NATI

ONAL
ISMI
NINDI
A

IdeaofModer nNa ti
ona li
sm
Moder nna t
ionali
smwa sba s
edoni deaofna ti
on-stat
es .
Nati
on- st
a tesaregeographi
calareawhichhas
i
t sownI ndependentGover nment.Peoplebelongingtoas ta
t eh asSimil
arCul
ture.
.
Na t
ional
i
s mi nIndi
a
InIndia,
peopl ebelongingt odiff
erentclassorgroupswer ef aci
ngdi ff
icul
ti
esduet ocoloni
ali
sm
hencet hena ti
onali
stmovementi nIndiawa sra
iseda gai
nstthecol onia
lgovernment.Congresswith
theleadershipofMa ha tmaGa ndhitri
edtobr i
ngDi f
ferentCl
a ssesa ndGroupsoft h
es ociet
yintoone
movement .
Someoft hepopul armovement swer eNon-Coopera ti
onmovementi nwh ichpeople
refusedt ocooper at
ewi thCol
onialGovernmenta ndCivi
l-
DisobedienceMovementpeopl epeaceful
ly
startedbrea ki
ngther uleslai
dbycol oni
algovernment
Impa ctofFi rs tWor ldWa r
Dur i
ngt hes ena tiona li
stmovement , fi
rstwor ldwa rwa sh appenedwh i
chcr eat edneweconomi ca nd
politica ls i
t ua tions .
Economi cSi tua tion: Incr ea sei ndef enceexpendi tureca us edi ncr ea s ei nwa rloa ns ,taxes ,Cus tom
Dut iesa ndi nt roduct i
onofi ncomet ax.Th epr i
cesnea rl
ygotdoubl edf romyea r1913t o1918. I
n1 918-
191
9a nd1 9 20- 192 1inma nypa rtsofI ndi a,fail
ur eofcr opr es ul
t edi na cut es hor tageoff ood. Th usi t
beca medi ff i
cul tf orcommonpeopl et os urvive.
Politica lSit ua tion: Tof ulfil
lt heSol dierdema nd, forcedr ecr uitmenti sdonei nvi l
lagesduet owh i
ch
vil
l
a ger sgota ngr y.
Hea lthPr obl ems : Dur i
ngt hist imeI nf l
uenzaEpi demi cwor senedt h es itua ti
on. Dur i
ngt hisper ioda bout
12t o1 3Mi lli
onPeopl ewer edi edduet oext r
emes ca rcityoff ooda ndepi demi c.
TheI deaofSa tya gr aha
InSout hAf r i
car a cedi scr i
mi na tionwa sacommont hi
ng. Ma hat maGa ndh i f
ough ta nda ch i
eved
succes sa ga i
ns tt hiss ys temwi tht heh elpofh ispopul a rmet h odca l
ledSa tya gra ha.
Mea ni ngofSa tya gr aha :
‘
Sa tya ’sugges tst r ut ha nd‘ agr a ha’s ugges tsI ns i
stence. Sa tya gr ah as ugges tst ha ttogett h eju stice
ther e, isnoneedofph ys ica lVi olencei ns teadnon- vi
olencer es istancecoul dper sua deruler st os ee
thet rut hbya ppea l
ingt ot hei rcons cience.
Sat ya gr ahaMovement sinI ndi a :
Ma ha tmaGa ndh i bel i
evest ha tSa tya grahacoul dUni t
ea l
l Indians .
Af tercomi ngt oI ndi
ai nJa nu ary1 915
hes t ar tedor ga nis ings atya gr ah amovement si nva ri
ouspl aces .In1 917h et r avelledt oCh a mpa rani n
Biha ra ndi ns piredt hepea sa ntsi .e.s mallfa r
mer st os truggl ea ga i
ns tt h ecr uel aut hori
tynon- violen tl
y.
Simila rl
yI n1 9 17h eor ga niseds a tya grahat os uppor tPea s ant sofKh edai nGuj ara ta stheycou l
dnot
payt h er evenuea ndwa ntedi tt ober ela xedbeca useofcr opf ai
lurea ndpl agueepi demic.
Alsoi n1 918h eor ga nisedas a tya gra hamovementt os uppor tt hecot tonmi ll
wor ker sinAh meda ba d.
TheRowl at tAct :
TheRowl a ttActwa sh ur ri
edl yPa s
s edi n1 91
9byI mper ial Legis l
a ti
veCounci lsoa sTos topt h epol iti
cal
act i
vit iesa ga ins tt h egover nmenta ndca nk eept hes us pect si nt hepr isonf ort woyea rs.
Aga ins tt h i
sunf a i
rl a w, Ma h atmaGa ndhi onApr il6,s tartedas trike. Ins uppor tt ot hisrall
ieswer e
orga nis edi nci t i
es , wor ker ss toppedwor k i
nga ndwentons t
rik e.Sca redBr i
tish erss t
a r
tedt opu t
nat i
ona li
s tsi nj a ila ndba nnedMa h atmaGa ndh ifroment er i
ngi nDel hi.
On1 0Apr i
l, pol i
cef ir
eduponapea cef ul ma rchi nAmr itsa ra sar es ultpeopl er es pondedwi tha ttackon
gover nmentpr oper tys ucha sba nks ,pos tof ficess oMa rtiallawwa si mpos eda ndGener a lDyert ook
thecomma nd.
On1 3Apr i
l peopl ewer ega ther edi nJa l
li
a nwa laBa ghs omeca met opr otes ta ga instt hegover n ment ’s
cruel r ules , andot h er st oa tt endba isakh ifair.Gener alDyerbl ock edt hea reaa ndopenedf ireont h e
crowda ndk ill
edh undr edsofpeopl e.
Ast h isnewss pr ea dpeopl es h owedvi olenta ct i
vitiesa ga instgover nmenti nr es pons etot hi
s
gover nmentr epr es s edt h i
smovement swi thext remecr uel t
y. Thuss eei ngt h evi olenceMa ha tma
Ga ndh i st opped( Ca l
l
edOf f)t h emovement .Th ismovementi sk nowna sRowl a tts atyagra ha.
Khilaf ata ndNon- Cooper ation
Introduct ion
TheRowl a tts atya gr ah awa sawi des prea dmovementyeti twa sl i
mi tedt oci tiesa ndt ownss o
Ma hatmaGa ndh ifelttheneedofmor epopularmovementwh ichcouldonlybepos s
iblewh enHindus
andMus l
imscomecl os etoget her
.
KhilafatMovement :
Wh enFi r
stwor l
dWa rwasendedwh i
chresult
edindef eatofOt tomanTurkey,therewer erumour s
tha tthepea cenegot i
ati
onwa sgoingtobever yh a
rshf ortheOt t
oma nemperor.
Sincet heOt toma nemper orwa sal
s oknowna sKhal
ifaash ewa stheheadofI sl
amicwor ldhence
Kh i
lafa
tmovemen twa sr ais
edbymus li
msa l
loverthewor ldins upportofKhali
fa.I
nI ndiaKhi
laf
a t
Commi t t
eewa sformedi nBomba yinMa rch191
9.Theyoungl ea dersli
keMuh a
mma dAliandSh aukatAl
i
brot h
erss tarteddiscus s
ingt hi
sissuewithMa hatmaGa ndhi.
Ma h at
maGa ndhitookthisoppor t
un i
tyto
bringMus li
ma ndHi ndusinonemovement .
InSept ember1 9
20, attheCa lcutt
as essi
onoft heCongress,h econvincedotherleader stostartanon
-cooper ati
vemovementi ns upportofKh i
laf
ataswel lasSwa raj.

