CAMIGUIN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Looc, Catarman, Camiguin

Java Plum Stem Bark

as

Diabetes Controller

A Science Investigatory Project

John Lloyd D. Hucamis

Arriane A. Dadang
Saimea Cliare Y. Rodriguez
Princess A. Torayno
Grade 10-Amethyst Researchers

Fabio A. Capito, Jr.

Research Teacher

June 2019

Chapter I
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Diabetes is a serious disease in which the body cannot properly control the

amount of sugar in your blood because it does not have enough insulin. Diabetes has

two types, the type 1 diabetes and type 2 Diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune

disease that causes the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas to be destroyed,

preventing the body from being able to produce enough insulin to adequately regulate

blood glucose levels. It may sometimes be referred to as juvenile diabetes, however,

this term is generally regarded as outdated as, whilst it is commonly diagnosed in

children, the condition can develop at any age. Insulin dependent diabetes is another

term that may sometimes be used to describe type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is

characterized by the body being unable to metabolize glucose (a simple sugar). This

leads to high levels of blood glucose which over time may damage the organs of the

body (Diabetes.co.uk)

Java Plum is scientifically known as Syzygium cumini. It has shown a wide

range of medicinal uses traditionally and in alternative medicine. It is believed to have

positive effects most especially in diabetes. The java plum stem bark are claimed to

have alkaloid, jambosine, glycoside, jambolin, antimellin, polyphenol (antioxidant),

tannins, saponins, and flavonoids, which helps in lowering glucose levels in diabetes

(healthdekho-healthcare).

Statements of the Problem

 The problem is whether how effective is the Java Plum stem bark as Diabetes

Controller for white mice. And if it is effective, the Researchers will detect the time on

how long it will take to lessen the blood sugar level after taking Java Plum stem bark

for white mice.

Objectives of the Problem

This study will only focus on the Java Plum stem bark as Diabetes Controller.

Specifically, it aimed to:

1. Determine the effectiveness of Java Plum stem bark as Diabetes Controller for

white mice.

2. Determine how fast it can control diabetes for white mice.

3. Help people find alternative in controlling diabetes.

Hypothesis (Null)

The researchers believe that the Java Plum stem bark is not effective as

Diabetes Controller for white mice. Also, it cannot control the blood sugar level.

Significance of the Study

This study will help the community especially those who had a diabetic

condition if the experimentation for white mice will be successful and be proven that it

can lower and control the blood sugar level.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

 This study will be conducted in the vicinity area of Camiguin National High

School, Looc, Catarman, Camiguin particularly in the Chemistry Laboratory. White

mice will be the one to be tested. Also, the Streptozotocin (STZ) and Java Plum stem

bark will be used for white mice. Clean injections will be used.

Chapter II
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is characterized by a relative or

absolute lack of insulin, resulting in hyperglycemia. There are several different

classifications of diabetes, the most common being type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Recent

figures suggest the worldwide prevalence of diabetes is 9.2% in women and 9.8% in

men, with approximately 347 million people suffering from the disease worldwide in

2008 (Danaei et al., 2011).

According to Kim et al., 2006, diabetes is becoming the third “killer” of

mankind, after cancer and cardiovascular diseases, because of its high prevalence,

morbidity and mortality.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease leading to the destruction of the

insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. Type 1 diabetes is most commonly diagnosed

in children and young adults, and by the time of diagnosis, patients have very little

endogenous insulin production. Insulin therefore has to be replaced by regular

subcutaneous injections, and blood glucose levels must be frequently monitored to

manage the risk of hypoglycemia. According to Hyttinen et al., 2003, concordance of

the disease in identical twins is around 27%, indicating that although there is a genetic

influence, environmental factors play a role in disease development. Indeed, most

newly diagnosed patients have no first-degree relatives with the disease.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. According to Pinhas-

Hamiel and Zeitler, 2005, it is most commonly diagnosed in middle-aged adults,

although more recently the age of onset is decreasing with increasing levels of
obesity. Indeed, although development of the disease shows high hereditability, the

risk increases proportionally with body mass index (Lehtovirta et al., 2010). Type 2

diabetes is associated with insulin resistance, and a lack of appropriate compensation

by the beta cells leads to a relative insulin deficiency. Insulin resistance can be

improved by weight reduction and exercise (Solomon et al., 2008).

The early signs and symptoms of type 2 and 1 diabetes can include frequent

urination. When blood sugar levels are high, the kidneys try to remove the excess

sugar by filtering it out of the blood. Increased thirst, the frequent urination that is

necessary to remove excess sugar from the blood can result in the body losing

additional water. Over time, this can cause dehydration and lead to a person feeling

thirstier than usual. Feeling very tired, type 2 diabetes can impact on a person's energy

levels and cause them to feel very tired or fatigued. This tiredness occurs as a result of

insufficient sugar moving from the bloodstream into the body's cells.Blurry vision, an

excess of sugar in the blood can damage the tiny blood vessels in the eyes, which can

cause blurry vision. This blurry vision can occur in one or both of the eyes and may

come and go (Nicole Galan, 2018).

Java Plum Stem Bark

Java Plum is scientifically known as Syzygium cumini. The genus Syzygium is

one of the genera of the myrtle family Myrtaceae which is native to the tropics.

Syzygium cumini (S. cumini) (L.) Skeels is one of the bestknown species and it is

very often cultivated. The synonyms of S. cumini are Eugenia jambolana Lam.,

Myrtus cumini Linn., Syzygium jambolana DC., Syzygium jambolanum(Lam.) DC.,

Eugenia djouant Perr., Calyptranthes jambolanaWilld., Eugenia cumini (Linn.)

Druce. and Eugenia caryophyllifolia Lam. It is commonly known as jambolan,black

plum, jamun, java plum, Indian blackberry,Portuguese plum, Malabar plum, purple

plum, Jamaica anddamson plum.(Ayyanar et al., 2011).

