Valves and Pipes

How do I control where fluids go?

ENGI 10734
Industrial Systems
• Attendance quiz password: pipes
 3

Choosing The Right Valve

High Hygienic Corrosive Cost
Valve High Flow Notes
Pressure Application Fluids Effective
Globe X X
Single Seat X X X X
Gate X X
Diaphragm X X
Butterfly X X X
Ball X X X
Check X X
Plug X X X
 4

Relationship
• Velocity (m/s) υ = 𝑑ൗ𝑡
• Cross sectional area (m2) 𝐴 = 𝜋 𝐷Τ2 2 =0.785𝐷 2

• Volumetric flow rate (m3/s) 𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴

ID

With the same fluid velocity, which pipe has greatest flow rate?
The Pipe Schedule
• Pipe wall thickness has standard dimensions
• Summarized by a pipe “schedule”
• “2 inch pipe” does not have exactly 2” ID or OD
• Found online, in textbook or engineering handbook
• https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/nominal-wall-thickness-pipe-d_1337.html

Nominal wall thickness for seamless and welded steel pipes

Nominal wall thickness for seamless and welded steel pipes
STD - Standard
XS - Extra Strong
XXS - Double Extra Strong
Example Problem 1
• Which is an appropriate valve for:

• Baby food
• Hydrochloric Acid
• A backyard irrigation system
• High-pressure hydrant water
• Crude oil
• Tank rinse water
• Reactor safety
Example Problem 1
• Which is an appropriate valve for:

• Baby food – Single seat or butterfly

• Hydrochloric Acid – Diaphragm
• A backyard irrigation system – Ball or globe valve
• High-pressure hydrant water – Gate Valve, Globe Valve
• Crude oil – Plug Valve, Diaphragm valve
• Tank rinse water – Ball valve or globe valve
• Reactor safety – Pressure relief Valve
Example Problem 2
2a) Calculate the cross-sectional area for a NPS 1/8”, schedule 80 pipe

From the pipe schedule - 𝐷𝑂 = 0.405", 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.095"

𝐷𝑖 = 𝐷𝑂 − 2𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.405"– (2)(0.095") = 0.215"
𝜋𝐷𝑖 2 𝜋(0.215")2
𝐴= = = 0.0363 𝑖𝑛2
4 4

2b) Calculate the cross-sectional area for a NPS 1”, schedule 40 pipe.
Give your answer in m2

From the pipe schedule - 𝐷𝑂 = 1.315", 𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.133"

𝐷𝑖 = 𝐷𝑂 − 2𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1.315"– (2)(0.133") = 1.049"
𝜋𝐷𝑖 2 𝜋(1.049")2 0.0254𝑚 0.0254𝑚
𝐴= = = 0.864 𝑖𝑛2 = 5.57 × 10−4 𝑚2
4 4 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛
Example Problem 3
• 2.3 cubic meters per hour of water is flowing through an 8
inch schedule 40 steel pipe. Find the linear velocity of the
water in m/s.
𝜋𝐷𝑖2
𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴 → 𝐴 =
4
𝐷𝑖 = 𝐷𝑂 − 2𝑇𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 8.625"– (2)(0.322") = 7.981"
0.0254𝑚
𝐷𝑖 = 7.981" = 0.2027𝑚
𝑖𝑛
𝜋 0.2027𝑚 2
𝐴= = 0.03227𝑚2
4
𝑚3
𝑄 2.3 ℎ𝑟 𝑚
𝑣= = = 0.0198
𝐴 0.03227𝑚2 𝑠
Example Problem 4 1 ft3 = 7.48 US gal

• How many US gallons per minute of water will flow

through a 21” (I.D.) reinforced concrete pipe at a linear
velocity of 2 feet per second? (Concrete pipes are not on
the pipe schedule)