Non- Cooper a tionMovement

Ma h atmaGa ndh iinh i
sbook“ Hi
ndSwa raj”( 1909 )decl aredt h atBr iti
s her ses tablis
h edt heircont rolonly
beca useofcooper ationofI ndianst husi fI ndi ansr ef us et ocooper atewi tht hemt h enBr i
t i
shr ulewill
col l
aps ewi thinayea ra ndI ndi awi l
lgetf reedomi .
e. Swa raj.
Ga ndh ijipr opos edt hatt h i
smovements houl dt akepl a cei ns tages .Its houlds tartwi t hret urningt he
titl
esgi venbygover nmen ta ndboycot tofgover nments er vicess ucha sa r
my, pol i
ce, sch ools,
for eignf ood, forei gncl ot h.Ifinca s egover nments tartr epr es singt h emovementt h enaf ullcivil
disobedi encemovementca mpa ignwoul dbel a unch ed.
Ma h atmaGa ndh ia ndSh a ukata litravelleda lloverI ndi at oga th ers uppor tfort h i
smovement .
Stillma nyl ea der si nCongr es swer einoppos iti
ont ot hismovement ,t h eyth ough tt h emovemen t
mi gh tlea dt ovi olence. hencet heywer ea l
s onotr ea dyt oboycot tth ecounci lelect ionss chedul edf or
November1 920. Fr omSept embert oDecembert her ewa sh ugeconf l
ictwi thint hecongr es s .
Fina l
ly, InDecember1 9 20,Congr essSes siona tNa gpura dopt edt h eNon- Cooper ationMovemen twi tha
compr omi se.
Dif feringSt ra ndswi thint hemovement
Movementi nTowns
Non- Cooper at i
on- Kh il
a fatMovementbega ni nJa nua ry1 92 1
. Int ownst h ousandsofs tudent slef tth e
gover nments ch ool sa ndcol l
eges ,tea ch er sa ndh ea dma ster sr es i
gned, l
awyer sleftt h eirlega l
pra ctices .
ExceptMa drasa lloveri nIndi aCounci l elect ionswer eboycot t ed. I
nMa drasJus t
icePa rtybel ieves
tha ten t eringt hecounci l i
soneoft hewa yt owi npowerh encedi dnotoppos et heCounci lelect i
ons.
Economi cEf fect s: Wit ht hismovementI ndia n’sboycot tedt hef or eigngoods ,pa thst oliquors h ops
block edbypr ot es ter s.largenumberoff or eigncl ot heswer ebur nta sar esultt hei mpor toff or eign
clot hisdecr ea sedt oh al
ff romyea r192 1a nd1 922a nddr oppi ngi tsva luef rom1 02cr or et oRs57cr ore.
Wi tht hist h epr oduct i
onofI ndiant ext il
emi ll
sa ndh andl oomswa sr ais ed.
Rea sonsf ors lowi ngdownt hemovement :
India nKh adi clot hi sexpens ivet hanmi l
lcl otht husi twa snota fforda bl etopoorpeopl e.
Ins ti
tut i
onsa lterna tivest oBr i
ti
s hinstitut ionscoul dnotbedevel opeda tfas terr ateh ences tudent s
andt ea ch ersh adt ogoba ckt ogover nments ch oolsa ndl awyer sj oinedwor ki ncour ts.

