocational training in developing countries in particular.”

[telesat.ca] “Telesat serves a growing number of business customers who use satellites to
transmit voice, data and image information. With private satellite networks, businesses can
interconnect their offices for efficient and flexible communications. Private telephone lines
and rapid data transfer between computers are common uses.

A broad range of retail, industrial and commercial firms, as well as government

organizations have already turned to satellites to meet their business communications needs.”

[dcs.lancs.ac.uk] “The technology of Satellite communications is highly innovative with a

large range of actual and potential applications.The rate of growth and progress in the field is
breath taking without signs of slowing in the foreseeable future.The applications are
important in a national context in that they are the source of advanced products and a driving
force for further innovation and technological development in a number of other industries.
Other than applications in telecommunications and television, they also provide the means
for environmental assessments, the management of resources, and the forecasting and
planning, etc, in a number of areas of economic importance.”

6.3 IP Core

[whatis.com] “An IP (intellectual property) core is a block of logic or data that is used in
making a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
(ASIC) for a product. As essential elements of design reuse, IP cores are part of the growing
electronic design automation (EDA) industry trend towards repeated use of previously

24
designed components. Ideally, an IP core should be entirely portable - that is, able to easily
be inserted into any vendor technology or design methodology. Universal Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter (UARTs), central processing units (CPUs), Ethernet controllers, and
PCI interfaces are all examples of IP cores.

IP cores fall into one of three categories: hard cores, firm cores, or soft cores. Hard
cores are physical manifestations of the IP design. These are best for plug-and-play
applications, and are less portable and flexible than the other two types of cores. Like the
hard cores, firm (sometimes called semi-hard) cores also carry placement data but are
configurable to various applications. The most flexible of the three, soft cores exist either as
a netlist (a list of the logic gates and associated interconnections making up an integrated
circuit) or hardware description language (HDL) code.”

[mci.com] “ATLANTA, GA, SUPERCOMM, June 3, 2003 - As part of MCI's (WCOEQ,

MCWEQ) convergence networking strategy to deliver advanced IP services for businesses
and consumers, the company today announced it is joining with Nortel Networks*
(NYSE/TSX: NT) to accelerate migration of its voice network to a common IP core. The
company has chosen and deployed Nortel Networks' industry-leading Succession* superclass
softswitches and Passport* Packet Voice Gateways to create a next generation packet voice
network that will fuel innovation, simplicity and value for its customers.”

7. Impacts of Trellis Coded Modulation

According to section 6, Trellis Coded Modulation has been used in many

applications. Due to these applications, world communication has been changed. Wireline
and wireless communication can link people around the world together. We are able to
communicate instantaneously with people on different continents, transact our daily business,
and receive information about various developments and events of note that occur all around
the world. Electronic mail and facsimile transmission have made it possible to rapidly
communicate written messages across great distances. Moreover, by wireless communication
you can connect to the world at work, at home, on the road or at your favorite coffee shop, in
your car or on the public transit, even fishing in the wilderness.

Every day, in our work and in our leisure time, we come in contact with and use a
variety of modern communication systems and communication media. Therefore, there are
many kind communication products, which based on consumer desire in the markets.

In addition, the invention of Trellis Coded Modulation makes we realize that how
education and academic are important. These can cause many impacts on our world
improvement communication. In this section, we will talk about education and academic of
Trellis Coded Modulation and its commercial product aspects.

7.1 On Education and Academic Aspect

Nowadays, the other coding techniques are invented such as Turbo code and Low-
density parity-check (LDPC) code. These coding techniques can apply in many modern
communication systems. Moreover, these coding techniques not only have more applications
than TCM but also use instead TCM in some applications.

25
 However, Trellis Coded Modulation will not disappear from world communication.
Because of its efficiencies, TCM is studied and researched to apply to any other coding
techniques. Therefore, new coding techniques are invented. These can show us that TCM
always improves our world communication even though the time past.

7.1.1 Academic Curricula

There are a number of colleges and universities that supplement Trellis Coded
Modulation into their curricula as a communication theory, especially in coded modulation
and error control coding in digital communication system. For examples:

[ece.ogi.edu]

OGI School of Science and Engineering : Electrical Engineering

ECE 529 : Digital Communication Systems

Digital communications principles and performance criteria. Digitally modulated

signals: non-linear modulation methods, continuous phase FSK, continuous phase
modulation. Modulated carrier data transmission: QPSK, QAM, MFSK, MSK. Trellis
Coded Modulation and modem technologies. Spread spectrum, including frequency
hopping and CDMA principles. Optical communication systems - single and multi-channel
systems, performance criteria and systems analysis. Satellite communications systems.
Cellular mobile radio systems. 4 credits

