TOS 3: UNIT 2B: WOODEN STRUCTURES Objectives: . To understand the versatility of wood as a Material and study properties that affect its Str . To understand the advantages of Wooden Structures . To understand the disadvantages of wooden structures and to overcome them. . To study the parameters of Design of Wooden Beams . To Design Rectangular Wooden Beams . To understand if holes and notches are to be made in Wooden Beams then where to fra . To understand Primary and Secondary beam construction.32 TOS 2b: Unit 2b: Wooden Structures: Introduction: Wood has been used as a building material for thousands of years, being second only to stone in terms of its rich history in the world of construction. The chemical properties of wood are inherently complex, but in spite of this challenge human beings have successfully harnessed the unique characteristics of Wood to build a seemingly unlimited variety of structures. This exceptionally versatile material is commonly sed to build houses, shelters and boats, but itis also extensively used in the furniture and home decor industry as well, Wood is an underestimated Structural Material in the Modern World as can be seen in the & pictures produced here. Se TTT [33m of spanned wooden trusses for Basilicas ie PIS URRMSTA aa TDN) ATM TON STR ay TET ae Aa Tome aed TOS 3 Unit 2b Wooden Structures 01 led By Ar. Arthur Cutinho33 ‘Wood is an organic cellular material. Absolutely dry wood weight is an index of the cell wall substance present ‘which isan indicator of the strength and finishing characteristics. Density of wood determines the changes in the moisture content. Low cost of some varieties of Timber make it the preferred material for *Temporary Structures «Formwork #Scaffolding 2b.1. Properties affecting Strength: The Strength of structural wood (many a times referred as Timber) depends ‘on natural characteristics like Knots * Checks and Shakes « Slopes of grain * Specific Gravity #Moisture Content 1. Knots: Knots are caused by the trunk of a tree growing around a limb (Branch). The appearance of a knot does not mean that the timber piece is inferior > Knots affect the strength because the grains deviate from regular direction in passing around them and the weakening effect is felt more in tension than in compression > Knots have no effect on the Stiffness. > Inasimply supported beam a Knot on the lower side wil affect the carrying capacity. > Inshort or Intermediate Columns Knots will reduce the strength in proportion to their sizes % In Long Columns whose load carrying capacity is dependent on Stiffness, the knots have no effect. 2. Checks and Shakes: Lengthwise separation of wood is known as a check, occurring across rings of annual ‘growth. Separation along grain between annual growth rings is known as a Stake. > Checks and Shakes reduce the resistance to Shear. The reduction in Shearing Strength is proportional to the size of extent of Shakes or Checks ‘Slope of Grain: When the fibers of a wood are not parallel to the edge of the piece cross grains exists. Wood is least strong across the grains and hence slope of grain is important in Structural Timber Up toa slope of 1 in 10. Compressive Strength is not affected Modulus of Elasticity is affected at 0 slope of 1in 15 ‘Shock Resistance decreases rapidly at a slope of 1 in 15 Rate of Growth: The cross section of a tree shows concentric rings and the number of rings per unit width is an indication of the growth of the tree. For Structural Timber 5 rings per 20mm width may be specified Specific Gravity: The material of which the cell walls are composed of is called wood substance with a specific gravity of 0.64. Being a Natural Material this differs from wood to wood > The Strength of wood depends on its Specific Gravity 6. Moisture