General De Jesus College

Vallarta Street, San Isidro, 3106 Nueva Ecija

DICHOTIC LISTENING:

LEFT HEMISPHERE OR RIGHT HEMISPHERE?

In Partial fulfilment of the requirement for

EL 100 – Introduction to Linguistics

By:

GJ Krashana Flores

Melody Jane Castro

Shaira Mae Bulanan

Aira Mae Mallare

Juvy Parungao

Charlon Beltran

October 2021

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 Table of Contents

Contents Page

Table of Contents …………………………….…..…………….………………2

Introduction…………………………………………...………………………..3

Discussion…………………………………………...…………………………5-15

Roger Sperry’s Experiment………………...……………………...5

Force of Attention to Right-Ear Advantage……..….……………..7

Dichotic Listening test as a treatment to neurological disorders.....8

Influences of having musical experience to laterality……………11

Recommendations………………………………………………..15

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………16

References…………………………………………………………………….19

INTRODUCTION

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 Have you ever been mind-blown by the fact that despite its size, the brain has a huge

control over numerous processes of humans' thoughts and actions? Conventionally, it is accepted

that the brain is the most complex and unique organ of the human body. Despite not being

known to many, researchers and scientists have known that two sides of the human brain are not

identical for more than a century already (Rogers, 2003). Some structures may exist on both

sides but still differ in size, making way for the theory of hemispheric specialization or brain

lateralization.

In the mid-eighteenth century, Pierre Paul Broca's research involving a patient who

suffered from speech deficit (aphasia) became one of the first indications of brain lateralization.

Lateralization refers to the specialization of distinct cognitive functions in the brain's regions.

Each brain function is localized either in the left or right hemisphere, dominantly responsible for

performing actions. Relatively, up to the present, there is an unending debate whether the left

hemisphere is really more dominant when it comes to speech perception and production.

In connection to this theory, a test used to investigate the lateralization of brain functions

within the auditory system was developed. According to Donald Broadbent, the human

information processing system has to choose which channel of stimuli to process and which one

to ignore because of its limited capacity. In order to study how humans do this preferential

processing, Broadbent systematically employed the Dichotic Listening Test.

Dichotic listening is defined as the auditory process that involves listening with both ears.

This broken into two different processes: binaural integration and binaural separation. The ability

to grasp different acoustic messages coming to the left and right ears simultaneously is called

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binaural integration. On the other hand, binaural separation is the ability to perceive an acoustic

message in one ear and ignoring a different acoustic message at the same time. Both ears, outer,

middle, and inner ears must be working properly to perceive the acoustic messages. Most of all,

the auditory brainstem nuclei, auditory cortical neurons, as well as neurons in the corpus

callosum also play a big part and must be functioning properly.

Dichotic listening is employed with the involvement of two different auditory stimuli that

are presented simultaneously to each ear. It is commonly used in experimental and clinical

studies of language asymmetry, or laterality, which can also be used to study the lateralization of

emotion and affect. The findings on the investigation of the functional basis of lateralization in

the auditory modality showed that the human brain has a strong predisposition to process speech

sounds in the left auditory cortex, and acoustic sounds in the right.

The aim of this paper is to provide pieces of evidence that will further strengthen the

theory of brain lateralization. Various sources and studies employing the method of dichotic

listening will be examined to present reliable information. Lastly, this paper will also be

informational and beneficial to diversify the people's knowledge regarding patients with speech

impairments or disorders, as well as therapies and their development.

BODY

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 In 1950s to 1960s, an American Neuropsychologist named Roger Sperry performed

experiments on cats, monkeys and humans in order to tell the difference between the right and

left hemisphere of the brain. At first, Sperry tested what he knew about the corpus callosum to

the cats and the monkeys. The Corpus Callosum is a neuron that connects both hemispheres of

the brain and he found out that if that neuron gets disconnected, the hemispheres of the brain will

function separately. With the new information, he detected that it helps the animals memorize

twice than before. Later on, Roger Sperry tried it out to humans as a treatment for Epilepsy – a

seizure disorder. He won the Novel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for this Split-Brain

Research that identifies that the hemispheres in human brains had different functions. The left

hemisphere was responsible for language understanding and got the ability to articulate it while

the right hemisphere can recognize words but got no ability for understanding and articulation.