[cuhk.edu.hk]

The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) : Information Engineering

IEG4130 : Introduction to Channel Coding and Cryptography

Hamming distance and error correction. Finite field, linear code, cyclic code.
Hamming,Reed-Solomon, BCH codes, their decoding and performance. Convolutional code,
Trellis Coded Modulation, turbo code, their decoding and performance. Applications to
CD, modem. Introduction to number theory and cryptography models. Chinese and Western
classic cyphers. Private-key cryptography, public-key cryptography. Digital signature, digital
certificate. Authentication in mobile telephony, secure email, network security

[intranet.eng.usyd.edu.au]

The University of Sydney (UoS) : Computer Engineering; Electronic Commerce

Engineering; Electrical Engineering; Software
Engineering; Telecommunications Engineering

ELEC5507 - Error Control Coding

1. Introduction to error control coding, linear algebra

2. Linear block codes, cyclic codes, BCH codes, Reed-Solomon codes, burst-
error correcting codes, design of codecs for block codes, applications of

26
 block codes in communications and digital recording
3. Convolutional codes, Viterbi algorithm, design of codecs for convolutional
codes, applications of convolutional codes in communications
4. Soft decision decoding of block and convolutional codes
1.Trellis Coded Modulation, block coded modulation, design of
codecs for trellis codes, applications of trellis codes in data
transmission
2. Turbo codes and applications to space and mobile communications.

7.1.2 Training Courses

As a result of many applications on modern communication technology that Trellis

Coded Modulation has, it is added in many training courses as a useful coding. For
examples :

[elec.york.ac.uk]

The University of York

Modulation and Coding for Radio Communications

• System implications of modulation and coding: Important characteristics; capacity

and performance enhancements available.
• Modulation: Tools for performance evaluation; modern schemes such as GMSK,
Pi/4-QPSK, QAM, etc, power and bandwidth efficiency, influence of RF system
and performance.
• Modems and modem performance: Demodulation techniques, carrier and timing
recovery, evaluation of overall modem performance.
• Error-control coding: Principles and system efficiency gains, Block codes, BCH
and Reed-Solomon codes, convolutional codes, Decoding, soft decision
decoding; the Viterbi algorithm.
• Coded modulation: Principles and advantages, Trellis Coded Modulation
(TCM), block-coded modulation (BCM), multilevel coded modulation, Lattice
coding.
• Coding and modulation for multipath channels: Effects of multipath,
performance evaluation on multipath channels, coded modulation for multipath
channels, combined decoding and equalisation.
• Recent developments: CDMA, OFDM, Turbo-codes and Space-Time codes.

[besserassociates.com]

Besser Associates The Worldwide Leader in RF and Wireless Training

Course 147 : Advanced Digital Communications

27
This three-day seminar enables participants to make reasonable design choices based solely
on system requirements and constraints. Emphasis is placed on Turbo-code concepts, Trellis
Coded Modulation, and fading channels.

[besserassociates.com]

Course 176 : WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access

This three-day course provides a detailed review of the principles involved and techniques
applied in WiMAX broadband wireless access (BWA) systems, including point-to-multipoint
(PMP) and mesh structured “last-mile” links. Key features of WiMAX supported standards
(IEEE 802.16-2004 and ETSI HIPERMAN) are presented and the current status of the
proposed key components of the IEEE mobility option, 802.16e reviewed. The typical types
of digital information conveyed by such systems are studied, including both circuit switched
and packet switched formats. The digital modulation techniques applied are analyzed and
error detection/correction methods examined (Parity Codes, Block Codes : BCH and RS,
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), Convolution Codes, Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM),
Code Interleaving, Turbo Codes)…

7.1.3 Online Courses

As the cost of technology decreases, many universities are finding ways to bring the
benefits of the classroom into a distance-learning setting that way is online courses.There are
many advantages for students who taking online courses. The most obvious one, is that
students do not have to be physically present in order to take part in such courses. Student
can study at their homes as long as they have a computer and Internet connection. There are a
number of colleges and universities that also supplement Trellis Coded Modulation into
their online courses.

For instance, this online course is offered by the Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering at New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT).

[njit.edu]

ECE 778 - Algebraic Coding for Information Transmission

Prerequisites: ECE 642 and ECE 673. Coding for reliable digital transmission and storage,
error detection and correction codes. Decoding techniques and performance evaluation of
block and convolutional codes, including BCH, Reed-Solomon code and Trellis Coded
Modulation.

7.2 Commercial products

We can see many kinds of product that using Trellis Coded Modulation as the
standard in the market. This report presents list of these products varying by application of
Trellis Coded Modulation in section 6.