Content: After a tree is cut the wood begins to lose water tll equilibrium with the surrounding. atmosphere (depending on temperature and relative humidity) is reached. > As Moisture content (weight of water contained in wood expressed as percentage of oven dry weight) i reduced increase in Strength Properties expected. ayyvVY# \ * Some more terms associated with wood and their importance are noted below 1. Shrinkage is generally in the direction of annual growth rings and longitudinal shrinkage is negligible TOS 3 Unit 2b Wooden Structures 01 Compiled By Ar. Arthur Cutinho2b. 34 2. Heartwood (central portion of the Log) consists of inactive tissues giving strength to the tree trunk and. ‘Sapwood (portion between Heartwood and Bark} is made up of Living Cells. Sapwood is permeable to liquids and has to be treated for increasing resistance to *Decay eInsect Attack *Fire 3. Live and Dead Trees: Wood cut from trees killed by insects, fungi, wind or fire is good structurally compared to “Cut Live Trees “, Those portions from these dead cut trees that are free from insects and decay should be used 4. Seasoning of Timber: To determine the Working Stresses in Timber the effect of seasoning and use conditions is important to consider. Seasoning should not have a dimensional change on the Timber. The ‘moisture content of Structural Timber lies between the two limits of seasoned condition and unseasoned condition. The values of working stresses are arrived at on the basis of unseasoned Timber. 5. Destructive Agencies: Engineering Materials are not absolutely permanent under all conditions of service and use, Wood is also vulnerable to «Decay «Fire «Insects «Marine Borers «Mechanical Wear Weathering and «Chemical Resistance > Decay: This is brought about by fungi which live on the wood substance. Constantly submerged parts of piling in fresh water and foundation piles under buildings, do not decay if ground water level is constantly higher than the top of the piles. To protect wood preservative treatment using Oil Preservatives or Oil Borne Preservatives or Water borne preservatives should be used either with a pressure process or a non- pressure process. > Fire Resistance: Time Element is vital to the destruction of buildings by fire: Non-combustibility of material is not the most important factor but collapse of structural members within due to heat so as not to allow a person to enter or exit is vital. Wood Fire Resistance to improve élow burning properties of wood can be improved by Sprinkler Systems. Fire resistance can also be improved by either impregnating wood with some chemicals or coating the wood with a non-combustible paint. > Chemical Resistance: Wood is resistant to chemicals like Organic Materials, Hot and Cold Solutions of Acids, Neutral Salts and Dilute Acids and hence sometimes considered superior to other construction ‘material. Impregnation of Wood with Paraffin (for resistance to chemical solutions) and Resin forming Material is widely acceptable. ‘The Advantages of Wood asa Structural Material are as follows (Herewith | am not discussing any such property which does not appeal to a Structural Engineer, these being many) 1. Itisa natural resource, and also against other mining material can be grown making it readily available and economically feasible=Itis remarkably strong in relation to its weight, and it provides good insulation from the cold. 2. Wood is highly niachinable, and can be fabricated into all kinds of shapes and sizes to fit practically any construction and structural need. 3. Wood is also the perfect example of an environmentally sustainable product; itis biodegradable and renewable, and carries the lowest carbon footprint of any comparable building material. In addition, no high-energy fossil fuels are required to produce wood, unlike other common building materials such as brick, stee! or plastic, 4, Wood has certain favorable properties, which give it an advantage in terms of its resistance to high temperatures. Unlike steel, which can expand or even collapse in high heat, wood actually dries out and becomes stronger as the heat increases. 