Notwithstanding that Sperry used the vision as a tool to represent the dissimilarity of the

brain’s hemispheres, another psychologist named Donald Broadbent attest the theory of

lateralization through listening. In 1950s, Broadbent introduced and employed the Dichotic

Listening test which determines the assessment of language lateralization on the brain.

Asbjørnsen and Turid (2006) tested out samples of reading-impaired and normal

achieving youths, with the age bracket of 10 to 13 years old, with tests regarding reading skills,

language comprehension, and dichotic listening to consonant-vowel syllables. Dichotic Listening

with consonant-vowel syllables is the most used procedure to determine the language

lateralization and auditory attention both in research and in clinical assessments.

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 According to them, it is highly expected that the language scores and the dichotic

listening performance are parallel to each other. Moreover, directing an input to one ear is

believed to be helpful in alleviating random factors so it aids the result to have a concise estimate

that the left hemisphere has the more language capacity. Contralateral control enters the scene as

this explains why the auditory stimuli should enter the right ear in order for the left hemisphere

of the brain to understand and articulate the language or sound heard.

The Dichotic Listening performance shows an exceptional connection with language

laterality with invasive techniques like the sodium-amytal-induced temporary functional

blocking and changes in the performance can be seen in some clinical samples with impaired

language functions. The findings shows that verbal stimuli is right-ear advantage or REA which

is explained through researches that shows the localization of language-dominant areas in the left

temporal lobe. Ear advantage is the difference in processing ability of the right and left ear. This

affects and shows the hemispheric dominance in terms of language and neurologically based

language disorders.

In this study, they used the Carlsten’s reading test, dichotic listening test, and the

receptive language test. The analyses of data confirmed that the typically developed children

showed improved modulation of the dichotic listening test with right-ear advantage while the

reading impaired group showed no ear advantage to any of the test used. The correlation analyses

presented that there is a higher connection between dichotic listening and language

comprehension instead of reading skills. Moreover, the result shows that language

comprehension is interrelated with the right ear as it shows reports more than the left ear. The

correlation coefficient increased when the forced attention procedure was used which associates

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that the control of attention decreases the arbitrary variability of reporting. As there is a lack of

correlation between the left ear scores and the tests, it only shows that there is a less obvious

relationship between the left ear and the measure of language skills and laterality. This indicates

that the language is more understood and articulated on the left hemisphere (right-ear advantage).

(To see full experiment and findings, use this link :

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7135838_Dichotic_listening_performance_predicts_la

nguage_comprehension)

Tanaka, Ross, Kuriki, Harashima, Obuchi, and Okamoto (2021) studied the force of

attention to the right ear as it plays a vital role why listeners report more concise hearing and

understanding on the right ear more than the left ear. They collected a total of 18 Japanese male

students who had no history of otolaryngological or neurological disorders. The experiment is

consists of passive and active conditions. They prepared a response sheet for those participants in

active condition and they should write down the syllable they’ll hear both from the left and right

ear during the 3 seconds interval while in passive condition, same participants are ought to watch

a silent movie as a control condition.

The analysis of variance or ANOVA shows that the amplitude in the active condition is

much larger than the passive condition. Moreover, the main effect of the lateralization is shown

as the amplitude of the left hemisphere is larger than the right hemisphere. However, the

researchers concluded that the listeners do not pay their 100% attention to the right ear.

Tanaka, Ross, et al., sum it up by saying the left hemisphere is more dominant in majority

of the people when it comes to language representation and they tend to show right-ear

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dominance when reporting speech presented in dichotic listening tasks. Hiscock and Kinsbourne

(2011) stated the among most people, the pathway from the right ear to the left hemisphere is

superior than the pathway from the left ear to the right hemisphere (contralateral projection

dominance). (To see full experiment, use this link:

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.696263/full#B17)

It is also known that dichotic listening is used in treating patients with neurological

disorders. In the research conducted in Mexico, twenty-seven (27) right-handed patients with

temporal lobe epilepsy were studied. It is found that patients with temporal lobe epilepsy have

greater viability in hemispheric lateralization due to mechanisms of brain plasticity. The

researchers also obtained their laterality index based on the number of words perceived in each

ear. Based on the laterality index, 78% of the patients had left hemispheric lateralization of

language.