28
Wireline Communication

ADSL [conexant.com]

ArgonTM ADSL CPE : This is a ADSL CPE Bridge/Router/IAD/Gateway Chipset by

Conexant Systems,Inc. It expands capability to implement an integrated access device (IAD)
for voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) or voice over digital subscriber line (VoDSL).

Features :
•
Supports ITU-T G.992.1 (G.DMT), ITU-T G.992.2 (G.LITE), ANSI T1.413
Issue 2 and CAP (TR-59)
•
Supports ITU G.992 Annex A (plain old telephone service [POTS]), Annex B
(integrated services digital network [ISDN]) and Annex C (Trellis-Coded
Modulation ISDN [TCM-ISDN])
•
Downstream data rates up to 50Mbps high speed, 12Mbps full rate
•
Upstream DMT data rates up to 3Mbps
•
Full networking software stack for bridge/router available in source code
•
Supports either VoIP or VoDSL via a Magnesium DSP
•
Gateway via an 802.11 a/b/g card connected to the on-chip PCMCIA and
miniPCI interface
•
Virtual private network (VPN) solution via an embedded encrytion engine
•
Single-type and group-type configuration available

Applications :
•
Bridge/Router/IAD/Gateway for ADSL network
•
Virtual Private Network (VPN) DSL router

Data/Fax modem [comtec.co.kr]

X-TAL7210 : This is a data/fax modem by Comtec, Inc. It guarantees high reliability as

designed with state-of-art microprocessor and VLSI modem chip.

Features :

29
 •
Data : Compliant with ITU-T V.34, V.34 extended rates, V.32bis, V.32, V.23,
V.22bis, V.21, BELL212A, BELL103
•
Fax : ITU-T V.17, V.29, V.27ter, V.21ch
•
Support fax class1, class2 mode
•
33600bps synchronous and asynchronous mode by Trellis Coded Modulation
•
Auto fall-back/fall-forward
•
Speed buffering/flow control
•
Error control : ITU-T V.42 and MNP class4
•
Data compression function : ITU-T V.42bis (4:1), MNP class5 (2:1)
•
Single-type and group-type configuration available
•
Connect with network management system

Applications :
•
Transmit data to another data/fax modem or to a fax machine

Cable modem [cisco.com]

uBR7100 Series Universal Broadband Router : This is a router by Cisco Systems,Inc. It

delivers a cost-effective solution that combines a router, supporting high-performance
backbone technologies, with a Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS),containing a line
card with an integrated upconverter that minimizes capital expenses.

Features :
•
Supported subscriber devices include cable modems, set top boxes, and Cisco
cable customer premises equipment (CPE).
•
Contain one downstream port and one upstream port, with two choices:
o
model supporting bi-directional cable traffic
o
model supporting upstream Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
dial-up modems

•
Supports DOCSIS and EuroDOCSIS 1.0 standards to protect investment,
promote interoperability, and ensure system scales.
•
Allows cable service providers and multi-unit (MxU) operators
•
Integrated upconverter, WAN interface, and configuration tools to provision
hosts
•
Supports DOCSIS Baseline Privacy Interface (BPSI) security
•
Enable fast, reliable software and micro-code upgrades
•
Dynamic Hierachical Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Trivial File Transfer

30
 Protocol (TFTP)
•
Supports single, centralized point of administration for remote devices
•
Offer high-speed Internet access and Voice-over-IP services

Applications :
•
Broadband router for cable network

Ethernet [nanosys1.com]

TEG-PCITWR 32-bit 10/100/1000Mbps Copper Gigabit Ethernet adapter : This is a

copper Gigabit Ethernet adapter by TRENDware International,Inc. This device is a high-
bandwidth network adapter that auto-senses 10/100/1000Mbps connection speed.

Features :
•
IEEE 802.3, 802.3u and 802.3ab compliant
•
Support 32-Bit PCI Local Bus Master high-speed operation
•
One RJ-45 port with Auto Sensing of 10Mbps Ethernet, 100Mbps Fast Ethernet,
and 1000Mbps Gigabit Ethernet
•
Auto MDI-X medium type detection
•
Supports Full-duplex mode and doubles the bandwidth to 20/200/2000Mbps
•
Supports Win98/ME/NT4/2000/XP, Linux and Netware
•
Built-in FIFO (8K/64K) buffer reduces overhead of memory transfers
•
Supports Wake-on-LAN for remote wake up

Applications :
•
Gigabit Ethernet
•
High traffic Power Server and Video-Conferencing Workstation

Wireless Communication

Wi-Fi [dlink.com]

DI-624 AirPlus XTREAM-G 108Mbps Router : This is a router by D-Link. It is a high-

speed devices capable of transfer rates now up to 15x faster than standard 802.11b with D-
Link 108G.