5. Wood also contains highly-sought-after acoustic properties, making it good as a load bearing and at the same time a panel material for Concert Halls. 6. An important characteristic of wood is its tensile strength, which is its ability to bend under pressure ‘without breaking, Wood is exceptionally light in proportion to its tensile strength, making it the preferred construction choice for surfaces that take a constant beating such as basketball courts and bowling lanes. Tensile strength is also one of the main reasons for choosing timber as a building material; its remarkably strong qualities make it the perfect choice for heavy-duty building materials such as structural beams. TOS 3 Unit 2b Wooden Structures 01 Com led By Ar. Arthur Cutinho35, 7. Wood does not practically expand against heat (In comparison to steel). On the contrary, by the effect of heat, it dries out and gains strength. The only time wood expands a little is when the humidity level is below 0%, and this is only scientifically significant. In practice, the humidity level of wood does not drop under 5% even in the driest climate. 8. Woo design and smell. The design of a tree does change according to the way itis sliced. It is possible to find different wooden materials according to color and design preference. it can be painted to darker colors of varnished, and can be given bright or mat touches. 9. Wood is a Durable Material but generally assurmed that itis perishable and therefore only suitable for temporary structures, This cannot be true as is evidenced from century old timber built structures and bridges. Wood if properly protected from attack by fungi, insects, borers does not change its strength and properties with time, I years of satisfactory service are a measure of permanence No Other Material is more permanent than Timbe 2b.lll. Disadvantages of Wooden Structures: There are a few disadvantages but they are easy to disregard, and eliminate as long as the cause is known 1. Shrinkage and Swelling of Wood: Wood is a hygroscopic material. This means that it will adsorb surrounding condensable vapors and loose moisture to air below the fiber saturation point. 2. Deterioration of Wood: Wood can have biotic degradation (mold fungi, bacteria and insects) and Abiotic degradation (Sun, wind, water, certain chemicals and fir}. 3. Wood easily catches fire. Wood consists of organic compounds which are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen. They can combine with oxygen and burns. When combined with oxygen and a temperature between 250 and 270 degrees Celsius, wood can start to burn’even without a flame. Wood is classified as a combustible material because of these properties. * Chemical materials, especially extractives in woods structure cause the burning point to change. Fire resistance can also be improved by either impregnating wood with some chemicals or coating the wood, ‘with a non-combustible paint ‘© Using thick wood as a structural element is another way of extension of burning point. Outer surface burns and turns into charcoal. Chartoal, Which forms on the surface of wood as it burns, isa very effective heat insulator. Therefore, large timbers burn very slowly. In addition to this, wood is very good heat insulator too. The life of a Timber Structure is long if maintained either dry or wet continuously 2b.1V. Wood as a Structural Material ~ Timber Beams Structural Properties of Wood 1. Directional Properties: Strength parallel to the grain in compression is 5 to 10 times that at right angles. This ratio is higher in tension. The modulus of elasticity parallel to the grain is 100 times that at right angles to the grain, is a decorative material when considered as an aesthetic material. Each tree has its own color, 2. Bending: Timber is 1/12* the density of steel and has about 1/10” the strength of steel. Hence by weight itis stronger of the two, Bending strength is lower in deep beams than shallow beams. 