Rebell
ioni ntheCount ryside:
InAwa dh, themovementofpea sa
ntswa sledbyBa baRa mchandraa nditwa sagai
ns tthet al
ukdar
s
andla
ndl ordsa st heych argesextremelyh ighrenta ndothert axestopea sant s
.Peas antsh adtowork
atl
andlord’sf armwi t
houta nypaymentk nowna sBega r.l
andlordshadgr abbeda llt
hei rl
ands .
The
peasantsmovementdema ndedreduct i
onofa lltaxes,aboli
ti
onofBega r,andSoci alboycot tofcruel
l
andl
or ds.
Manypl acespa nch a
yator gani
sednai-dhobi ba
ndh ss oastopr eventlandl
or dsf r
omt h es ervi
ceof
bar
ber sa ndwa sh ermen.
In1
920Ja wah arl
al Nehruwentt oAwa dha ndwi thBa baRamch andraandot herf ewlea dersf or
med
OudhKi sanSa bha .Withi
namont hi
tr ai
sedi ts300br anchesint heothervill
a ges.Thi
ss t
ruggleis
i
ntegratedi nNon -cooper ati
onmovement .
In1
921Th eh ous esoft al
ukdarsandlandlordswer ea tt
acked,ba zaar
swer eloot ed,andgr a i
nhoards
werea ls
oca pt ured.
InGudemHi l
lsofAndh raPra desh, governmentcl osedt heforesta r
ea sa ndpreventedtri
ba lpeasants
tocoll
ectf ir
ewood, frui
tsandgr azet heircatt
le.Governmenta l
sos t
a rtedforci
ngt hemt ocon tr
ibute
begarforr oadbu i
ldi
ng.
Ami l
it
antguer ri
ll
amovementwa sr a
isedwi ththeleadershi
pofAl luriSitaramRa juwhoclaimedh i
ms el
f
asaper sonwi thspecialpower sanda nnouncedpubl i
clyass pi
ritofGod. Hesprea dgrea
tnes sof
Ma ha
tmaGa ndhiandt heNon- Cooper ati
onMovementbuta tt hesamet imeh estatedconfidentl
yt hat
Indi
awoul dgetf reedomonl ybyt heus eoff orce.Inspir
edpeopl eatt ackedpolicestati
ons,
attemptedt ok i
ll
br i
ti
shof f
icial
swh i
cht urnedintoguer i
l
lawa rf
a r
e.LaterRa juwa scaptureda ndput
todea t
hi n1924.

