COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING LABORATORY

(ECLR17) MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TIRUCHIRAPPALLI-620015
1
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. AM generation and detection

a) To construct AM modulation and demodulation circuit and to trace message,
carrier, modulated and demodulated signal.
b) To determine the modulation index of AM.

2. DSBSC Generation
a) To construct double sideband suppressed carrier amplitude modulation generator
circuit and to trace message, carrier, modulated waveform.

3. PAM generation and detection

To construct PAM generation circuit and to trace the input and PAM signal.

4. PWM generation
To construct PWM generation circuit and trace the output waveforms.

5. PPM generation
To construct PPM generation circuit and trace the output waveforms.

6. ASK Modulation and Demodulation

To construct ASK generation and detection circuit and observe the waveforms.

7. FSK Modulation and Demodulation

To construct FSK generation circuit and trace the output waveforms.

8. Frequency Multiplier Using PLL

To construct a frequency multiplier circuit using PLL and to verify its operation.

9. Sample &Hold Circuit

To construct sample and hold circuit and to trace the message and sample and hold
signal.
 DATE
1. AM GENERATION AND DETECTION

AIM:
 To construct the AM generation and detection circuit and observe the
waveform .
 To determine the modulation index of AM.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Components Range Quantity

1 Transistor BC 107 1

2 Resistor 1KΩ,6.8KΩ,10KΩ,22KΩ 4,1,1,1

100KΩ 2
3 Capacitor 10 nF 2
0.001µF, 22µF 2,1
4 Inductor 25mH 1

5 Diode OA79 1

6 Connecting wires and probes

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Equipments Range Quantity

1 Signal generator (0-20)MHZ 2

2 CRO (0-30)MHZ 1

3 RPS (0-30)V 1

FORMULA:
Modulation Index, m= (Vmax-Vmin)/ (Vmax+Vmin)
Also m=Vm/Vc
Where, Vmax =Maximum amplitude of Modulated
wave Vmin = Minimum amplitude of
Modulated wave Vm = Maximum amplitude of
message signal Vc = Maximum amplitude of
carrier signal
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

AM MODULATOR:

AM DEMODULATOR:
BC107 Pinouts

4
OA79 Pinouts
TABULAR COLUMN:

WAVEFORM AMPLITUDE (v) TIME PERIOD (s) FREQUENCY(Hz)

MESSAGE
SIGNAL
CARRIER
SIGNAL
AMPLITUDE Vmin=
MODULATE
D WAVE
Vmax=

DEMODULATED
WAVE

MODEL GRAPH:

Message signal

Carrier signal

Amplitude
modulated signal

Demodulated
signal

5
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the diagram.
2. The modulating signal was applied to the emitter of the transistor and carrier
signal is fed to the base of the terminal.
3. The Amplitude and wave shape of the carrier are adjusted by making use of the
variable resistors in the circuit.
4. The Amplitude modulated output was observed on the CRO.
5. This signal is then given to the demodulator circuit .
6. The Demodulated output was obtained
7. The Amplitude, time period and frequency of the waveforms are noted and the
respective graphs are plotted.

RESULT:

6
 DATE
2. DSB-SC GENERATION

AIM:
To construct the Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier generation circuit and
observe the waveform.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Components Range Quantity

1 Balanced modulator 1
MC 1496
(MC 1496)
2 Resistors 1 kΩ, 4
3.9 kΩ, 2
6.8 kΩ 1
10 kΩ 2
300 Ω 1
51 Ω 1

3 Capacitors 2
0.1µF
4 Variable Resistor 0 – 100kΩ 1

5 Connecting wires and probes

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.No Equipments Range Quantity

1 Signal generator (0-20)MHZ 2

2 CRO (0-30)MHZ 1

3 RPS (0-30)V 2

FORMULA:
Modulation Index, m= (Vmax-Vmin)/ (Vmax+Vmin)
Where,
Vmax =Maximum amplitude of Modulated wave
Vmin = Minimum amplitude of Modulated wave
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PIN CONFIGURATION

MC1
4
9
6
TABULATION:

WAVEFORM AMPLITUDE (v) TIME PERIOD (s) FREQUENCY(Hz)

MESSAGE
SIGNAL
CARRIER
SIGNAL
DSBSC Vmin=
MODULATE
D WAVE
Vmax=

WAVEFORM
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the diagram.
2. The modulating signal was applied to the emitter of the transistor and carrier
signal is fed to the base of the terminal.
3. The Amplitude and wave shape of the carrier are adjusted by making use of the
variable resistor in the circuit.
4. The DSBSC modulated output was observed on the CRO.
5. Amplitude and frequency were noted and respective graphs are plotted

