PRESENTED BY

ARCHA SASIKUMAR
Characteristic Feature
➢Mushrooms belong to the group of organisms called
fungi, and the study of fungi, as a specialty in biology, is
mycology.
➢The major part of a mushroom is concealed beneath
the soil surface or within decomposing materials such as
rotting trees or leaves.
➢The main part of mushroom includes:
a)Cap/Pileus
b)Stipe
c)Mycelium
d)Spores
 Characteristic Feature
• Cap :
• the most conspicuous characteristic of a mushroom.
• A membrane termed the universal veil surrounds the developing cap
and the rest of a mushroom that is in the button, or immature, stage.
• As the mushroom grows and opens, the universal veil ruptures, and
parts of it may cling to the cap, sometimes in the form of warts in
certain kinds of mushrooms.
• On the underside of the cap is a surface with gills, pores or a similar
variation.
• Those structures bear and release spores for reproduction. Another
membrane, called the partial veil, may cover the cap's underside. It
ruptures, too, and parts of it may remain when the mushroom is
open fully.
Characteristic Feature
• Stipe:
• It is used to refer to the mushroom’s stem.
• Some mushrooms feature an annulus, or ring, which is a remnant
of the partial veil that covered the cap underside's gills as the
mushroom developed.
• A variation of the annulus are the cortina remnants, which are
similar to the annulus but from a partial veil that is more weblike
than membranous.
• In some mushrooms that have pores instead of gills under their
caps, the stipe may display a netlike pattern called the reticulum.
Characteristic Feature
• At the bottom of the stipe is the mushroom's base.
• The base may be somewhat swollen or club-shaped, or
it may be more or less straight.
• Just as the cap may display remnants of the universal
veil, the base of some mushrooms is partially
surrounded by remains of the universal veil; those
remains form a cuplike structure, called the volva, in
which the base rests.
Pileus Recticulum

Stipe Gills

Vulva
Annulus
Characteristic Feature
• Mycelium:
• Their tissue is made of extensive networks of fine threads called
hyphae, with a single thread being a hypha).
• Mycelium - an entire network of hyphae.
• Mycelial threads or hyphae extending from the mushroom's
base anchor the mushroom and to connect it to its nutrient and
water supplies.
• Although certain kinds of mushrooms are parasitic, harmful or
even deadly to plants, many kinds are mycorrhizal, forming a
symbiotic relationship with the roots of trees, shrubs and other
plants. The relationship is beneficial to both the mushrooms and
the plants.
Characteristic Feature
• Spores:
• The spore of a mushroom contains all of the necessary materials to
form a new fungus.
• When the spores of a mushroom are released, they may travel a
certain distance before they land.
• The single cell then sends out hyphae to help establish the fungus
and gather food.
• After the spore has sent out its hyphae, they will eventually meet up
with the hyphae of another mushroom.
• After the sexual process of reproduction has begun, the mushroom
forms the structures of a "fruiting body" that will eventually produce
and disperse spores.
• The egg/button stage is the early form of this fruiting body
Types of mushroom
• Edible mushroom
The mushrooms which are suitable for consumption .
Eg: Button mushroom , Paddy Straw Mushroom

• Non-edible mushroom
These are mushrooms which are unsuitable for
consumption.
Eg: Death cap mushroom , Fool’s cap mushroom
Edible Mushroom

Button Mushroom Oyster Mushroom

(Agaricus bisporus) (Pleurotus sajor caju)

Paddy Straw Wood Ear Mushroom

Mushroom (Auricularia polytricha)
(Volvariella volvacea)
BUTTON MUSHROOM
• Agaricus bisporus
• First seen in button caped structure , then as
matured umbrella shaped fruiting body.
• Pileus is 5-10cm in diameter.
• Pink or brown coloured gills.
• Stipe is central and long.
• Anulus is present on the stipe.
• Vulva is absent.
Oyster Mushroom
• Pleurotus sajor caju
• Fan like fruit body.
• Pileus is 5-10 cm in diameter.
• White or grey colour gills.
• Stipe is lateral and indistinguishable.
• Annulus is absent.
• Vulva is absent.
Paddy straw mushroom
• Volvariella volvacea
• Umbrella shaped fruiting body.
• Pileus is 6-12 cm in diameter.
• Pink coloured gills.
• Stipe is central and long.
• Annulus is absent
• A cup shaped persistent vulva at the base of
the stipe.
Wood ear mushroom
• Auricularia polytricha
• It produces fruiting bodies that are translucent,
brown in colour and ‘ear’ shaped, hence its
Chinese name ‘Wood Ear’.
• Fruit body is gelatinous in nature.
• Pileus is 7-40 mm in diameter, convex, dark
brown to dark lilac in color and densely pilose.
• Gills is smooth and dark lilac in color.
• Stipe is cylindrical, becoming compressed and is
concolorous with pileus.
Non edible Mushroom
• Brightly coloured fruiting body .
• Greenish tinge on gills and yellow green spores.
• Pink coloured spores in gills .
• Presence of vulva and annulus on stipe .
• Oozing of milky or coloured latex from damaged
portions.
• Unpleasant odour.
Non-Edible Mushroom