Swa rajinPla ntat

ions :
InAs samundert heI nl
a ndEmi grationActof1 859,pl
antati
onwor kerswerenota l
lowedorver yr arel
y
al
lowedt olea vethet eaga rden.Wh ent heseh ear
dNon-Coopera t
ionMovementt hent ookitas
freedomt omovet ot h eirna ti
vepl aces .Theya l
sobeli
evedtha tGandhiRajiscomi nga ndeveryone
wouldgetl a ndinth ei
rvi ll
ages .Thous a ndsofboycot tth
ewor kingands t
artedgoingt ot hei
rn ati
ve
placeswi thoutper miss i
onofa ut
h ority.Butdur i
ngthei
rwa yduet os t
ri
keofr ai
lwa ysa ndsteamer
theywer eca ughtbyt h epolicea ndcr uel
lybea t
enbyt hem.
DifferentInt erpr
et ationsofSwa ra j:
Pea sa
n tsofAwa dhvi ewedi ta smi li
tarywa rtobr i
ngbackfreedom. Tri
besviewedt hi
smovemen ta s
thewa yt os topt heirs ufferings.Alloft h
eseinstancesi
nterpreted“Swaraj”intheirownwa ywh ich
wer enotdef i
nedbyCongr essprogr a
mme. Thoughitwa semot i
onal
lyrel
atedt oall-I
ndiaagita
tion.

Towa rdsCi vilDisobedience

Withdr awal ofNon- CooperationMovement :
Non-cooper a ti
onmovementwa sbecomi ngmor eandmor evi
olentwi
ththeti
mes oMahatmaGandhi
decidedt owi t hdr
awt hismovement .
Als
os omel ea dersofcongr essli
keC. R.Das,Moti
la
lNehrubel
ievesthatbyta
kingpar
tinProvi
nci
al
Coun cil
Elect i
onst heycouldoppos et heBrit
ishPol
ici
es,showthatthegover
nmentisnotactu
all
y
democr atica ndcoul dseekf orref
orms .
Wh i
leot herlea dersli
keJa waharl
alNeh r
u,SubhashChandr
aBos estr
onglybel
i
evedinmorepowerful
movementf orf ul
lindependenceofI ndia.

IncreasedMiseryofPea sant
s
Inadditi
ont othi
sinternal
debate,wor
ldwi
deEconomicDepressi
onduri
nglat
e1920sworsenedt h
e
sit
ua t
ion.Agri
cul
tura
l Pri
cesWentDown, t
heDema ndforAgri
cul
tur
algoodsdecrea
sed,andt h
eir
exportisdecli
ned.Duet owhichpeasa
ntscameunderseri
ousprobl
emslikesel
l
ingthei
rharvestand
Payingt h
eRevenue.

EntryofSi monCommi ssi

on
Duringt hi
sper iodt henewTor yGover nmentofEngl andf ormedSt atutoryCommi s
ionunderSi rJohn
Simon. Itwa sfor meda gains ttheNa tionali
stMovementi nIndia.Itexa minest hefunct ioningof
Cons ti
tutionalSys temi nI ndiaa nds ugges tchanges .Sincet hecommi s s
iondidnoth a vea nyI ndi
an
members other ewi l
l ben och ancet ogetbenef ittoI ndians.Th iscommi s i
onisoppos edby
demons tr
a ti
onbya llpar t
iest oget herwi ththes loga n“GoBa ckSi mon” .
Of f
erofDomi nionSt atus
Inor dertos topt hisdemons trati
on, Th eViceroy, L
or dIrwin,inOct ober1 929givena nuncl ear
assur a
nceof‘ Domi nionSt a tus’ands aidt ha
tt her ewi l
lbeRoundTa bleConf erencet odi scus sf ut
ure
cons ti
tution.Domi nions tat ussignifi
esSemi -
Independencet oCount ry.Congr essl
ea der swer enot
sati
s fi
edwi tht heof ferofdomi nions tatus.Agr oupwi thi
ncongr essledbyJa wa h
a r
lal Neh rua nd
Subh ashCh andraBos ebeca memor ea ggressi
ve. Gr oupt hatwa nttoa cceptt heof f
ergr adua ll
y
reducedt hei
rinf l
uence.
“PurnaSwa raj”
InDecember1 929,Ja wa harlalNehr uash eadcongr essf orma l
lya ccept edt hedema ndof‘ Pur naSwa r
aj’
i
.e.FullIndependencef orI ndia.Andi twa sdeclaredt hat2 6Ja nua r
y19 30woul dbecel ebr at eda s
IndependenceDa y. Ont hisda ypeopl ewer etot a kepl edget os trugglef orcompleteI ndependenceof
I
ndi
a.Unf
ort
una
tel
yth
iscel
ebr
ati
ongotver
ypoorpubl
i
csuppor
t.