3, Modulus of Elasticity: The Modulus of Elasticity is not affected by Drying and is assumed same in Compression and Tension 4, Axial Tension and Compression: Timber is strong in Tension and Compression parallel to the grains. The Permissible Compressive Strength and Tensile Strength are same 5. Shear: The Shearing Stress increases at base of Shakes, Checks, and where there is sudden change of cross-section, TOS 3 Unit 2b Wooden Structures 01 led By Ar. Arthur Cutinho36 6._Working Stresses: These are as per the following Table. Densityat | Mogulus of shear name | 22%. | Modulus | sending and Tension Paral | along | Compression parle to | compression Perpendcuar Moisture in if to Grain in N/mm? Grain in Grain in N/mm? to Grain in N/mm? ° N/mm N/m N/mm Inside | Outside | Wet Inside | Outside | Wet | Inside | Outside | wet Babul 2 10.59x10° | 17.86 | 15.11 | 1216 | 216 | 10.99 | 10.01 | 7.85| 638 | 491 | 402 Deodar_| 5.34 932x10° | 1001 | 863 | 687 | 098 | 7.65 | 687 |549| 255 | 206 | 167 Mango 6.76 ag3xi0* | 1216 | 1001 | 785 | 137 | 7.26 | 647 |51| 304 | 235 | 186 IndianOak| 8.48 | 12.26x10° | 1452 | 1216 | 9.61 | 167 | 9.03 | 7.85 |647| aa | 3.43 | 284 sal 348__| 1246x10° | 16.48 | 13.73 | 1098] 128 | 104 | 922 |765| 441 | 3.43 | 2.94 Teak 6.27 gaaxio? | 13.73 | 113a | 9.22 | 137 | 963 [765 |628] 392 | 304 | 24 7. Timber Beam: ‘A. Bending in Timber is based on the Flexural Formula and based on the following Assumptions |L._ Sections that are Plane Before Bending Remain Plain After Bending 2, The Stresses are within Elastic Limit 3. Young’s Modulusis same for Tension and Compression Form Factor: As the name suggests this factor depends on the form of the Beam section i.e. whether the Section is a Square or a Rectangular or a Circular One. Thisis because in a Wooden Beam the Stress Distribution is nor really Triangular. In a Deep Beam the decrease from the outer most fiber towards the neutral axis is less than in a shallow beam. So Form Factors are applied to Permissible Stresses to get Reduced or Increased values For Square sections where the loads in the direction of the girder the form factor shall be taken as 1.414 ‘The carrying capacity of a Deep Rectangular Beam is less. The Form Factor Kis applied for rectangular Beams greater in depth than 300mm, k= ogi x Pie Where D = Depth of the Beam in mm to be applied to the stress value. So a Beam as deep as 350mm will have a Form Factor K= 0.81 x S7*i00 Bending shall be not Greatet than 0.96 x 14.52 = 14,026N/mm? C. Effective Span: > For Simple Supported Beams Effective Span le Least of the Following 0.966. So permissible Stresses in Indian Oak in 1. Centre to Centre between supports or 2. Clear span + Half of Required Bearing at each end > For Continuous Beams Effective Span le = Centre to Centre between Supports > For Cantilever Beams Effective Span le = from Face of Support to Free End (Actual Overhang) D. Width: The minimum width of a beam shall be greater of the following 1. 50mm 2. 