31
Features :
•
IEEE 802.11g, 802.11b, 802.3 and 802.3u.
•
Wireless frequency range 2.4GHz to 2.462GHz
•
Media Access Control (MAC) using CSMA/CA with ACK
•
Wireless operating range
o
Indoors : Up to 328 ft (100 meters)
o
Outdoors : Up to 1312 ft (400 meters)
•
Modulation by using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
and Complementary Coded Keying (CCK)
•
Using WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) to connect to network

Applications :
•
Router for wireless communication

WiMAX / Wireless MAN [intel.com]

Intel PRO/Wireless 5116 Broadband Interface : This is a highly integrated, IEEE 802.16-
2004 compliant system on chip (SoC).It create a broad range of outdoor and indoor self-
installable WiMAX modems and residential gateways.

Features :
•
256 OFDM PHY with support for channel bandwidths up to 10 MHz
•
TDD and HDD/FDD duplexing modes
•
Concentenated Reed-Solomon and Convolutional Encoding Forward Error
Correction
•
Adaptive modulation (BPSK, QPSK, QAM16, QAM64)
•
Dual-core ARM* 946E-S engines for PHY, MAC, and application protocal
processing
•
DSP engine with three parallel ALUs allow three simultaneous complex
multiply operations per cycle for OFDM processing
•
Modular RF interface supporting I/F or baseband I/Q radios designed for
WiMAX licensed and unlicensed spectrum
•
TDM interface for legacy analog voice applications

Applications :
•
WiMAX fixed wireless broadband platforms
•
High-performance OFDM modem.

32
WPAN [nordicsemi.no]

nRF24AP1 : This is a Ultra-low power 2.4GHz transceiver with embedded ANT protocol
for wireless personal area networks (PAN) by Nordic Semiconductor ASA. It is a drop-in
wireless communications solution that provides private
and public network connectivity that offering the longest battery lifetime, lowest cost, and
smallest size product.

Features :
•
Designed for Coin Cell Battery operation
•
Supports uni-directional and bi-directional channel
•
Channel method: TDMA
•
2^32 addressable devices
•
Message rate > 200 messages per second
•
Data validity detection: 16 bit CRC
•
Adaptive channel communications - automatically adjust and synchronize with
each other to provide robust, non-destructive operation
•
Broadcast, Acknowledged, Burst transmission modes available
•
Supports star and peer-to-peer networks
•
2.4GHz operation
•
1Mbit/sec air datarate

Applications :
•
Sensor Networks
•
Home and Industrial automation
•
Sports monitoring

UWB [freescale.com]

XS110 Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Solution : This is a chipset by Freescale

Semiconductor,Inc. It provides full wireless connectivity implementing Direct Sequence
Ultra-wideband (DS-UWB) and the IEEE 802.15.3 Media Access Control (MAC) protocal.

Features :
•
Three-chip set consists of RF front-end and transceiver, digital baseband and
Media Access Control (MAC)
•
Incorporates low-overhead, high Quality-of-Service (QoS) IEEE 802.15.3

33
 MAC protocol
•
UWB physics offer superior multipath performance indoors for wire-like
quality
•
Selectable data rates : 29, 57, 86, and 114 Mbps.
•
1×109 Bit Error Rate (BER) delivers wire-like video quality
•
Supports peer-to-peer as well as ad hoc networking for truly mobile wireless
connectivity
•
Encoding by using Bi-phase monocycle

Applications :
•
Multiple wireless MPEG-2 or MPEG-2HD video streams
•
Home residential media gateways/set-top boxes supporting secure digital
video distribution to multiple displays/television
•
Streaming digital video/audio for handheld and mobile devices, such as digital
still cameras and camcorders, MP3 players, smartphones and mobile handsets

Satellite Communication [carriercomm.com]

CCM8910 Single chip modem : This is a single chip modem by CarrierComm,Inc. It is

using Trellis Coded Modulation as forward error correction (FEC) code.This one integrates
many function that simplify system design and reduce overall system costs.

Features :
•
Supports BPSK modulation up to 256 QAM
•
Data rates up to 311 Mbps supported
•
Bit Error Rate (BER) 10-12 or better supported
•
Integrated Functions
o
Corrects for Transmit and Receive I/Q mismatches (I/Q imbalance adaptation)
o
BERT (Bit Error Rate Tester) for remote link diagnostics
o
DC Offset Removal reduces system cost
o
Digital Timing and carrier recovery
o
Predistortion to remove nonlinearities
•
Incorporates Forward Error Correction (FEC) Codes
o
Requires lower signal to noise ratio
o
Trellis Coded Modulation offers high coding gain
o
Concatenated Reed Solomon coding designed to be compliant with Intelsat
standards.
•
Convolutional/TCM and Reed Solomon code rates programmable

Applications :

34
 •
High-speed satellite communication

IP Core [icsdesign.com]

TCM Decoder IP Core (TDEC01) : This is a TCM decoder IP Core by ICS (Integrated
Circuits and Software) design. It can be relatively easy to modify for the IEEE 802.3ab
Gigabit Ethernet standard.