TheSa ltMarcha ndTheCi vilDisobedienceMovement

Int r
oduct i
on
On, 31Ja nuary,1930,Mah atmaGa ndhi,s
ent, alet terto, Vi
cer oyI rwin,pr esenti
ng, El
evendema nds,
sta ti
ng, t
heneedsof ,di
f ferent,class
esa ndgr oups, oft h
e, societ y.Th eidea,wa sto,bri
ng,di
fferent
gr oups,ofpeopl e,into,onemovement .“Cancel th e,sal
tt ax”,i
soneof ,thedema nd,.
Salti
s,essentia
l
i
t em, forfood, and, t
husneces sary,f
ora ll,
individua l
s.Gandh i
ji
, declaredt ha t
,mos tCruel,
poli
cyof ,
gover nment ,wa s
, taxons a l
t,and,government ’s,cont rolover,itspr oduct i
on.
Th eletter,al
s oprovided,a nulti
ma tum, i
.
e. ifdema nds,wer enotf ulf
il
led, then,congresswouldlaunch,
aCi vil
,Disobedience, movement, on11Ma rch .
Since, Irwin,wa s,notr ea dy,toNegot i
ate,Mahat
ma
Ga ndhi,start
ed, “TheSa l
t, March”,al
ongwi th,78, trustedVol unt eers.

TheSa lt
,Ma rch
Thi
sma r
ch,wa s,240mileslong,fromGa ndhi
ji
’sashram,i
nSa barma ti,t
o,Guj ar
atiCoa stal
,townof
Dandi
. Theyt ravel
led,10miles,perday,for24da ys.Duri
ng,t
h ei
rj ourney, Gandhi
ji
, explai
ned,th
e
meaningof, Swa rajto,thousands,ofpeople,camet o,l
is
tenGa ndh i
ji,and,requestedt hem, t
o
di
sobey, th
eBr it
ish,peacefull
y.
On,6Apr i
l,Ga ndhi
jireach,toDa ndi,h
eviolat
ed,theBr i
ti
shLaw, pea ceful
ly,byproduci ng,sal
tby
,boi
li
ngs eawa ter.TheSa l
t,Ma r
ch, mark
ed,therisi
ng,ofCivi
l
, Di
s obedience, Movement .

Dif
ferencebetween,Non-cooperat
ion,and,Ci
vi
lDi
sobedience
Non-Cooper
ati
onwa storefusecooperat
ionwithBr
it
ishbutCivi
lDi
sobedi
ences
ugges
tsr
efus
eto
cooperateaswel
lastobrea kth
ebriti
shlaws.

Effect ,ofThe,Movement :
Everywh ere, int he, count ry,s altlaws, wer ebr oken, demons trations,wer eh eld,inf r
ont ,of
gover nment , sa l
tf act ories,for eigncl othes ,wer e, boycot ted, peopl ewer e, stopped, pea ceful l
yf rom
enter i
ng, i
nt o, L i
quorSh ops, pea sa nts,refus ed, topa y, revenue, and,ch auk ida r
itaxes ,people
resi
gned, gover nmentj obs,f ores tpeopl e, violated,f ores tla ws.
Bruta l
, Repr es s i
on,by,Br i
tishGover nment
Bri
tishgover nmen t,wa swor ried, about ,theMovement .theys ta rt
ed, arres ting,Congr esslea der s,one
byone, l
ea di ng, toVi olent ,Clas hes .Wh en,Abdul Gh aff ar,Kh an, devot eeof, Ma hatma,Ga ndh i,wa s
,arrest edi n, 1 930, angr ycr owd, h eld,demons t ra
t i
on, ins treet sof, Pes hawa r,eveni f,therewer e,
armedpol ice. Wh en, Ma hat
maGa ndh i
,h i
ms elf, wa sarres ted, then, indus tr
ial wor kers,ofSh olapur ,
attack ed, ona l
l ,struct ures,wh i
chwer e,symbol of, Br i
tishr ulee. g.Policepos ts,
Muni cipalbuildings.
Gover nment , res pondedwi th ,brut alrepres sion, beating, t
h ous ands ,and, keepi ngpeopl e, i
nj ail
.
RoundTa ble,Conf er ence,inL ondon
Insu ch ,s i
tua t i
on, Ma ha tmaGa ndh i,aga i
ndeci ded, toca ll,of fth e,movement .Hes igned, an
agreement , wi th ,Irwinon, 5Ma rch ,1931,knowna s,Ga ndh i
-Irwin, Pact.Wi tht h i
s,pa ctGa ndh i
jia greed
to,pa rticipa te, in, RoundTa ble, Conf erence, i
nL ondon, a nd, gover nment ,agr eedt o,releaset h e,
poli
tica lpr i
s oner s.Ga ndh ij
i,wentt o,London, fort he, conf er ence, but, cameba ckDi sappoint ed, .When
he,ca meba ck ,h es a w, Ghaff arKh an,and, Ja wa harl
al Neh r
u, wa s, i
njail,Congr ess,h a
dbeen, decl ared
,il
l
ega l.Meet ings ,demons trations ,boycot t, wer es trictly, banned. Thus ,Ga ndh i
ji
, re-l
aunch ed, th e
movement .Butt he, movement ,los ti
t s,moment um, unt il1934.

HowPa rti
cipa
ntsSawtheMovement–1
Dif
ferentsoci
algr
oupsjoi
nedt
hemovementwi
thdi
ffer
entr
eas
onsea
chh
avedi
ffer
entmea
ningof
swara
j .
RichPea sant
s:Richpea santswereproducerofCommer ci
alCrop.Becauseoftradedepres si
ona
nd
fal
lingcroppri
cest h
es ewer enotabl
et opayt hegovernment ’
srevenuedema nd.Government
rejectedthei
rrequestf orreducti
oninrevenuedema nd.ForthesePea sant
sf i
ghtforst
r uggl
ewasa
struggleagai
nstHighRevenues .Theyorganis
edcommuni t
iesandpa r
ti
cipatedinboycott
programmes .WhenGa ndhijical
l
edoffthemovementt hent h
es eweredisappoi
nteda st
h eywould
havet opayrevenuesbeca useofthi
sreasont h
eyref usedtot ak
epa r
tint hemovementwh eni
twas
restarted.
ThePoorPea s
a nts:Poorpea s antscul ti
va terentedl andsobta i
nedf romL a ndlords .Duet oTr ade
Depres sion, andFa l
l
ingCr opPr i
cest h eywer enota blet opayt h
eirrentt oo. Sot h esepea sa nts
wantedl a ndlordst oexcus etheirrenta l
ongwi threduct i
oninrevenuedema nd.Th eirmovemen twa s
l
edbySoci a l
istsandCommuni stsa ndwa snots uppor tedbyCongr ess .Beca useCongr esswa swor r
ied
thatift heys uppor t
edpoorpea sant,thent heri
chpea santsandl andlordsmi ghtbecomeups eta nd
removet h eirsuppor t.
TheBus ines sCla ss:Duringfir
s twor l
dwa rt hebus i
nes sclasscons tit
ut ingmer cha ntsa ndindu strial
i
s t
s
Madeh ugepr ofitsandBeca mepower ful
.Toexpa ndt h ei
rbusinesst heywa ntedRel axa ti
oni n
Gover nment alPolici
esa nda lsowa ntedpr otectiona gainstImpor tofFor eignGoodsa ndch an gesi n
exchanger ati
os ucht hatitwoul ddi scoura geimpor ts.Th eyformedI ndianI ndus trialandCommer ci
al
Congres si n1 920a ndtheFeder ati
onoft heI ndianCh amberofCommer cea ndI ndus tr
ies(FICCI )in1927.
Thesewer eledbyt opi ndustri
a l
is
tss ucha sPur ushotta mdasTh akurda sa ndG. D. Bi r
la.Busines sclass
suppor tedt h emovementeconomi ca ll
ya nda l
soboycot tedtheimpor tedgoods .Butf a
il
ureoft h e
RoundTa bleConf erence, reducedt h
ei nfluenceofs wa rajont hebus inesscl ass
. Th eywer es tarted
feari
nga boutt heMi l
it
antAct iviti
esa ndgr owinginfluenceofs ocial
ismi nYoungerMember sof
Congres s .

ThePoorPea s ants : Poorpea s ant scul ti

va t er entedl andsobt ainedf romL a ndlor ds .Duet oTr ade
Depr es s i
on, a ndFa l
li
ngCr opPr i
cest h eywer enota blet opa yt hei
rr entt oo. Sot h es epea s ants
wa ntedl andlor dst oexcus et h eirr enta l
ongwi t
hreduct i
oni nr evenuedema nd. Th eirmovemen twa s
l
edbySoci a l
is tsa ndCommuni stsa ndwa snots uppor tedbyCongr ess. Beca us eCongr es swa swor ri
ed
tha tift heys uppor tedpoorpea s ant, thent h er i
chpea s ant sa ndl andlordsmi gh tbecomeups eta nd
removet h eirs uppor t .
TheBus ines sCl a ss :Dur ingf irs twor l
dwa rt hebus i
nes scl asscons t i
tutingmer cha nt sa ndi ndu stri
ali
sts
Ma deh ugepr ofitsa ndBeca mepower ful.Toexpa ndt h ei rbus i
nes st heywa nt edRel axa tionin
Gover nment a lPol iciesa nda lsowa ntedpr ot ectiona ga ins tImpor tofFor eignGoodsa ndch an gesin
exch a nger atios ucht hatitwoul ddi scour a gei mpor ts. Th eyf or medI ndi anI ndus triala ndCommer cia
l
Congr essi n1 92 0a ndt heFeder ationoft heI ndianCh amberofCommer cea ndI ndus tri
es( FICCI )in19
27.
Th esewer el edbyt opi ndus t ri
a l
istss ucha sPur ushott a mda sTh ak
ur dasa ndG. D. Birla. Bus i
nes sclass
suppor tedt h emovementeconomi ca ll
ya nda lsoboycot tedt hei mpor tedgoods .Butf a il
ureoft he
RoundTa bleConf erence, reducedt h
ei nf l
uenceofs wa rajont hebus i
nes scl as s.Th eywer es tart
ed
fea ri
nga boutt heMi li
tantAct ivitiesa ndgr owi nginfluenceofs ocialis
mi nYoungerMember sof
Congr ess .
HowPa rti
cipa ntsSa wt heMovement–2
TheI ndus tria lWor kingCl ass es :Onl yI ndus trialwork ersofNa gpurr egiont ookpa rti nt h eMovement
butma jorityofi ndus t
rialwor kingcl assdi dnott ookpa r tbeca us et heirdema ndsa remos tlya ga i
nst
theI ndus tri
a l
is ts.Seei ngt h ati ndus tri
a l
istswer ecomi ngcl os ert ot heCongr es st h eys ta rt
edgoi ng
awa yf romt h emovement . wor kingcl a ssinvol vedint h emovementbeca us eofl owwa gesa ndpoor
wor kingcondi tion s.Ra il
wa ywor ker s,dock wor kers,mi newor k erss howedpa rticipa tioni nmovement
byBoycot tCa mpa igns ,Pr otes tRa l
li
es .Congr es swer enotwi ll
ingt oa cceptt heirpa rticipat i
on
beca us ei tma yl ea dt oendofs uppor tf romi ndustri
a l
is ts.
Women: CivilDi sobedi encemovementwa sl a rgesca lepa rticipa ti
onofwomen. Dur ingDa ndiMa r
ch
thous a ndsofwomenca met ol i
s tent oGa ndh iji
.Womenpa rticipa t
edi npr ot es tma rch es , ands topped
peopl ef r
omgoi ngi nt oliquors h opsa ndf or eigncloth .
Inur ba na rea swomeni nvol vedi nmovementbel ongst oh i
gh -ca stewh erea si nRur ala rea swomen
fromr ichf ami l
iespa r t
icipa tedi nt hemovement .
Ga ndh ijibelievedt ha tt hedut yofwomeni st oL ooka ft erHomea ndHea l
t h, beGoodMot hersa nd
goodwi ves .Andh encecongr es sh es i
t atedt oa ll
owwomeni nt h emovement .

TheLi
mitsofCivi lDisobedience
TheUntouchabl
esi .e.Dali
ts:Forl
ongtimecongressdidnotinvolvedt hena ti
on’
sUnt ouch a
bles’,
i.
e.
dal
i
tsorOppr essedPeopl ebeca useTheyfearedfromSa natanisi
.e.conservati
veHi gh-CasteHindus.
Mahat
maGa ndh
i declaredth ati
tisnotpossi
bl
et ogetSwa r
a jifUntouchabili
tywa snotEl i
minated.He
cal
l
ed‘untouchables ’
a sHarij
ansi.
e.chi
l
drenofGod. HeOpenedDoor sofTempl esf ort hesepeople.
Heorgani
sedSa tya grahasoa stoprovi
dethemAcces stoPubl icWel l
s,t
a nks,r
oa ds,ands chool
s.He
per
suadedupperca ste-peopletochangethei
rheartandgiveupt hi
sdiscrimina
tion.
Butma nyDa litL ea der swa nt edpol it
ica lsoluti
onss ucha sRes erva tion,Acces stoEduca ti
on,and
Separ ateRegi onf orDa li
tfr omwh eret heyca nch oos ememberf orL egislativeAs sembl y.Thusda l
i
t
parti
ci pationi nt h emovementwa slimi t
ed.
Dr.B. R.Ambedk aror ga ni
sedda l
itintoDepr es sedCl as sAs sociat i
oni n1930. Thisas socia ti
onclashed
withMa hatmaGa ndh i i
nsecondRoundTa bleConf er encea nddema ndeds epa r
ateEl ect orateforda l
i
ts.
Wh enBr i
tishGover nmenta gr eedt hedema nd, Gandh i
jis ta rt
edFa stunt odea thbeca uset hesepa r
ate
el
ect or atesma yca us eprobl emsf orintegr ationofs oci et y.InPoonaPa ctofSept ember1 932the
Depres sedCa stegotr eser va ti
onofs eatsinpr ovinci ala ndcent rallegisl
ativecounci l
s .
Mus l
i
mPol i
tica lOr ga nisati
ons :SomeMus li
mPol iti
ca lOr ga nisati
onsa lsodidnott ookpa rtinCivil
Disobedi enceMovement .Th es egr oupss tartedf eeling‘ sepa r
at ed’a ft
ert hedecl ineofNon-
cooper ati
on- Kh i
laf atMovement .Visiblyitwa sobs er vedt h atcongr es sha dgr owingi nfluenceof
Hindusduet owh ichr elati
onsbet weenHi ndusa ndMus limswor seneda ndwi tht hepa s sageoft i
me
Hindu-Mus l
imcl ash esbeca mecommoni ss ues.
Aga i
nt h
eef for tswer ema dei n1927, toreuni teMus l
imsa ndHi ndusbuti twa snotpos si
ble.Muhamma d
AliJi
nna hal ea derofMus li
mL eagues tatedMus li
mSuppor twi llbegi veni fmus l
imswoul dgeta ssured
seatsi nCent ral As sembl ya ndr epres entat i
onpr opor t i
ona ltopr opor ti
onofPopul ationi nMusli
m
Domi na tedr egi on se. g.Punj ab, Benga l.
Thispr opos al wa ss tronglyoppos edbyM. R. Jaya karoft heHi nduMa ha s
a bhai nAllPa r
tyConf erence
i
n1 928a ndt h usmu s l
imsdeci dedt onott os uppor tci vildis obediencemovement .

TheSens eofCol l
ect i
veBel onging
Peopl eca met oget h era ndf ough tforf reedomcol l
ect i
velywit hth ef eeli
ngofna ti
onal
ism. Withthis
,
cult
ur ala ctivitiess ucha sHi storya ndlitera t
ur e,folk
lorea nds ongs ,popul ardrawingsands ymbols
werea lsoi mpor t
a nti ngener ati
ngf eelingofna ti
onal
ism.
ImageofBha ratma ta:
Mos tof tent hena tioni ss ymbol iseda sani ma ge. e.
g.Int wentiethcent urys ucha nimageofBh arat
Ma t
acr ea tedbyBa nkimCh andr aCh attopa dhya yh el
pedna ti
ona l
ismt ogr ow. Inthispainting
Bhara tma taispr es ent eda sca lm, compos ed, divi
nea nds piri
tual.Soona ftert hi
s,di
fferenta rt
ist
present edbh aratma tai ndi f f
er entf orms .
Devot i
ona lsongs :
In1870sh ewr ote‘ Va ndeMa t
a ram’a nthema sadevot iont omot h erl
and. Hei ncl
udedt hisa nthemi nhis
novel Ana ndama th.Th es ongwa swi delys ungdur i
ngs wa deshimovementi nBenga l
.
Folkl
or e:
Thes ens eofcol lect i
vebel ongi nga lsodevel opedbyI ndianfolklorei.e. t
raditi
onalsongs .Na ti
onali
st
startedr ecor dingt h ef olkt a l
esi nth eformofs ong, sungbyba rdsi .
e. atypeofpoet .Th eys t
arted
visi
tingvi l
lagesf orcol l
ect i
ngs uchf olksongs .Theybel ievedt hatt hes efolks ongscouldh elpin
preser vingourf olkt radition.
InBenga l,Ra bindr ana thTa gor eh imselfs tartedcol l
ect i
ngba l
lads ,nurs eryrhymes ,andmyt hsanda l
so
l
edt h emovementofr evi vingt h efolk.InMa dr as,Nates aSa s
tripubl i
sh ed“ TheFolklor
eofSout hern
Indi
a ”af our -
vol umecol lect ionofTa milfolkt al
es .

Flag:
Nationall
eadersn owbecamemor ea war
eofs uchsymbolsandiconsi nor
dert ouni
teall
peopl
e.Th
us
duringswades himovementinBengal,t
ri
colourfl
ag(i
.e.
red,greenandyellow)wa sdes
igned.
It
cons i
stsofeightlotusesr
epresent
ingeigh
tpr ovi
ncesofBrit
ishIndiaandacr es
centmoon
representi
ng, Hi
ndusandMus l
ims.
Gandh ii
n1921des i
gnedswarajfl
agwh i
chhads ametri
col
ourands pinni
ngwh eeli
nthecenter
sugges t
ing‘self
-hel
p’.

Reinterpret
a t
ionofHi st
ory:
Brit
isherssawI ndi
ansasba ckwa r
da ndpri
mit
ive.Th eys awIndi
ansasnotincapableofruli
ng
thems el
ves.Th usnat
ional
is
tf elttheneedofreinterpretati
onofthehist
ory.Theys tar
teds howing
Indi
a’sgreatach i
evements, th
eywr oteaboutfamousdevel opment
sinancienttimesina r
eass uchas
artsandculture,lawandphilosophy,craf
tsandt r
a dea ndshowedthathowmuchca pableIndi
awa s
beforet hecolonia
ldominati
on.