Java Plum is an important medicinal plant in various traditional systems of

medicine. It is effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The plant is rich in

compounds containing anthocyanins, glucoside, ellagic acid, isoquercetin, kaemferol

and myrecetin. (Swamietal.,2012).

According to Baliga et al., 2011, few studies have been focused on the

identification of other phytochemical constituents of jambolan, which may also

contribute to its various health properties, with only a partial and limited study of

diverse phenolics, including some flavonols and flavanonols and tannins.

Syzygium cumini (L.) is known to possess a wide range of medicinal

properties, which have been attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds in

different parts of the plant. The stem barks are used for controlling blood pressure.

Photochemical studies have identified gallic acid, cyaniding glycoside, glycoside

jamboline, triterpenoids, tannins, gallitanins, essential oils, myricetine, β-sitosterol,

myricyl alcohol etc. Compounds isolated from the leaf, fruit, seed, flower, stem bark

and edible pulp of the plant have been discussed (Pradhan et al, 2016).

The stem bark is rich in eugenin and fatty acid ester. It also contains quercetin,

kaempferol , bergenins , flavanoids, entacyclic, , betulinic acid, ester of epifriedelanol,

gallic acid, myricetin, atragalin and glucoside. It has much beneficial pharmacological

activity like anti-inflammatory and lowering blood cholesterol. The presence of

galloand ellagi –tannins may be responsible for the astringent property of stem bark.
Acetone extract of the bark contain partially methylated derivatives of ellagic i.e

3,3'aci'-di-Omethyl ellagic acid and 3,3', 4-tri-O-methyl ellagic acid. Alcoholic

extraction of tannins results into their extensive degradation into simple phenolic

compounds (Shwarma et al., 2012).

According to Swami et al., 2012, phytochemical investigations of the stem

bark of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) yielded four new lignan derivatives

characterised as (7α,8α,2’α)-3,4, 5-trimethoxy-7,3’,1’,9’-diepoxylignan

(cuminiresinol), (7α,7’α,8α,8’α)-3,4-dioxymethylene-3’,4’-dimethoxy-7,9’,7’,9-

diepoxylignan-5’-ol(5’hydroxy-methyl-piperitol),(7α,7’α,8α,8’α)-3’-methoxy-9-oxo-

7,9’,7’,9-diepoxylignan-3,4, 4’-triol or 3-demethyl-9-oxo-pinoresinol (syzygiresinol

A), (7α,7’α,8α,8’α)-9-oxo-7,9’,7’,9-diepoxylignan-3,4,3’,4’, 5’-pentaol or 3,3’-

didemethyl-9-oxo-pinoresinol along with the known lignans di-demethyl-5-

hydroxypinoresinol, dimethyl pinoresinol, didemethoxypinoresinol,pinoresinol and

4’-methyl-5’-hydroxypinoresinol. The anthocyanins occur as 3,5-, but not 3-

diglucosides, of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin..

White Mice

According to Eric Mohrman, white mice are the most common type in pet

stores. These sociable little rodents typically live just 1 to 3 years even if they’re

raised and cared for properly. They weigh an ounce or less, they get stressed out

easily, and they need to be handled gently.

The mouse has short hair, a long naked tail, rounded erect ears, protruding

eyes, a pointed snout and five toes on each foot. Mice come in a variety of colors..

Mice have a pair of incisors and three pairs upper and lower of molars. Molars are
permanently rooted while the incisors have an open root and grow continuously. Due

to this continuous growth of the incisors mice can have problems with overgrown

teeth when the upper and lower incisors do not meet properly (malocclusion).

Malocclusion can be hereditary or follow trauma, disease or inappropriate diet and/or

soft food. There is no permanent cure for overgrown teeth the only treatment is to trim

the teeth every 2-3 weeks, if malocclusion persists. Mice have a large horseshoe-

shaped Harderian gland deep within the orbit. Secretions from the gland contain

varying amounts of reddish-brown porphyrin pigment depending on the physiologic

state, age, strain and sex of the mouse. The amount of secretions increases during

stress and appears as 'red crusts' around the eyes and nostrils (Johns Hopkins

University).

Chapter III
 METHODOLOGY

In working out this study, the researchers must have these materials; the Java

Plum fruit, white mice, 120 - 240 mg Streptozotocin (STZ), 3 syringes, timer, gloves

and masks, and a tally sheet of paper for observation.

Procedure

Researchers must use gloves and masks in performing this study. First, prepare

all the materials that will be used. Second, inject the STZ to the white mice to make its

blood sugar high. Observe the physical appearance of white mice in 5 hours. Then, if

some parts of its body turned reddish and it became active, it is the sign that the STZ is

effective. After observing, get some blood sample from the white mice. If the color of

the blood is dark red, it means that the blood sugar is high. Next, feed the sliced Java

Plum fruit to the white mice. Wait until 5 hours and observe again its physical

appearance if the reddish parts back to its normal color. Then, get another blood

sample from the white mice. Lastly, use the tally sheet of paper and list down all the

observations of the experimentation.

Bibliography
Ayyanar, Muniappan et al., (2012). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.
India. 27 September 2011.

Galan, Nicole (2018). What are the early signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323185.php

King, Aileen (2012). British Journal of Pharmacology. London, UK. 13 February

2012.

Pradhan, Madhulika (2016). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical

Research. 25 August 2016.

Sharma, Shweta et al., (2012). International Research Journal of Pharmacy. India.

4 December 2012.

Swami, Shrikant et al., (2012). Food and Nutrition Sciences. India. August 2012.

Mohrman, Eric (2019). How to Raise a White Mice?

https://animals.mom.me/raisewhite-mice-4634.html