Features :
•
Selectable modulation : 8-PSK or 16/32/64-QAM
•
8-states TCM encoder, rate R=2/3
•
Register Exchange decoding method for lower latencies
•
Soft decisions – starting with 4 bits wide
•
Selectable quantization mapping
•
Plots using files generated by Verilog simulation
•
Matlab model provided as well

Applications :
•
ITU-T modems (V.17, V.32, etc), wireless, xDSL or IEEE 802.3ab Gigabit
Ethernet

8. Conclusion

Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) has evolved for around two decades as a
combined coding and modulation technique for digital transmission over band-limited
channels. Its main attraction comes from the fact that it gains noise immunity over uncoded
transmission without expanding the signal bandwidth or increasing the transmitted power.

Furthermore, since Trellis Coded Modulation was invented. It has been usually
applied to any other codes as next generations of Trellis Coded Modulation to get more
efficiency, for instance; Pragmatic Trellis Coded Modulation (PTCM), Turbo Trellis Coded
Modulation (TTCM), etc.

[mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk] “Turbo coding can be combined with trellis-coded modulation in

order to produce Turbo TCM (TTCM) codes. The optimum design of TTCM scheme for
dispersive fading channel is our goal in this field.”

Although in these days, the other useful codes was discovered (for example; Turbo
Coding and LDPC), they are still under developing process. For this reason, Trellis Coded
Modulation gets an advantage because it is now a well-established technique in digital
communication.

Applications of Trellis Coded Modulation that discussed in this report; in wireline,

wireless communication even in an IP Core, cause big impact to our world improvement
communication. Nowadays, these technologies are available around us. Consequently, we
can say that Trellis Coded Modulation is around us, too.

35
9. References

[answers.com] Trellis Modulation Definition

Available URL : http://www.answers.com/trellis%20modulation

[besserassociates.com] Training Course Description : Course 147 : Advanced Digital

Communications
Available URL : http://www.besserassociates.com/outlinesOnly.asp?CTID=147

[besserassociates.com] Training Course Description : Course 176 : WiMAX Broadband

Wireless Access
Available URL : http://www.besserassociates.com/outlinesOnly.asp?CTID=176

[bmbf.de] Communication by Satellites

Available URL : http://www.bmbf.de/en/1090.php

[cablelabs.com] What is a cable modem?

Available URL : http://www.cablemodem.com/faq/#FAQ6

[cablemodem.com] What are the key differences between DOCSIS 1.0 and 1.1?
Available URL : http://www.cablemodem.com/faq/#FAQ19
[carriercomm.com] CCM8910 Single chip modem
Available URL : http://www.carriercomm.com/pdfs/CCM8910Product
BriefRevA1.pdf

[cisco.com] uBR7100 Series Universal Broadband Router

Available URL : http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/cable/ps2211/products
_data_sheet09186a0080092234.html

[comtec.co.kr] X-TAL7210
Available URL : http://www.comtec.co.kr/english/business/xtal7210.html

[conexant.com] ArgonTM ADSL CPE

Available URL : http://www.conexant.com/servlets/DownloadServlet/
102371A.pdf?FileId=1630

[cuhk.edu.hk] Course Descriptions : IEG4130 : Introduction to Channel Coding and

Cryptography
Available URL : http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/gss/pgshdbk/23_R18_Infor%20Engin.pdf

[dcs.lancs.ac.uk] Master of Science/Postgraduate Diploma in Satellite Communications and

Space Environments
Available URL : http://www.dcs.lancs.ac.uk/index.php?module=pagemaster&
PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=45

[dlink.com] DI-624 AirPlus XTREAM-G 108Mbps Router

Available URL : ftp://ftp10.dlink.com/pdfs/products/DI-624/DI-624_ds.pdf

[dslforum.com] ADSL Frequently Asked Questions

36
Available URL : http://www.dslforum.org/aboutdsl/faq.html

[ece.ogi.edu] Course Descriptions : ECE 529 Digital Communication Systems

Available URL : http://www.ece.ogi.edu/courses.html

[ece.utexas.edu] The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless

Personal Area Networks
Available URL : http://www.ece.utexas.edu/~wireless/TP%2039,%20High%
20Frequency%20Electronics,%20Sept%2003.pdf