This research concluded that patient with epilepsy, on the presence of their right-ear helps

them for the perception of word pairs. It indicated a continual pattern that suggests hemispheric

lateralization of language in a patient with epilepsy. It is also said that dichotic listening can be

used to screen preoperative patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.

The theory of lateralization was even more attested by a pilot investigation involving

seven adults who stutter (AWS) and a comparison group of seven adults who do not stutter

(AWNS) was held about the dichotic listening of CV stimuli. It is conducted to show how the

right ear advantage (REA) benefits the AWS and AWNS. This investigation finalized that both

AWS and AWNS benefit the REA. REA is responsible for processing speech information.

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However, they notice a difference between the groups regarding the IID point wherein the REA

shifts to LEA. This means that AWS has a stronger right hemisphere involvement for the

processing of speech compared to AWNS. The groups' similarities and differences observed in

dichotic listening are discussed regarding hemispheric specialization in the processing of speech.

A training of auditory attention with dichotic listening was conducted wherein a total of

26 participants undergo a 4-week dichotic listening training programme. The forced dichotic

listening was done by 13 participants and they were tasked to report syllables presented to the

left ear. Another 13 participants were trained to employ the non-forced instruction and asked to

report which syllable they heard the best.

The training shows that both groups reported more syllables accurately after training. The

increase in the left-ear responses was shown among the forced dichotic listening group while the

non-forced listening group showed an opposite result. Both groups appeared to have a greater

increase in left-ear responses than right-ear responses. They also concluded that top-down

cognitive training can adjust the left-right allocation of auditory spatial attention together with

the change in an evoked brain potential related to cognitive control.

Reading skill is important in our advanced society. However, it is shown that a tenth of

children are having difficulties in reading and it is said to be linked to attention deficits such as

phonological difficulties, auditory and visual-spatial attention. Research conducted aimed to

assess the attention of a selected group of children with and without reading problems as

suggested by ear advantage results in the dichotic listening tasks. The research concluded that

normal readers have a relatively stable baseline REA and in the ViDiLi non-forced dichotic

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listening task but their ear can be affected by some factors such as instructions that make them

focus on a particular ear during dichotic listening, as said by a visually guided dichotic listening

task. On the contrary, children with reading problems show an unstable ear advantage among

three dichotic listenings.

Dichotic Listening plays a big role in linguistic and supralinguistic lateralization and

attentional effects. According to the studies, if a listener acquires a standard dichotic speech

signal in each ear, the ear opposing primary language center (can be seen in the left temporal

lobe) will show an advantage (the right ear). On the other hand, if the listener wants to listen and

determine the emotion of emotional-based speech in a dichotic fashion, the left ear will show an

advantage as the right temporal lobe processes our emotional content.

The auditory portion of the corpus callosum of the brain is necessary for the transfer of

dichotic information between auditory and cortical hemispheres as proven in lesion and MRI

studies. Other factors may also affect affects the results of a Dichotic Listening like auditory

memory and motivation to perform the task but it can also be avoided. Dichotic listening is also

linked to educational success and for more than two decades, it is used in diagnostic assessments

of central auditory processing.

The research entitled “Effectiveness of a Novel Computer/Tablet-Based Auditory

Training Program in Improving Dichotic Listening Skills in Children” was conducted in New

Zealand. The study aims to determine the deficits of children identified as being at-risk

educationally. There were 15 children who participated in the research. The children were

identified as exhibiting documented DL (Dichotic Listening) deficits and as being in the lowest

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of 20 % of educational achievers as compared to same-age peers. The participants undergo two

sets of pre-therapy measures with the Dichotic Digits Test.

The research used Zoo Caper Skyscraper (ZCS, also known as Zoo Caper). It is a

program that employs an interactive video game and can be played through stereo headphones

that work on Apple iPad app or any internet browser that can be found in standard computer

results indicated that the two pre-treatment measure of DL is similar from each other. A

significant improvement was seen in the left ear during the following training. However, the

number of sessions needed to complete the program did not match up with the degree of

improvement which implies that the need for individualization of treatment recommendations.