1/50" of the Span e.g. If the Span of the beam is greater than 2.5m, let us say 2.6m then the minimum width will me greater of the following two © 50mm. = 1/50!" of 2600 = 52mm, So we will have to take minimum width as 52mm Depth: The depth of the Beam shall not be greater than three times the width without Lateral stiffening Lateral Restraint: All beams with depth more than 3 times the width and span more than 50 times the depth shall be ateraily restrained from twisting and buckling and the distance between such restraints shall not exceed 50 times the width. e.g. Let us say the Beam is of Dimension 80mm x 300mm then d > 3b, hence lateral restrain will have to be provided at every 50 x 80 = 400mm TOS 3 Unit 2b Wooden Structures 01 Com led By Ar. Arthur Cutinho37 2b.V. Design of Rectangular Timber Beams. (in W.S.M, Analysis: A wooden Beam is a Flexural Member Subjected to *Bending Moment «Shear and «Deflection So we need to see that the Bending Stress, Shear Stress and Deflection should not exceed the permissible or allowable limits. 1. Drawa representative plan and section for calculating load on the wooden Beam. 2. Calculate w= load on the beam, For Self Weight one can assume O.SkN/m to 1kN/m é sawn i ie 3 BtnancHewse?8 & anime le —~ Atowabie Deteien = Spo/240 — ieale Beton = Spano > ‘Simple Supported Beam owle Cantilever Beam 3. Calculate Span Effective = Le 1. Le = Clear Span + 4 Support for 8S, and 2, Le.= Overhang for Cantilever 4. Drawa Load Diagram and calculate a. B.M.max= M = wli/8 For .S with an u.d.l. and wi'/2 for cantilever with a u.d.l b.S.Fimax = V = wi/2 ForS.$ with an u.d.l, and wl for cantilever with a u.d.! ¢. Allowable Deflection as per the following ‘© Allowable Deflection = Span/360 for beams'Supporting brittle material ike gypsum ceilings. ‘© Allowable Deflection = Span/240 for othersimple supported beams. ‘Allowable Deflection = Span/180 for cantilever beams. porMz ot Shear Stress =0 + /2-v016 sendingstrees sof N € utr alt aaa Shear Stecamae® _3xV warez rear Stresa=0 Bending Stress Diagrém Rectangular Beam Section Shear Stress Diagram 5. Design for Bending Stress: Assume some relation between b and die. width and depth of the beam or b= some value and calculate Z = bd?/6 Z = Section Modulus taught in TOS 2, then M=o2z0rZ=M/o Mz Bending Moment Maximum, o= permissible Bending Stress in Compression and Tension, This will give us the sectional size of the beam in b x d, However, b should be greater than 1. 50mm 2. 1/50" of the Span, 6. Check for Sh Find Actual Shear Stress If the Actual Shear Stress is < than the permissible Shear Stress, then the Section is Safe for Shear. 7. Check for Deflection: ‘Actual Deflection = Sw!'/384 El for $.$ with full u.d.| and Actual Deflection = wi'/8 El for Cantilever If Actual Deflection is < Allowable Deflection, then the Section is Safe for Deflection Adopt the Section (If beams are greater in depth than 300mm they will have to be checked for form factor, however not included in our syllabus} TOS 3 Unit 2b Wooden Structures 01 Com led By Ar. Arthur Cutinho38 Problems: Problem 1 — Aroom of size 9.7m x 3.5m with 230mm thick walls on all four sides is to be provided with a loft made of Block Boards SOmm thick to be supported on timber joists 3 in number (2.44m center to center) along the shorter span. The Block Boards are to be finished with 12mm thick timber flooring slats. Design the middle Timber Beam Considering Indian Oak as the type of Timber and Live Load for an Office Building. Let d= 3b. d = depth of the beam, b = width of the beam (The obvious question is why the timber Joists placed at such an odd figure of 2.44m centre to centre, Well | Chose a Block Board of Size 2.44m x 1.22m x 5Omm thick to make my loft. So the following are the construction details in plan and Section. The Timber Beams support the Block Boards and spaced as per the size available or chosen best for the size of the room. The End Span along length and width is slight smaller. However, this is the designer's discretion but let us stick to the plan and section shown below) Solutior Before we begin to solve let us write down the properties of Indian Oak © Density 8.48 kN/m? ‘© Modulus of Elasticity = 12.26 x 10°N/mm? = ‘+ Permissible Stress in Compression and Tension for Inside Condition = 14.52N/mm? = 0 + Permissible Shear Stress = 1.67N/mm? © Z=bd?