[ee.nctu.edu.tw] Introduction to Trellis Coded Modulation

Available URL : cwww.ee.nctu.edu.tw/.../file/vdo_2003_05_01_mark_Introduction
%20to%20Trellis%20Coded%20Modulation.ppt

[elec.york.ac.uk] Training Course Description : Modulation and Coding for Radio

Communications
Available URL : http://www.elec.york.ac.uk/cpd/shcourse/modcode.html

[findarticles.com] Bandwidth; Gig-E Breaks free - Technology Information

Available URL : http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0TPY/is_2000
_August_28/ai_64831728

[freescale.com] XS110 Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Solution

Available URL : http://www.freescale.com/files/wireless_comm/doc/fact_
sheet/UWBFACT.pdf

[icsdesign.com] TCM Decoder IP Core (TDEC01)

Available URL : http://www.icsdesign.com/ic/tcmdec_ip.html

[intel.com] Intel PRO/Wireless 5116 Broadband Interface

Available URL : http://www.intel.com/network/connectivity/products/wireless/307327.pdf

[intranet.eng.usyd.edu.au] Course Descriptions : ELEC5507 - Error Control Coding

Available URL : http://intranet.eng.usyd.edu.au/weg-course-info/outline?
unit=ELEC5507

[jr.com] Product Guide 802.11 Wireless

Available URL : http://www.jr.com/templates/guides/802.11+Wireless.tem

[mci.com] MCI Joins with Nortel Networks to Accelerate Convergence of Voice and Data
Networks on Common IP Core
Available URL : http://global.mci.com/be/news/news2.xml?newsid=7810&mode
=long&lang=en&width=530&root=/be/

[mercurynews.com] Taking Wi-Fi to The Max

Available URL : http://www.siliconvalley.com/mld/siliconvalley/business/
technology/personal_technology/9831069.htm

[mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk] Turbo Trellis Coded Modulation Paper

Available URL : http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk/comms/Res_Int_coding.htm

37
[nanosys1.com] TEG-PCITWR 32-bit 10/100/1000Mbps Copper Gigabit Ethernet adapter
Available URL : http://nanosys1.com/net-n-tw-pcitxr.html

[nemesis.lonestar.org] Data/FAX Modem Transmission Modulation Systems, Available

URL : http://nemesis.lonestar.org/reference/telecom/modem/modems/ modulations.html

[njit.edu] Online Course Description : ECE 778 - Algebraic Coding for Information
Transmission
Available URL : http://www.njit.edu/v2/catalog/graduate/00Spring/51.htm

[nordicsemi.no] nRF24AP1
Available URL : http://www.nordicsemi.no/index.cfm?obj=product&act=display&pro=88

[phptr.com] Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems: Advanced Techniques for

Signal
Available URL : http://phptr.com/articles.asp? p=102255&rl=1

[sciencegrants.dest.gov.au] 1997 Australia Prize Dr.Gottfriend Ungerboeck (Austria)

Available URL : https://sciencegrants.dest.gov.au/SciencePrize/Pages/Doc.aspx?
name=previous_winners/Aust1997Ungerboeck.htm

[shosteck.com] WIRELESS MAN (IEEE 802.16): Another Threat to Wireless Operators?

Available URL : http://www.shosteck.com/news/jun03.htm

[smgaels.org] Communication Satellites

Available URL : http://www.smgaels.org/physics/97/MGRAHLFS.HTM

[techonline.com] Modem and Fax Standards and Software

Available URL : http://www.techonline.com/community/ed_resource/feature_article/20041

[telesat.ca] Move on Up to Satellite...the true Business Advantage

Available URL : http://www.telesat.ca/telecom/

[thinkstandards.net] What are Standards?

Available URL : http://www.thinkstandards.net/what.html

[uwbforum.com] What Are The Potential Commercial Applications?

Available URL : http://www.uwbforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&
task=view&id=25&Itemid=50#q8

[whatis.com] Fast Guide to DSL

Available URL : http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7
_gci213915,00.html

[whatis.com] Gigabit Ethernet Definition

Available URL : http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7
_gci212193,00.html

[whatis.com] IP Core Definition

38
Available URL : http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,289893,sid9_
gci759036,00.html

[whatis.com] MAN Definition

Available URL : http://whatis.techtarget.com/wsearchResults/0,,sid9,00.html?
query=metropolitan+area+network

[whatis.com] UWB Definition

Available URL : http://whatis.techtarget.com/wsearchResults/0,,sid9,00.html?
query=ultra+wideband