RESULT
 DATE
3. PAM GENERATION AND DETECTION

AIM:

To construct PAM Generation and Detection circuit and to trace the waveforms.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANG QUANTITY

1. OP-AMP IC741 1
1
2. Transistor 2N3904
2 ,1
3. Resistors 10kΩ ,22kΩ
1
4. Variable Resistors 1-100kΩ

5. Capacitor 10 nF 2
6 Connecting wires and
probes

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO EQUIPMENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1. Signal generator (0-20)MHz 2
Cathode ray
2. (0-30)MHz 1
oscilloscope
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

PAM DEMODULATION BC107 Pinouts

12
TABULATION:

AMPLITUDE
SIGNALS TIME PERIOD (s) FREQUENCY(Hz)
V(P-P)
MODULATING
SIGNAL

SAMPLING
PULSE

A: Max =
MODULATED Min =
OUTPUT B: Max =
Min

MODEL GRAPH:

13
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the diagram.
2. The modulating signal was applied to the collector of the transistor and carrier
(pulse) signal is fed to the base of the terminal.
3. PAM generated output was observed at the emitter end using CRO.
4. The PAM output is provided as input to the demodulation circuit.
5. The demodulated output is observed and compared with the modulating signal.
6. Amplitude and frequency were noted and respective graphs are plotted.

RESULT
DATE
4. PWM GENERATION

AIM:
To perform PWM generation and to study its waveform.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Integrated Circuit IC 555 1

2 Resistors 10kΩ,5.6 kΩ, 15kΩ 1,1,1

3 Capacitors 10µF, 1

0.1µF 2

4 Diode 1N 4001 1

5 Connecting wires and

probes

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO EQUIPMENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Signal generator (0-20)MHz 2

2 Cathode ray (0-30)MHz 1

oscilloscope

3 Regulated power (0-30)V 1

supply
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR:

+8V

PIN CONFIGURATION

1N4001 Pinouts

16
TABULATION:

SIGNAL AMPLITUDE (V) TIME PERIOD (s) FREQUENCY(Hz)

MESSAGE
SIGNAL

PULSE
SIGNAL

PWM OUTPUT

MODEL GRAPH:

17
PROCEDURE:
1. Connection of the circuit is made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The Vcc supply is provided as 5V.
3. A trigger input of 2 Vpp and 50 KHz frequency is provided at terminal two.
4. The output pulse produced without applying modulating signal is observed
from terminal three.
5. The duty cycle and frequency and amplitude are noted.
6. Next, the modulating signal of audio frequency and suitable amplitude is
applied to terminal five.
7. The pulse width modulated output is observed from terminal three.

RESULT:
DATE
5. PPM GENERATION

AIM:
To perform PPM generation and to study its waveform.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Integrated Circuit IC 555 1

2 Resistors 1kΩ , 10kΩ, 1, 3

5.6 kΩ, 15kΩ 1,1
3 Capacitors 10µF, 1

0.1µF 4

4 Diode 1N 4001 1

5 Connecting wires and

probes

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO EQUIPMENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1 Signal generator (0-20)MHZ 2

2 Cathode ray (0-30)MHZ 1

oscilloscope

3 Regulated power (0-30)V 2

supply
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PPM GENERATOR:

PIN CONFIGURATION

1N4001 Pinouts

20
TABULATION:

SIGNAL AMPLITUDE (V) TIME PERIOD (s) FREQUENCY(Hz)

MESSAGE
SIGNAL

PULSE
SIGNAL

PWM OUTPUT

PPM OUTPUT

MODEL GRAPH:

21
PROCEDURE:

1. Connection of the circuit is made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The Vcc supply is provided as 5V.

3. A trigger input of 2 Vpp and 50 KHz frequency is provided at terminal two.

4. The output pulse produced without applying modulating signal is observed from
terminal three.

5. The duty cycle and frequency and amplitude are noted.

6. Next, the modulating signal of audio frequency and suitable amplitude is applied
to terminal five.

7. The PWM output is observed from terminal three.

8. The PWM output is applied as input to PIN 2 of the second circuit and the PPM
output waveform is observed.

9. The maximum and minimum space width over one cycle is noted.

10. Graph is plotted.

RESULT:
 DATE
6. ASK Modulation and Demodulation

AIM: To construct ASK generation and detection circuit and observe the
waveforms.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S No Components Range Quantity

1 Resistor 39K,3.1K, 1.8K 1,1,1

2 Capacitor 0.1µ F 1
3 Connecting wires and probes
4 Diode 0N4001 1

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S No. Equipment Range Quantity
1 Signal generator (0-20)MHZ 2
2 CRO (0-30)MHZ 1
3 RPS (0-30)V 1