Another question that caught our curiosity is, “Do the experience of being a musician for

years influence the lateralization of the brain when it comes to auditory processing?”

Spajdel, Jariabkova, and Riecansky (2007) studied how being a musician affects the

lateralization of auditory stimuli. Musical chords, melodies, environmental sounds, and emotion-

related sounds are usually found on the left-ear advantage in contrast to the usual findings of the

right-ear to left hemisphere pathway being the superior to language capacities. Reports and

studies connected to musicians taking the dichotic listening test is controversial. Some results

found no influence in tonal sequences, chords, syllables, digits or timbre. However, it is reported

that musicians use the right-ear advantage for the perception of melodies while non-musicians

use left-ear advantage.

It is also said that both hemispheres got different distinct ways of listening to musical

structures: the analytical way for musicians (supported by left hemisphere) and holistic way for

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non-musicians (supported by right hemisphere). Previous studies conducted, the results show

that musical training could affect the lateralization of language functions. Participants in this

study were tested in an acoustically shielded room and were tasked to report what they will hear

orally. Result says that the presented non-verbal stimuli yielded the left-ear advantage and the

verbal stimuli yielded the right-ear advantage.

The influence of the musical experience to dichotic listening test can be found on two-

tone sequences and CV syllables but not on environmental sounds and it is only seen on males

and not on females. Male musicians perceived low right-ear advantage for CV syllables, in short,

difference in gender can also affect the result of such tests.

Lee, Chen, and Schlaug (2003) also reported that the corpus callosum in musicians are

larger than the ones in the non-musicians. It has been presented that lateralization of language to

the left hemisphere is more shown in males than in females. Females outperform males when it

comes to verbal abilities so it can be said that a certain degree of lateralization of the brain, found

in female, might be optimal for language processing. Thus, the study shows a positive result that

being a musician indeed got influence to lateralization and it was determined through dichotic

listening tests. (To see full study, please use this link:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5987298_The_influence_of_musical_experience_on_la

teralisation_of_auditory_processing)

Sometimes, what parents refer to as selective hearing is selective attention. It is a failure

in dichotic listening skills, the capacity to correctly determine what is heard when several noises

hit each ear simultaneously.

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 This is a difficult skill for many children to perfectly understand so as a result, there are

existing lapses. Examples of these are being unaware of parental instructions while listening to

music. When there are things going on in the playground but instead, he keeps up with what his

friends are saying. It is about being able to tell which sounds are background noises and tuning

them out so you can concentrate on what you need to hear.

Getting a listening test

There are tests available if you suspect you have a binaural integration deficit or auditory

divided attention. All of this is categorized as auditory processing disorder (APD). It's all about

how we process information, or what we do with what we hear. Attention, memory, intellect,

hearing, and other skills are among the many that are required for proper auditory processing. It

makes speaking, learning, and reading more complex.

Although a peripheral hearing examination is worthwhile, a (Central) Auditory

Processing evaluation, such as a dichotic listening test, is a better option. The Digits Test is one

of the exams recommended by the American Academy of Audiology.

Neuroscience is a key to catching up

Intensive training as an intervention has been proved to be effective thanks to advances in

neuroscience. According to the American Academy of Audiology Clinical Practice Guidelines,

the role of auditory plasticity in producing a behavioral change is important.

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 An intervention like this focuses on the fundamental skills required to process speech in a

noisy setting. This type of approach is backed by more than 30 years of research. Cognitive

research, linguistics, and natural learning science are all included in the program.

Examples of listening help:

• Words instruct the brain to hear each phoneme more clearly — some youngsters had "fuzzy"

representations of similar-sounding phonemes that have now become more clear — making it

easier for the brain to recognize it.

• The brain has been conditioned to process phonemes more quickly, so it does not have to spend

as much time figuring out what each phoneme means.

• Because the brain processes information more quickly, it can retain more sounds/words in a

row.

• It is now easier for the brain to pay attention – and hence pick up on the crucial message while

filtering out what is not.

• The ability to maintain attention for listening has improved. In general, the brain is better at

hearing and comprehending.

According to Hurley and Billiet's research, this form of training is a perfect fit for adults

who have had a cerebral vascular accident (also known as a stroke in layperson's language).