/6 = b x (3b}'/6 = 9b°/6 = 1.5b? 1. Representative Plan and Section ‘roa Fat Sa Bn Detail thn 2m ct unix 2aine cn T | | | i ako | | tam ! i | | l Plan “ As can be easily seen an intermediate Beam takes the half load of flooring and live load from each side, so of a distance of 2.44m. We have already calculated load per running m in TOS 1, we will now do so for 2.4m TOS 3 Unit 2b Wooden Structures 01 Compiled By Ar. Arthur Cutinho39 [[_afeseaate tosdingon The Beam mem |= lint Floor slab aad x 005 x 8.48 1.03 kW/m Finish toad = 24d x 001 x BAB = 025 KNim live toad ak 28k ket 9.76 kN Self Weight = 050 kN/m Total Load___= 11.58 kw 7 TE kN/m [Sfesiatate ete Span =1e Eflecivespan= | L| + Bearing L 35 | + 023) = 13.73Im (Fors) te = 373m [ifeatatare Design parameters- Biviman,SFmax and Alowable Delcaion 2 2 444. Bending Moment Max = xe = tae Tas = 209 tim 3 2 ¢ naman MS 10 mm 442 Shear Force Max=V we ie = a 898) = aa 2 3 Simm saa x 10.8N 43 Alowable Dellection Eflectivepan 3730 —Htectwespen 3780 as 5g [nierabiepetetion sass] [_S]esien or Foxare Te Biimax ori 2 2 ™ ra 2 o 2 ~ 6 a asp ee [aS . Permissible Bending Stress in Compression and Tension [a= 1452 Wma 15x b+ 209 x Go b= oR 7s 00 ae Tea 4 3x p14 = 300mm 1 ls madrnum ofthe fallowg 1400 Fam Coleulted Value by enare 2 SO mm Minimum Width 2746 mm _(Span/s0) = 13730 + 50 a oheck For Shear Sess 3 Actual Shear Sress 3x seorrorceMmev 3x 2A x 40 2x ib |x| a 2x 100. x 300 Permissible Shear Sess = 1.67 N/m? Sa © 167 Nimme (Permissible Shear Stress) Tience Safe for Shear Tehecktor Defecion % a EE TT sew bs le = 373m = 3730 mm \Actual Deflection 384 Ox E 1 , Max = = a6 x10 Wimm? ‘ 3 5 Bx 370 1 100 _ 300 a 3 7 Z yea x 1226 x 10 x25 x19 = 225000000 mm* ‘ a 1096mm__<____1554.mm (Allowable a e225 10 me Tience Safe for Alowable Deflection ‘newer! Sas of —sedion = 200 mw _300 mm las Depth _<__ 200 mm “The Beam_WillNot Have To Be Checked for Form Factor TOS 3 Unit 2b Wooden Structures 01 Compiled By Ar. Arthur Cutinho40 Problem 2 Abalcony is to be constructed for an office building using timber joists spaced at 1.83m center to center cantilevering out for a span of 1.22m. Size of Block Board is 1.83m x 1.22m x 32mm thick. The joists support a flooring of total dead load 2.5kN/m?. Design the beam for the following. : Take d=2.5b . Type of Wood ~ Teak Wood, Density-6.27kN/m’, E = 9.42 x 10°N/mm? . Permissible Bending Stress for outside location ~ 11.38 N/mm? . Permissible Shear Stress ~ 1.37 N/mm? . Allowable Deflection - Span/180 . Take Live Load as 4kN/m? ince al values are given we need not repeat them here .041b* 1. Representative Plan and Section: Office Block Eira Wa 1220 Baleony +—1830-—_——1830———- Plan 2] Calculate Loading on The Beam mk mx Anim Floor Slab 183 x 003 x 627 0.37 kNim Finish Load 183 x25. iNet 458 N/m Uvetead = 4 x 183 kNfm? = 7.32 RN/m Self Weight 0.50 kN/m Total Load 12.76 kN/m w= 13 KN/em [[BJfesteatate ertective Span = Le EffectiveSpan=L + ° = l= 12 + 000 = 122m (For Cantilever) le = 122 m {a calculate Design Parameters -8.Mimax, S.Fmax and Allowable Deflection 4A Bending Moment Max = wx le = 13 x 122 = 9.67 kNm 2 z 6 [Ewmax = M = 967 x10 Nmm 42 Shear ForceMax=V = ww x__le = (13 x__122 159 kN 1 1 3 Simm = 155% _10N 43 AllowableDeflection = _Effectivespan | _1220 180 = 120 * ‘ ‘Allowable Deflection = 678 mm Notice that the formula for B.M.max, $.F.max are for cantilever with full u.d.) TOS 3 Unit 2b Wooden Structures 01 Compiled By Ar. Arthur Cutinho41 