SECTION C

1. a. Starting from ∆E = E2 – E1, derive the expression for the wave number of the hydrogen atom.
b. Define radioactivity. Describe the characteristics of alpha, beta and gamma rays.

2. a. What is a unit cell? Sketch a unit cell and label the dimensions a, b, c and angles alpha, beta,
gamma. How do cubic and tetragonal systems differ?
b. Explain the structure of BeCl2 and NH3 on the basis of electron pair repulsion model and
hybrid orbital model.

3. a. Define orbital hybridisation. Explain the shape of ethane on the basis of hybridisation.
b. Balance the following equations by the ion-electron method:
 Cr(OH)3+ SO42- CrO42- + SO32- (basic)
 MnO4 + Cl  Mn + Cl2
- - +2
(acidic)

4. a. State the postulates of the Bohr atomic theory and derive an expression for the energy of an
electron in the nth orbit of a hydrogen atom.
b. Differentiate between isomorphism and polymorphism and explain what is meant by ionic
crystals.

5. a. Give the postulates of the electron pair repulsion model and draw the molecular shapes of
BF3 and H2O on the basis of this model.
b. Balance the following equations by the ion-electron method:
 HNO3 + H2S  NO + S+ H2O
 MnO4- + SO32- + OH-  Mn+2 + SO42-

6. a. State the postulates of the Bohr atomic theory. Derive expression for the frequency when the
electron jumps from a higher orbit (n2) to a lower orbit (n1).

b.

7. a. What are cathode rays? Give the properties of cathode rays and conclusion drawn about the
structure of the atom from this experiment. Also define the construction of discharge tube.
b. Define equilibrium constant and explain its use in predicting the direction of equilibrium.

8. a.

b.
 SECTION B
1. State and explain Hess’ Law of constant heat summation and give its applications.
2. State and explain the law of mass action.
3. Differentiate between the following:
- Continuous and line spectrum
- Orbit and orbital
- Sigma and pi bonds
- Hydration and hydrolysis
- Crystalline and non-crystalline solids
- Molecular formula and empirical formula

4. Give reasons for the following:

i. Water has a higher boiling point than HF although fluorine is more electronegative than
oxygen
ii. The dipole moment of CCl4 is zero
iii. Ink spreads on blotting paper
iv. Water forms a concave meniscus while mercury forms convex meniscus
v. Milk sours faster in summer than in winter
5. State and explain Graham’s law of diffusion and effusion