Auditory training/therapy, on the other hand, is not frequently included in their recovery plans.

People, especially those in the field of medicine, should explore more about how dichotic

listening can be utilized to treat a wide range of disorders. As of now, dichotic listening therapy
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is incorporated in Auditory Rehabilitation for Interaural Assymetry. It is used in treating

Amblyaudia, a condition where a child develops a dominant ear that inhibits sound information

coming from the other side which creates a “lazy ear". This prohibits the ability of the human

brain to accurately process information. If more research studies can be conducted, this method

can be employed towards a child’s better developmental progress, comprehension, learning, as

well as attention skills.

According to Psychology Dictionary, a person with good auditory skills is able to process

heard information quickly and accurately. A good auditory skill can be attained through listening

or watching informational videos. Being an active listener can help people to enhance their

hearing and communication skills. The same goes with watching. When a person is watching, it

helps them to learn and digest the words used especially the pronunciation they heard from the

video. Watching can also make a person interested or curious about something and by that, they

will watch or listen to it continuously.

CONCLUSION

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 Donald Broadbent implied the dichotic listening test to fully understand why the human

information processing system has to choose which channel of stimuli to process and which one

to ignore because of its limited capacity.

Dichotic listening is defined as the auditory process that involves listening with both ears.

This broken into two different processes: binaural integration and binaural separation. The ability

to grasp different acoustic messages coming to the left and right ears simultaneously is called

binaural integration. On the other hand, binaural separation is the ability to perceive an acoustic

message in one ear and ignoring a different acoustic message at the same time. Both ears, outer,

middle, and inner ears must be working properly to perceive the acoustic messages. Most of all,

the auditory brainstem nuclei, auditory cortical neurons, as well as neurons in the corpus

callosum also play a big part and must be functioning properly.

Dichotic listening is employed with the involvement of two different auditory stimuli that

are presented simultaneously to each ear. It is commonly used in experimental and clinical

studies of language asymmetry, or laterality, which can also be used to study the lateralization of

emotion and affect. The findings on the investigation of the functional basis of lateralization in

the auditory modality showed that the human brain has a strong predisposition to process speech

sounds in the left auditory cortex, and acoustic sounds in the right.

In most studies found, the dominance of the right-ear to left hemisphere pathway is

found. It is also shown that most of the verbal stimuli can be found on the right-ear advantage

while the non-verbal stimuli belong to the left-ear advantage. Dichotic listening is used to

determine what hemisphere is dominant among people and to which hemisphere does the

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language laterality belong to. Most experiments are done with language-impaired individuals as

participants and it only shows that there is indeed difference on how they perceive the language

heard than those who do not have any records of neurological disorders.

It is also known that dichotic listening is used in treating patients with neurological

disorders. It is found that patients with temporal lobe epilepsy have greater viability in

hemispheric lateralization due to mechanisms of brain plasticity. Patient with epilepsy, on the

presence of their right-ear helps them for the perception of word pairs. It indicated a continual

pattern that suggests hemispheric lateralization of language in a patient with epilepsy. It is also

said that dichotic listening can be used to screen preoperative patients with temporal lobe

epilepsy.

The lateralization of the brain also showed difference in terms of being a musician and a

non-musician. It is found that having musical experience indeed influences the auditory process

of the brain. Lee, Chen, and Schlaug (2003) also reported that the corpus callosum in musicians

are larger than the ones in the non-musicians. It has been presented that lateralization of language

to the left hemisphere is more shown in males than in females. Females outperform males when

it comes to verbal abilities so it can be said that a certain degree of lateralization of the brain,

found in female, might be optimal for language processing. Thus, the study shows a positive

result that being a musician indeed got influence to lateralization and it was determined through

dichotic listening tests.

Overall, we can say that this paper proved the lateralization of the brain with the help of

dichotic listening test. It is also shown that majority of the people are more right-ear advantage

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or left hemisphere dominant rather than left-ear advantage or right hemisphere dominant. It is

also proven that the verbal stimuli can be found in the right-ear advantage while non-verbal

stimuli can be found on the left-ear advantage. Some factors such as having neurological

disorders and having experience in music can influence the lateralization of the brain.

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