[whatis.com] WPAN Definition

Available URL : http://whatis.techtarget.com/wsearchResults/0,,sid9,00.html?
query=WPAN
[zurich.ibm.com] Pioneer of modem technology receives 1996 Marconi Fellowship
Available URL : http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/96/n-19960606-01.html

About IEEE
Available URL : http://www.csupomona.edu/~ieee/about/

About the IEEE, History, Mission

Available URL : http://www.ewh.ieee.org/r10/islamabad/aboutieee.html#About the IEEE
ADSL Definition
Available URL : http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,290660,
sid7_gci213764,00.html

ADSL Frequently Asked Questions

Available URL : http://www.dslforum.org/aboutdsl/faq.html

Analysis of the Bit Error Rate of Trellis-coded Modulation

Available URL : db.s2.chalmers.se/download/ masters/master_EX043_2002.pdf

Cable Modem Definition

Available URL : http://whatis.techtarget.com/wsearchResults/0,,sid9,00.html?
query=cable+modem

Cable Modem Primer

Available URL : http://www.cable-modem.net/tt/primer.html

Commercial Telecommunications Standards ITU-T Recommendations

Available URL : http://comm.disa.mil/itu/index.html

DOCSIS History
Available URL : http://cgcc.williamson.cx/docsis.2/

Encyclopedia IEEE 802.15.3

Available URL : http://www.networkworld.com/details/6451.html?def

Ethernet Definition
Available URL : http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,290660,sid44

39
_gci212080,00.html

Ethernets Standards
Available URL : http://www.techfest.com/networking/lan/ethernet1.htm#1.3

Fax Modem Definition

Available URL : http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/fax_modem.html

Fax/Modem Definition
Available URL : http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?
term=fax/modem

IEEE 802.11 Tutorial

Available URL : http://www.terabeam.com/solutions/whitepapers/tutorial_80211.php

IEEE 802.16 Backgrounder

Available URL : http://www.ieee802.org/16/docs/02/80216-02_12r3.pdf

IEEE 802.16: Broadband Wireless MAN Standard (WiMAX)

Available URL : http://www.javvin.com/protocolWiMAX.html

IEEE 802.3
Available URL : http://www.answers.com/IEEE%20802.3

IEEE Advances Wireless MAN Standard

Available URL : http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/news/article.php/1577591

IEEE Definition
Available URL : http://searchsmb.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,290660,
sid44_gci214016,00.html

IEEE Project 802.14/a Draft 3 Revision 1

Cable-TV access method and physical layer specification
Available URL : http://home.knology.net/ieee80214/Drafts%20and%20PARs
/Historical/ieee_802_14d3r2.pdf

IEEE releases spec for high-speed wireless streaming

Available URL : http://computerweekly.com/Article124060.html

ITU Approves Next-Gen Cable Modem Standards

Available URL : http://www.10e20webdesign.com/website_design_company
_latest_news_december_24_itu_approves_next_gen_cable_modem_standards.htm

ITU History
Available URL : http://www.itu.int/aboutitu/overview/history.html

ITU Recommendations Search

Available URL : http://www.itu.int/publications/search.aspx?lang=e&menu=search

The Internet Protocol Journal IEEE 802.11

40
Available URL : http://www.cisco.com/en/US/about/ac123/ac147/ac174/ac177/
about_cisco_ipj_archive_article09186a00800c83e4.html

WiMAX Definition
Available URL : http://whatis.techtarget.com/wsearchResults/0,,sid9,00.html?
query=WiMAX

Wireless FireWire to arrive later this year

Available URL : http://www.ferret.com.au/articles/bb/0c01d1bb.asp

Contact Information

Kullaya Watchalapong
Telecommunication Engineering
King Monkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
17/5 M.2, Bang- Luang,
Mhuang, Pathumthani 12000

Tel : 01-7351586

Email : pearly_pk@hotmail.com

41
Appendixs

Appendix A

Dr.Gottfried Ungerboeck’s Biography

Being the inventor of trellis coded modulation, he has been a leading pioneer in
developments in communication theory for the past 30 years. He is a member of the National
Academy of Engineering, USA, and recipient of the IEEE Communications Society Edwin
Howard Armstrong Achievement Award, the IEEE Richard Hamming Medal, the Eduard
Rhein Basic Science Price, the Australia Prize, and the Marconi International Fellowship
Award.

[zurich.ibm.com] “June 6, 1996, London, England -- To recognize and stimulate creativity

in communications, the Marconi International Fellowship this week announced Gottfried
Ungerboeck, an IBM Research scientist in Zurich, as the recipient of the 1996 International
Marconi Award for his invention of "trellis-coded modulation"—the core technology used in
modems around the world. Regarded as the "Nobel Prize" of communications, the Marconi
Fellowship Award, which includes a cash award of 100,000 US dollars, is given once a year
for unmatched innovation in communications and impact on humanity.”