S]Design for Flexure ie BIMmax or M M bixta bx [257 x Te fell ose a 6 6 a 25 xb] Hence [2 04x oe Compression and Tension [—o Ta38 Nat 935 25 xb 1.04) © is maximum of the following 1 95mm Calculated Value 2 50 mm Minimum Width 3244 mm __(Span/50) 1220 50 G] check For Shear Stress 3 ‘Actual Shear Stress = __3__x_ shear Force ax=v 3x 159 x10 zee] exe |B (ee ed 2 xO x 240 Permissible ShearStress = 1.37 NJmat = 108 << 1.37 Nim? (Permissible Shear Stress) Hence Safe for Shear 7] check for Deflection w= as kW = 13 N/mm 1x wx le = 122m 1220 mm [Actual Defiodey) @ x, € «J z E+ 942% __10_N/mm* 4 2 ax 13 x_ 1220 1 95x 240 ae 3 2 Bx 942 x 10 x 109 x 10) 5 109440000 mm* 6 a= 349mm < 6.78 mm _(Allowable | 1 = 109 x 10mm? Hence Safe for Allowable Deflection ‘Answer, Ske of Sedion = 95mm x 240mm las___Depth__<__ 300. mm ‘The Beam Will Not Have To Be Checked for Form Factor 2b.VI. Some Important Points on Construction of Timber Beams 1. Notches and Holes: Beams will not be cut, notched or holed unless local stresses are calculated and found within permissible limits. ‘* Notches not more than 1/Sth of the depth and at distances not more than 1/6" of Span from the support shall be made, ‘+ Holes not more than 1/4" of the depth can be drilled at the center of the beam. 2. Bearing: The ends of the flexural members shall be supported in recesses which provide adequate ventilation to prevent dry rot. ‘The ends shall not be enclosed. The length of bearing shall not be less than 75mm. 2b.Vil. Primary and Secondary Beams. Let us say we have the following situation. AA Restaurant Room of size 14.4m x 4.8m is to be provided a mezzanine floor using Block Board Finished with ‘8mm wood flooring. The Bock Boards to be used are of size 2.44 x 1.22m and are 32mm thick. Solution 1. We could provide Bears across the 4.8m span. These Beams could be spaced at either 1.22 ¢/c or 2.44m ef If were to provide at 2.4m c/c the Block Board of 32mm would span across 2.44 and could have TOS 3 Unit 2b Wooden Structures 01 Com led By Ar. Arthur Cutinho42 excessive deflection. On the other hand, providing at 1.22m centre to centre would have too many beams but could be a solution. After similar calculations like last two problems Size of Beam is 100mm x 300mm, ‘Bear Sete 100300 Section of Solution 1 Plan of Solution 1 5.26m long x 12 numbers (length is considering 0.23m bearing) and required number of beams are 12) Primary Beome secondary Beam= Size 130mm x 390mm Size 65mm x195am Plan of Solution 2 TOS 3 Unit 2b Wooden Structures 01 Compiled By Ar. Arthur Cutinho43 Solution 2. We could have primary beams across the 4.8m span 2.4m c/c and have secondary beams spanning across this 2.4m spaced at 1.22m c/c. So Block Boards are spanned across 1.22m c/c which are supported ‘on secondary beams spanning 2.44m c/c supported on primary beams spanning 4.8m supported on the brick walls. The plan and section would be as follows. (Symmetry has been maintained on all four sides) Size of secondary Beams is 65mm x195mm and 2.67m long 18 numbers. ‘Size of primary Beams is130mm x 390mm x 5.26m long x Snumber Problem3 A balcony of 1.5m cantilever is to be constructed using wooden cantilever beams, 1.2m c/c supporting R.C.C. Slab 80mm Thick, with standard floor finish. Design the wooden beam for Flexure only. * Type of Wood - Teak Wood, for beam, planks and flooring, Density-6.27kN/m? ‘Permissible Bending Stress for outside location ~ 11.38 N/mm? + £=9.42x 10? N/mm? take d= 3b, Take live load as 4kN/m? Solution: 11. Since all values are given we need not repeat them here. Also Shear and Deflection are not expected Z]aleulate Loading on The Beam mem | NW Floor Sab 12x 00g” y 25 2.40 kN Finish toad 12x 1.25 WW 4150 kN Live toad 28 ANimt 4.80 kN self Weight 0150 kN/m Total Load 9.20 kN/m wo 