𝐷𝑖 = 21" = 1.75𝑓𝑡
𝜋 1.75𝑓𝑡 2
𝐴= = 2.404𝑓𝑡 2
4
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴 = 2 2.404𝑓𝑡 2 = 4.808
𝑠 𝑠
𝑓𝑡 3 7.48𝐺𝑎𝑙 60𝑠
𝑄= 4.808 = 2160𝐺𝑃𝑀
𝑠 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛
 Example Problem 5
• A 10 % wt liquid caustic soda solution at 20oC is flowing at 200
kg/min. What size pipe can be used if the maximum linear velocity is
2.00 m/s? (caustic density = 1180 kg/m3)
𝑚ሶ 𝑚ሶ
𝜌= →𝑄=
𝑄 𝜌
𝑘𝑔
200 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄= 𝑘𝑔 = 0.1695 = 0.002825
1180 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠
𝑚
𝑄
𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴 → 𝐴 =
𝑣
𝑚3
0.002825
𝐴= 𝑚
𝑠
= 0.001412𝑚2
2.00 𝑠

𝜋𝐷𝑖2 4𝐴 4 0.001412𝑚2
𝐴= → 𝐷𝑖 = = = 0.0424𝑚 = 1.67"
4 𝜋 𝜋

• 1.67” is minimum pipe diameter → smaller pipe would mean faster

flow.
• Only 1.5” or 2” pipe on the schedule → Choose the larger one
Example Problem 6
• A 4” schedule 40 pipe carries water at 10m/s to a pipe section
made of 3”, schedule 40 pipe. Find the linear velocity in the 3”
𝑚
pipe. Give your answer in .
𝑠

𝐴1
𝑣1 𝐴1 = 𝑣2 𝐴2 → 𝑣2 = 𝑣1
𝐴2
2
𝜋𝐷𝑖1 𝜋 0.1023𝑚 2
𝐷𝑖1 = 4.026" = 0.1023𝑚 → 𝐴1 = = = 0.008219𝑚2
4 4
2
𝜋𝐷𝑖2 𝜋 0.0901𝑚 2
𝐷𝑖2 = 3.548" = 0.0901𝑚 → 𝐴1 = = = 0.006376𝑚2
4 4

𝑚 0.00822𝑚2 𝑚
𝑣2 = 10 = 12.88
𝑠 0.00638𝑚2 𝑠
 14

Practice Problem 1
• What size pipe is required to carry a flow of 2000 L/min at
a maximum velocity of 1 m/s?

Solution:
Q = 2000L/min* 1m3/1000L = 2.000m3/min,
v = 1m/s * 60 s/min = 60m/min
𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴
𝐴 = 𝑄Τ𝑣 = (2.000m3/min)/60m/min = 0.0333m2
𝜋𝐷 2
𝐴= → 𝐷 = 0.206m = 20.6cm = 8.11in
4
Nobody makes 8.11” pipes, so 9” pipe is required
 Practice Problem 2
• A 6” sch 40 pipe has water flowing with a velocity of 1.5 m/s.
Find the volumetric flow rate in the pipe in L/s and m3/min.
𝜋𝐷 2
Solution: 𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴 𝐴 =
4
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑐ℎ 40 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎, 𝐼𝐷 = 6.625” – 0.280” – 0.280” =
= 6.065” * 2.54 cm/1” = 15.41cm* 1 m/100 cm = 0.1541m
𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋(0.1541𝑚)2
𝐴 = = = 0.01863m2
4 4
𝑄 = 1.5 m/s * 0.01863 m2 = 0.02794 m3/s = 1.68 m3/min =
= 27.9 L/s
Practice Problem 3
• What size pipe is required to supply water to a 16m3
CSTR if the required HRT is 1.4hrs and the minimum
linear velocity in the pipe is 1.5m/s?
Practice Problem 4
• A 1.5” schedule 40 pipe feeds into a 4” schedule 40 pipe.
At what velocity is the fluid flowing in the smaller pipe, if it
flows at 8m/s in the larger pipe?
Practice Problem 5
• The Reynold’s number is a unitless, characteristic value
which helps identify whether a fluid is flowing smoothly
(laminar) or turbulently. When the Reynold’s number of a
fluid flow in a pipe goes beyond 2300, it means the fluid is
no longer experiencing laminar flow.
• The Reynold’s number is calculated as:
𝜌𝐷𝑣
𝑅𝑒 = , where 𝜇 is the fluid’s dynamic viscosity 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
𝜇

If olive oil is blended in a 5m3 tank, requiring an HRT of 40

minutes, what size pipe is required to ensure the olive oil
flows in the laminar regime?
𝑘𝑔
𝜌= 840 3, 𝜇 = 0.04𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
𝑚