When Ungerboeck was a child , he was always curious about electricity and wanted a
deep understanding of how it worked. He gained that with a degree in engineering in Vienna
and after military service went to work for IBM.

Later, Ungerboeck worked in Switzerland at IBM's Zurich research laboratory on

computer-generated speech. But he remained in search of an area that could really capture his
interest. "Then, in 1969, I discovered the transmission of information as an area I would like
to get involved in because it was an area where you could apply mathematics and do solid
analytical things," said Ungerboeck.

On assignment at an IBM laboratory in France, Ungerboeck worked with developers

of telephone modems. "It was a time when distortion and disturbances of the waveform of
data transmitted over phone lines had set limits to the achievable data rates," said
Ungerboeck. "New ideas to overcome these limits were needed." This is Ungerboeck’s
inspiration. This report will discuss this problem and the way to defeat it in his idea.

Ungerboeck became absorbed by the problem of data transmission and developed

trellis-coded modulation which was first used in. modems for data transmission over the
public telephone network in 1984.

"I think all engineers are in a very competitive mode," said Ungerboeck. "We
live in a rapidly moving world and are always thinking what should be our next step. It
goes on and on."

42
Appendix B

Wireless technologies by range.

[bcr.com] “As we explore this evolving landscape, it’s important to keep the relationship
between distance and throughput foremost in mind. In fact, this relationship is so
fundamental that we’ll discuss wireless by range, moving from shorter to longer-reach
technologies, culminating in a future where multiple radio systems will be integrated into a
single device (Figure 1) and mention short-range, low-bandwidth technologies like RFID,
Zigbee, Bluetooth and near-field communications (Table 2).”

TABLE 2. Wireless Technologies

Typical Maximum
Technology Frequency Common Usage
Reach Data Rate

Barcode replacement in passive

RFID 13.56 MHz 3 meters 26 kbps
transponders

Wireless monitoring and control

Zigbee 802.15.4 2.4 GHz 70 meters 250 kbps
devices (sensor meshes)

WPANs connecting wireless

Bluetooth 1.1
2.4 GHz 10 meters 780 kbps headsets, phones, and other nearby
802.15.1
peripherals

Bluetooth 2.0 2.4 GHz 10 meters 3 Mbps Bluetooth upgrade published in

43
 2004

High-rate WPANs capable of

Ultra-Wideband 10 meters, 2 110 Mbps,
3.1 GHz carrying audio/ video traffic, USB
802.15.3a meters 480 Mbps
replacement

Enterprise WLANs, particularly in

802.11a 5 GHz 100 meters 54 Mbps
high density areas

Public wireless hotspots,

802.11b/g 2.4 GHz 100 meters 54 Mbps residential WLANs, enterprise
WLANs

Pre-n residential WLANs today;

5 GHz (at
802.11n ? 100+ Mbps will eventually dominate in
least)
enterprise WLANs

Fixed point-to-point or multipoint

802.16 WiMAX 10–66 GHz 1–3 miles 134 Mbps “last mile” links between
subscribers and public carriers

Non-line-of-sight version of
802.16a
2–11 GHz 30 miles 75 Mbps 802.16, supporting both licensed
WiMAX
and non-licensed use

Mobile extension to 802.16,

802.16e
6 GHz 1–3 miles 15 Mbps supporting last-mile connections to
WiMAX
roaming devices

Voice, messaging, and wireless

900, 1800, National
GPRS 160 kbps Web on Cingular/ AT&T, T-
1900 MHz network
Mobile phones

900, 1800, National

EDGE 473.6 kbps Essentially a faster GPRS
1900 MHz network

900, 1800, In selected Broadband replacement for

UMTS 2 Mbps
1900 MHz cities today GPRS/EDGE

CDMA2000/ 1900 MHz, National 156–307.2 Voice, messaging, and wireless

1XRTT others network kbps web on Sprint, Verizon phones

CDMA2000/ 1900 MHz, In selected Broadband replacement for

2.4 Mbps
1xEV-DO others cities today 1XRTT

44
Appendix C

Acronyms

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATU-C ADSL Transmission Unit-Central office

ATU-R ADSL Transmission Unit-Remote

BWA Broadband Wireless Access

CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access

CM Configuration Management

CPE Customer Premises Equipment

DMT Discrete Multitone

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

GAO The Government Accountability Office

HD High-Definition

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

PC Personal Computer

PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect

PDA Personal Digital Assistant

POTS Plain Old Telephone Service

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

STM Scanning Tunneling Microscope

45