PROCEDURE:
1. Connectionsaregivenas perthediagram.
2. Feed square wave as the message/data input and sine wave as the carrier input.
3. Observe both the message input and ASK output simultaneously on CRO and plot.
4. Apply the ASK output of the modulator to the demodulator input.
5. Observe both the ASK input and the demodulated output simultaneously on CRO.
Adjust the reference voltage of the comparator if needed.
6. The Amplitude, time period and frequency of the waveforms are noted and the
respective graphs are plotted..
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

ASK Modulator

ASK Demodulator

PIN CONFIGURATION:

BC107 Pinouts
TABULAR COLUMN:
AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD FREQUENCY
(v) (s) (Hz)

Modulating Signal

Carrier Signal

ASK Modulating
Signal

Demodulating Signal

MODEL GRAPH

RESULT
 DATE
7. FSK Modulation and Demodulation

AIM: To construct the FSK generation and detection circuit and observe the waveforms..
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S No Components Range Quantity

1 IC 741 2
2 Transistor Q2N3904 2
3 Resistor 4.7K, 1K 1,5
4 Capacitor 0.01µ,1µ 2,1
5 Connecting wires and probes

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S No. Equipment Range Quantity
1 Signal generator (0-20)MHZ 2
2 CRO (0-30)MHZ 1
3 RPS (0-30)V 1

PROCEDURE:
1. Connectionsaregivenas perthediagram..
2. Feed square wave as the data input for the circuit. Vary the pot RC to adjust the output
frequencies if needed.
3. Observe both the input and output waveforms on CRO and plot. The waveform of the
FSK output were observed.
4. Apply the FSK modulated signal as input to thedemodulator and observe the
demodulated output by varying the resistance to get the PLL locked with the input signal.
5. Plot the observed waveforms.
CIRCUIT:

FSK Modulator

FSK Demodulator
PIN CONFIGURATION

IC 741 Pin Diagram

TABULAR COLUMN:
AMPLITUDE TIME PERIOD FREQUENCY
MODULATING
SIGNAL
CARRIER SIGNAL

FSK SIGNAL

DEMODULATING
SIGNAL

MODEL GRAPH:
Data input

Carrier

FSK output

Demodulated

output

RESULT
 DATE
8.Frequency Multiplier Using PLL

AIM: To construct a frequency multiplier circuit using PLLand to verify its operation.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S No Components Range Quantity

1 IC 565,IC 7490 1,1

2 Resistor 20K, 1,1,1,1
2K,4.7K,10K
3 Capacitor 10µ 2

4 Connecting wires and probes

5 Transistor 3391 1

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S No. Equipment Range Quantity
1 Signal generator (0-20)MHZ 2
2 CRO (0-30)MHZ 1
3 RPS (0-30)V 1

PROCEDURE:
1.Connectionsaregivenas perthediagram.
2. Frequency Multiplier Using PLL on the bread board. Switch on the powersupplies.
3. Apply a signal with frequency fin.
4. The desired amount of multiplication can be obtained by selecting a proper divide-by-
N network, where N is an integer. Observe the output as PIN 4 of PLL.
5. Plot the observed waveforms.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Frequency Multiplier by PLL

PIN CONFIGURATION:
MODEL GRAPH:

Input signal

Multiplied
output signal

INPUT SIGN

TABULAR COLUMN FREQUEN

MULTIPLIED O
SIGNAL

RESULT:
 DATE
9. Sample & Hold Circuit

AIM: To construct sample and hold circuit and to trace the message and sample and
hold signal.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY

1. OP-AMP IC741 1
2. FET BFW10 1
3. Diode 1N4007 1
10kΩ 1
4. Resistors

5. Capacitor 0.001µF 1

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

S.NO EQUIPMENTS R QUANTITY

1. Signalgenerator (0-20)MHz 1
Cathoderay
2. (0-30)MHz 1
oscilloscope
Regulatedpower supply
3. (0-30)V 1

PROCEDURE:
1. Connectionsaregivenas perthediagram.
2. The input and sampling signals are provided at the respective terminals.
3. Use +15V/-15V DC dual supply for powering the opamp.
4. The sample and hold output is observed for varying input signal.
5. The observed waveforms are plotted.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SAMPLE & HOLD:

TABULAR COLUMN:

SIGNALS AMPLITUDE TIMEPERIOD(s) FREQUENCY(Hz)

V(P-P)

MODULATING
SIGNAL

SAMPLING
PULSE

SAMPLE /HOLD
OUTPUT
RESULT: