RESOURCEANDDEVEL OPMENT

 Res our ces&I t sCl a ssifica tion

Wea res ur roundedwi thma nyr es ou rcesl ikes oil,wood, sola rpa nel s,Mount ains, Sun, windmi l
l
,
coa l, pa per sa ndma nymor e. Res ou rcei sdef ineda sever yt hinga vailabl
ei nourenvi r
on ment
wh ichca nbeus edt os at i
s fyourneeds .
 Cl as sif ica tionofRes our ces
Res our cesca nbecl a ssi
f i
eda sNa tura l&Huma n.
 Na tur a lr es our cesca nbecl a ss i
fieda sRenewa blea ndNonr enewa ble. Renewa bler es ou r
cesca n
becl a ss i
f ieda sCont i
nuousa ndBi ol ogi ca l.Biologi ca l res our cesca nbecl as si
fieda sNa t
ural
Veget a tiona ndWi ldlif
e. Non- renewa bler es our cesca nbecl as s
ifieda sRecycl ablea ndnon
Recycl a ble.
 Huma nr es our cesca nbecl a ssifieda sSt ruct ur es ,Ins t i
tut i
ons ,Qua ntitya ndQua li
ty. Natural
res our cescomesf romna tur et hati sSoi l
, Coa l, Sunl igh ta ndWa ter .
 Renewa bleRes our cesa ret her es our ceswh i
chca nber enewedorr eproducedbyph ysical
,
ch emi ca l ormech anica lpr oces s es .
 Non- renewa bleRes our cesa ret h er es our ceswh i
chr equi resmi l
li
onsofyea rsint h eirforma ti
on
i
.e. Coa l,Oi l, Fos silfuel s
, a ndNa tur a lGa s . 
 Cont inuousRes our cesa ret h er es ou rceswh os ea va il
a bil
ityi suna f fectedbyt h eirus ebyh umans.
E.g. Sol a ren er gy, wi ndener gy, andwa t er .Na tu ralveget at i
ona ret hepl ant st hatdoesnotneed
helpf r omh uma nst ogr owt ha tisf or es tsa ndgr ass es .
 TypesofRes our ces .Th er ea re4t ypesofr es our ces–
1. Ont heBa s isofOr igin: Th er ea r
e2t ypes
 Bi ot icRes our ces–  Res our cesobt ainedf rombi os ph erea ndh a vel ife. 
 
    
eg: Pla nt s, ani ma ls,h uma nbei ngs
 Abi ot icRes our ces–Res our cescompos edofnonl ivingt hings .
 
    
E. g: Wa ter ,mi ner als,met als, wind, s ola rener gy
2.Ont heBa s isofExha ust ibility: Th er ea re2t ypes
 Renewa bleRes our ces–Res our ceswh ichca nber enewedorr epr oducedbyph ys ical,
 chemical
orMech ani ca lpr oces ses . E.g: Wa ter ,wi nd, sol arener gy, f ores tsa ndWi ldlife.
 Non- Renewa bl eRes our ces–Res ou rceswh ichr equi r esmi ll
ionsofyea rsint h eirfor ma ti
on.
 
 E.g–Mi n er als, Fos silfuel s.
3.Ont heBa s isofOwner shi p:
 I ndivi dua l Res our ces–Res our cesownedbyi ndivi dua l
spr i
va tely.
E.g–Pl a nt a ti
on, Pas turel a nds , wa teri nwel l
s .
 Communi t yOwnedRes our ces–Res our cesa cces s iblet oa llthemember sofcommuni ty.
E.g–Pa rk , picni cs pot ,Pl aygr ounds ,villageponds .
 Na tiona l Res our ces–Res our cesbel ongi ngt ona ti
on. i.
ewa ter, mi ner al
a ndf or es t.  
  
   
 I nter na tiona lRes our ces–Res our cesr egul atedbys omei nterna t i
ona linstitut i
onsa ndno 
i
ndi vidua lcount ryca nut ili
zet hes ewi thoutconcur r enceofi nter na ti
ona linstitut i
ons .
4.Ont heBa s isofSt at usofDevel opment :
 Pot ent i
a lRes our ces–Res our ceswh i
cha ref oundi nar egi onbuth a venotbeenut il
ised.
 
 E.g–Ra ja sth a na ndGuj a ra th avepot ent i
a lfordevel opmentofwi nda nds ola rener gybutyeti t
i
snotdevel oped. .
 Devel opedRes our ces–  Res our ceswh icha redevel opeda ndt h eirqua l
itya ndqua ntityh ave
beendet er mi nedf orut i
lisa tion.
E.g–1 .Indi a ’sf irs ts olarpa rka tCh a rank avi l
lage, Guj a rat.
2.Muppa nda lwi ndf a rm, Ta mi lNa du.
3.St ock–  Res our ceswh icha rea va i
lablei nna tur ebuth uma nbei ngsdonoth a vet h et echnology
toa cces si t.  
 E.g–[ Wa ter=Hydr ogen+Oxygen]i sar ichs ourceofener gyi .
ecompoundoft wo
 
 inf l
a mma blega s esbutwedon’ th avet ech nol ogyt ous et hem.
 
4. Res er ves -Res our ceswh icha reu sedf ormeet ingt h ef ut urer equi rement s.
E.g–1 .Ri verwa t erca nbeus edf orgener atingh ydr oel ect ricpowerbutpr es ent lyiti sbeing
 uti
li
sedtoali
mitedext
ent.
  
  
  
  
  
 2
.Wa
terindams,
for
ests
.

NEEDOFRESOURCEPL ANNING
Therear
eregionswhi
cha r
eri
chi
ncer
tai
ntypesofr
esour
cesbutl
acki
not
herr
esour
ces
.Hence,
Resour
ceplanni
ngisneeded.
 
 STATE  RI
CHI
N  L
ACKI
N

 Jh
arkha
nd,
Chha
tti
sga
rhMP  Mi
, ner
alsa
ndCoa
lDepos
its  –

 Ar
unacha
l  I
nfras
truct
ura
l
Pr
adesh  Wa
terRes
our
ce Devel
opment

 Ra
jas
tha
n  Sol
ara
ndWi
ndEner
gy  Wa
terr
esour
ce

 Waterr
esour
ce,
 Cul
tura
lHer
ita
ge i
nfr
astr
uctur
e,vi
tal
 L
ada
kh (monument
s,pai
nti
ngset
c) mi
neral
s

PROCESSOFRESOURCEPL ANNI NG:

 I dent ifying, i
nvent i
ng, surveying, ma pping, quali
t a
t i
vea ndqua ntitati
vemea surementa nd 
 
 est ima tionoft her es our cesa crossr egi onsoft hecount ry.
 Pl anni ngas tr uct urewh ichi ncludest ech nology, skil
l
sa ndi nstitutionalsetupf or  
 
impl ement i
ngr es our cedevel opmentpl ans .
 Ma t ch ingr esour cedevel opmentpl answi t hover al
lna ti
ona ldevel opmentpl ans.
CONSERVATI ONOFRESOURCES:
Res our cesa r evi tal fordevel opmen tofa nyr egion. Irr
at i
ona lcons umpt iona ndoverut il
i
sa ti
onof
res our cesr es ultsins oci o-economi ca ndenvi r onment alproblemsa ndt oover comet hi
s ,
cons er va ti
onofr es our cesi sused. (Da m)
Wor dsofGa ndhi j
i: “Ther ei senoughf orever ybody’ sneeda ndnotf ora nybody’ sgr eed”
Accor di ngt oh i
mca us esofdepl et i
onofr es our cesa remoder nt ech nol
ogy, greedya n dselfish
individua ls.
 Sus ta ina bleeconomi cdevel opmentmea ns‘ devel opments houl dta kepl a
cewi thoutda ma ging
t heenvi ronment ,
a nddevel opmenti nt hepr es ents houldnotcompr omisewi tht heneedsoft he
f uturegen er ations .’
E. gSol a ra ndwi ndener gy, Sus tainablecons truction, Cropr ota t
ion, Wa terf i
xtures . 
L andRes our cesa ret her es ourceswh icha rea vail
a bl
eonl a ndlikena tur
a lVeget ation,wildli
f e,
h uma nl i
f e,economi ca ct ivities,tran sporta ndcommuni cati
ons ystems . Landisa na ssetoff i
ni
te
ma gnit udes oi ts houl dbeus edwi thca r
eful pla nning.95%ofourba s i
cneedsf orf ood, shelterand
cl othingcomesf r
oml and. Indiah as43%pl a ins ,30%mount a i
nsa nd2 7%pl ateaus .
 
 L
ANDTYPE  PERCENTAGE  USEDFOR/I
NCL
UDES

 Pl
ai
n  43%  Agr
icul
tur
eandi
ndus
try

 Perenni
alfl
owofsomeri
vers
,pr
ovi
desf
aci
l
iti
es
fortour
ismandecol
ogi
cal
 Mount
ains  30% aspects
  Richreser
vesofmi
ner
als
,fos
sil
fuel
sand
 Pl
atea
us  2
7% fores
t s

L
ANDUTILI
SATIONININDIA:
 Forest
s-Around22.
8%oflandiscover
edwithf
ores
ts.
 Landnotavai
l
ableforcul
ti
vat
ion 
consi
stsof

a
)Ba
rrena
ndwa
stel
andwh
ichi
s8.
61
%and 
(wa
stel
ande.
g–r
ock
y,a
rid,
des
erta
rea
s)

b)L
andputtonon-
agr
icul
tur
alusesi
s5.57%.(e.
g.bui
l
dings,r
oads,f
act
ori
es,
set
tl
ement
s,
r
ail
ways
).Th
eref
oretotal
landnotavai
la
bleforcul
tivat
ionis1
4.1
8%.

 Ot
heruncul
ti
vat
edl
and 
cons
ist
sof

a
)Per
man
entpa
stur
esa
ndgr
azi
ngl
andwh
ichi
s3.
38%.

b)L
andun
dermi
scel
l
aneoust
reecr
opsgr
oveswh
ichi
s1.
1
1%a
nd

c)Cul tur ablewa stelandwh i

chis4. 1
7%.
Th eref oret otaloth erunculti
va tedl andi s8.66%.
 Fa llowl andscons i
stsof
a)Cur rentf all
ow-wh i
chi st helandnotcul tivatedf r
oml esst hanonea gri
cultura
l yearwh i
chis
4.76 %.  
b)Ot hert h ancur rentf al
l
ow-t hati st helandl eftunculti
vat edfort hepa s
t1t o5a gri
cultural
yea rswh i
chcons ti
t utes3.37%. Th erefor etot a
lfal
lowl andis8.13%.
Th es elan dsa recul tivatedonceort wicei na bout2t o3yea rsa ndifthesea r
ei ncludedinthe
NSAt h ent heper cent ageofNSAi nI ndiacomest oabout54percentoft hetot al
r eport
ing
area .
 Nets owna rea( NSA) :Itist h
eAr eas ownmor et h
anoncei na nagricul
turalyearplusnets own
areawh i
chi sa l
sok nowna sgrosscr oppeda r
eawh i
chis46 .24%a va i
l
able.
InPunj a bandHa r
yana
havea round80%nets owna reaoft ot alarea.
Aruna ch a lPr adesh, Mizora m,Mani pura ndAnda ma nNicobarI sl
andsh avelesst han1 0percentnet
sowna reaoft otalarea .
Useofl anddependsonPh ysi
cal Fact ors,Huma nFactor s
.Accor dingt oNationalFores t
Policy( 1952 )lowert han33%ofgeogr aphica l
a r
eaisunderf orest.LandDegr adati
ona nd
Cons er va ti
onMea sures:
Degr a dedl a ndi nIndia=1 30mi ll
i
onh ect ar
es .Outofwh ich
56%–wa terer odeda rea,
28%–f or es tdegr adeda rea,
6%–Sa l
ine&Al kal
ineDepos its,
10%–Wi ndEr odedAr ea.
Caus esofL a ndDegr ada t
ion:

 St
ate  Ca
uses

 Jha
rkh
and,
Chh
att
isga
rh,
Madh
yaPr
ades
h,  Defor
est
ati
onduetomini
ngca
used
Odi
sha sever
ela
nddegra
dati
on
 Guj
arat
,Raja
sth
an,
Madh
yaPr
ades
h,
Maha
rasht
ra  Over
gra
zingi
srea
sonf
orl
anddegr
ada
tion.

 Overirri
gati
oni
sresponsi
bleforl
and
degradati
onduetowa t
erloggi
nglea
ding
 Punj
ab,
Har
yana
,Wes
ter
nUt
tarPr
ades
h, toincreasei
nsal
i
nit
ya ndalkal
i
nit
yinsoi
l
OTHERCAUSES:
1
. Conti
nuousus
eofla
ndoveral
ongper
iodoft
imewi
thoutt
aki
nga
ppr
opr
iat
emea
sur
est
o 
  
conser
veandmanagei
t.

2
.Th eminer
alpr
ocessingl
ikegr
indi
ngofl
i
mes t
oneforcementindus
trygener
atehugequa
nti
tyof
dusti
ntheatmosphere.
Itret
a r
dsth
eprocessofi
nfi
l
trat
ionofwa t
eri
ntothesoi
laft
eri
tsett
les
downontheland.

3.I
ndus
tri
alef
fluent
saswa
steca
usesl
anda
ndwa
terpol
l
uti
on.

PREVENTI VEMEASURES:
 Affores tation
 Properma nagementofgr azi
ngorCont rolonover -gr
a zi
ng
 Plantingofs h elt
er bel
tsofplants
 Stabil
isationofs anddunesbygr owingthornybus hes
 Properma nagementofwa st
elands
 Cont r
ol ofmi ninga cti
vi
ti
es
 Properdi sch a rgea nddisposalofindust
rialef
fluentsa ndwas
tesaft
ertreatment
 Soilforma tiont akesmi l
l
ionofyea r
stof ormupt oaf ewcmdepthofsoil
.Someofth
eimpor
tant
factor sfors oilf
or mati
ona reparentrock ,
cli
ma te,organi
sms,t
opogra
ph yandti
me.
Ref ervideot ounder s
tands oi
lprofil
e.

CLASSIFICATIONOFSOI LS
1.
Al
luvi
alSoil
s
2.
BlackSoil
3.
Reda ndYell
owSoi l
s
4.
Lateri
teSoil
s
5.
AridSoil
s
6.
ForestSoil
s
Soili
scompos edof3t hi
ngs: 
sand,si
l
tandclay.
Sandpart
icl
esarethelargestandtendt ohol
dli
ttl
e
waterbuta l
l
owgooda erati
on.
Clayparti
cl
esareverysmal
linsi
zeandt endt opackdowns othat
waterdoesnotdr a
inwellandl
i
ttleornoairca
npenetra
te.Si
ltpar
ti
clesaremediums izedthatar
e
l
argerthanclaybutsma l
l
ertha
ns and.
Si
lt
ys oi
li
ssli
pper
ywh enwet,notgrainyorrocky. 
 

SOILEROSI ON–Remova l ofsoilcovera ndwa s

hinga wayofs oi
l.
CAUSESOFSOI LEROSI ON–Def orestat
ion,overgrazi
ng,construct
ion&Mini
ng,defecti
vemet h
ods
offarming, wind,glaci
era ndwa ter.
 
TERMSREL ATEDTOSOI LEROSI ON
 Gul l
ies–Th er unni
ngwa tercut stheclayeys oi
lsandma k
esdeepch a
nnel
scall
eda sgul
li
es.
.
 Ba dl a
nd–Th elanda fterhavinggulli
esisunfitforcul
tivati
onandisknownasba dland.
Also
knowna sravinesinCh amba lbasin.
 Sheeter osion–Wa t
erf l
owsa sas heetoverl a
rgeareasdownas l
opeandwasha waythetops
oil
.
Thisisknowna ss h
eeter os i
on.
 Winder osi
on–Wi ndblowsands lopi
ngl andl
oos essoi
lknownaswinderosi
on.
 Pl
oughi ng–Doingt hes oi
lupa nddownt hesl
ope, r
esul
tsinfor
mationofchannel
sforthequi
ck
fl
owofwa terwhichleadstos oil
erosion.
 ContourPloughi
ng–Pl oughi
nga longt h
econt ourli
nescandecel
eratethefl
owofwa terdown
theslopes.Thi
sisca l
l
edcont ourploughing.

SOI
LCONSERVATI ON:
 Terrace–Ma ki
ngofSt epsont hesl
opesi sknowna sterr
aces .
Terr
a ceculti
va t
ionr educes
erosi
on. 
E.
gWes ter
na ndcent r
alHi
ma l
ayash avewelldevel
opedt er
ra cefarming.
 Stri
pcropping–L ar
gef i
eldscanbedividedintos t
ri
ps.Stri
psofgras sareleftt ogrowbet ween
thecrops.Thi
sbreaksupt heforceofthewi nd.Thi
smet hodisknowna sstr
ipcr opping.
 Shel
terbelts–Treesa r
epl a
ntedinl
inest ocreateshel
ter.Theseshelterbel
tsh elpi
ns tabi
l
isat
ion
ofsanddu nese.
gthedes ertinwester
nI ndi
a.