Death Cap Fool’s Cap

Mushroom Mushroom
(Amantia phalloides) (Amantia verna)

Fly Fungus Destroying Angel

Mushroom Mushroom
(Amantia muscaria) (Amantia virosa )
Death cap mushroom
• Amantia phalloids
• Smooth, yellowish-green to olive-brown cap.
• Pileus is 10-15cm in diameter
• White gills
• White stem and they have a membranous skirt on
stem around the upper part of the stem. At an earlier
stage that membrane would have stretched from the
stem to the edge of the cap and covered the young
gills.
• Cup-like structure around the base of the Stem
known as vulva.
FOOL’S CAP MUSHROOM
• Amantia verna
• The fool's mushroom is pure white, all the way
to the gills and the stipe.
• This fungus, like all amanitas, has a volva.
• Pileus is 5–10 cm in diameter.
• This mushroom's lamellae is free and white, and
the volva is bag-like and large.
• Its annulus is white and membranous
• The mushroom's spores are smooth and
elliptical.[5]
DESTROYING ANGEL MUSHROOM
• Amantia virosa
• Caps of the Destroying Angel are 5 to 10cm in
diameter, pure white, and without any marginal
striations.
• The cap is initially egg-shaped.
• Gills are white, free and crowded.
• Stems are slightly curved; pure white and
fibrous with an ungrooved, fragile ring high up
on the stipe.
• The large, sack-like volva is usually buried deep
in the soil.
Fly fungus mushroom
• Amantia muscaria
• The shape of the Amanita muscaria includes a stem
and a cap with gills on the bottom.
• The cap size range is 6 to 24 cm in diameter .
• The stem is thick. This shape makes it perfect for
growing off of roots in the ground.
• The stem base remains protected by the cap while
allowing air to circulate, letting spores found in the
gills escape.
• Some of the characteristics that make A. muscaria
unique are its red cap with white spots and a white
base
POISOINING EFFECT OF NON EDIBLE MUSHROOM

• Amantia pholliodes
• The symptoms will appear after10-16 hours (or even longer) after eating.The first
symptoms are stomach pains, vomiting and diarrhoea.
• These may continue for a day or two, after which there is typically an easing of
symptoms and apparent recovery. The "recovery" period may last for 2 or 3 days. Then
the terminal phase of 3-5 days starts with the re-occurrence of stomach pains,
vomiting and diarrhoea - accompanied by jaundice.
• Without effective, early medical intervention, coma and death occur between one and
two weeks after eating the mushroom. Death is caused by liver failure, often
accompanied by kidney failure.
POISOINING EFFECT OF NON EDIBLE MUSHROOM
• Amantia virosa –
• Destroying Angels contain a complex group of poisonous substances called
amatoxins.
• Amatoxins initially cause gastrointestinal disorders with symptoms such as
diarrhea, nausea and stomach pains occurring within five to twelve hours.
Cruelly, the symptoms usually fade away for several hours or even a day or
two, tricking the victim into thinking that they are recovering.
• When in due course the symptoms return with a vengeance, it may well be
too late: kidney and liver damage is already underway. Without treatment,
coma and eventual death are almost inevitable.
• Often, people hospitalised late into a poisoning episode can be saved only by
major surgery and a liver transplant, and even then recovery is a precarious,
painful and protracted process.
POISOINING EFFECT OF NON EDIBLE MUSHROOM
• Amantia verna
• Closely related to other deadly pure white amanitas, the fool's mushroom is one of the
most poisonous mushrooms in the world.
• This mushroom contains phallotoxins, these phallotoxins are not toxic to humans
(when ingested) as they are poorly absorbed.
• There are no negative symptoms from eating this fungus until 6–24 hours after
ingestion. The first symptom is simply unease. Violent cramps and diarrhea follow. On
the third day, the same symptoms repeat themselves, but while to many this may seem
like a sign of recovery, most of the time it is simply a herald of the final onset of
symptoms, which include kidney and liver failure due to amatoxins.
• At this point, drastic measures like liver transplants need to be taken, or the victim
would most likely die.[6]
Thank
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