10 vr [i]ewanare eteaive Span Te Cectvespan= Lt o Te 15+ 000 15m (For Cantiléver) Le. 15m ‘a calculate Design Parameters Mima, S:kmax and Allowabe Deflection 2 44 Bending Moment Max = wo) x le = 10 x 15 11.3 kNm [awimax = M = 2510 Nmm S]Design for Flexure ie &Mmiax or M z| = 5 box ¢ bo xfs x 7b > a. = 13 )e 1b] wee [21-1351 x |b [mm © = Permissible Bending Stress in Compression and Tension [_e@__= 1138 _Winnr a 6 as|x |b | = [aa3) x | 10 bo 87 b= 90mm 1138 d 3 x bla 270 mm bis maximum ofthe following z ‘90 mm Calculated Value by Flexure 2 50 mm — Minimum Width 3 30mm __(Span/50)_= 1500+ 50 Size of Beam is 90mm x 270mm. Check for Deflection and Shear not caried out as problem asked to design for Bending Only 2b Wooden Structures 01 led By Ar. Arthur Cutinho44 Problem 4 — Design a Timber Beam to take a load of 1SkN/m over a Simply Supported effective span of 4.56m considering the following. Check for Shear Only. © Take d=2b ‘+ Permissible Bending Stress for inside location ~ 12.16 N/mm? ‘+ Permissible Shear Stress — 1.37 N/mm? + £8.93 x 10°N/mm? Solutior 11. The Load is given so we need not calculate the load and shall go directly to B.M.max and S.F.max Calculations. We shall also not be checking for Deflection as we have been asked to only to check for Shear, Le=4.56m, w= 15kN/m, Asd= 2b, -bd?/6 = b x (2b?/6 = 0.67b* [afeatcite Design Parameters Biman, SFmax and Alowahe Defledion 43 Bending Momentax | = [w [x [ie | = (451 « 1456 39 kN s re Einar Mo = 389510 Nm 42 Shear ForceMex=V = wx le = 15 Sh 456 = 342 KN 2 5 ‘sina aa _10N [[S]esien for Fexare te Biman or 2 2 M b leha pledets le iz So a * 6 * 6 co a a ae ee ible Bending tress n Compression and Tension [a= 42.46 Winn 3 ‘ os7 xb %. 20 b 168 7s 0 mm nie a 2 tx bo [ee 340 mm Di manny dtthe following 1470 ram Coltuloted Volue by Fenare 2 $0 mm Minimum Width 3 912mm (Span/s0) = 4560 + 50 check For Shear Stress ‘Actual Shear Stress |= |_3__ x Shear fave Max ate aaa) x 130 2 [x16 2170x340 PermissibleShear tess = 1.37 N/mm 088 < 137 Ninn? (Permissible Shear Stress)| Tene Safe for Shear ‘ewer, Sue of Section 70mm x 340mm las __Depth__> 200 mm “The Beam Wil Have To Be Checked for Form Factor Theory Notes on Wood Compiled with the help of Design, Analysis and Details of Steel Structures & Timber Structures by V.N. Vazirani, Dr. M.M. Ratwani 2b Wooden Structures 01 led By Ar. Arthur Cutinho45, Suagested Theory Questions: TOS 3: UNIT 2b: WOODEN STRUCTURES 1 Explain the structural properties of Timber w.r.t the following Checks and Shakes Knots ‘Slope of Grain Moisture Content Heart Wood and Sopwood/ Live Trees and Dead Trees Fire Resistance What are the advantages of Timber as a structural Material w.r.t Tensile Strength Decorative Material Acoustic Material Natural Material Durabitity Thermal Resistance aH eK EN Explain the following disadvantages of Timber as a Structural Material and how to over-come the same Shrinkage of Wood Deterioration wun Fire Resistance Explain the design of a Timber Beam wr.t the following points Minimum Width Laterol Restraint Notches and Holes Bearing Form Factors Ba wnne Problem for Solving: A hall of 11.5m x 5.1m with 230thk brick walls is to be provided a mezzanine floor using 50mm flush doors topped with 18mm thk wooden floor boards supported on timber beams across the 5.1m span, 4 intermediate beams dividing the 11.5m span into 5 equal parts of 2.3m each. Design the timber beams considering the following © Taked=2.5b ‘* Type of Wood — Mango, for beams and flooring Density-6.76kN/m? * Permissible Bending Stress for inside location ~ 12.16 N/mm? * Permissible Shear Stress — 1.37 N/mm? * Allowable Deflection — Span/240 # Take live load as SkN/m? © £8.93 x 10°N/mm* * Ignore Form Factor. TOS 3 Unit 2b Wooden Structures 01 Compiled By Ar. Arthur Cutinho