Ulhasnagar, Thane - 421 003: Department of Extc Engineering

WATUMULLINSTITUTEOFELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING&COMPUTERTECHNOLOGY
ULHASNAGAR, THANE - 421 003

DEPARTMENT OF EXTC ENGINEERING
Name: Roll No:
Subject: SEM:
CONTENTS
Teacher's
No. Experiments Date Page No. Marks
Signature
1 To Design and Simulate Basic Cellular System. 2
2 To Solve Design Problems using MATLAB. 7
3 To Solve Design Problems using MATLAB. 11
4 To Study the Worst-case design of SIR for Omni- 14
directional Antenna Cellular System
5 To Study the Design and Simulation of the PN 18
Sequence Generator
6 To Study Generation of Direct Sequence Spread 24
Spectrum.
7 To Study the Program to implement Free Space 29
Propagation Model
8 To Study implementation of Two Ray Propagation 34
Model.
9 To Study UMTS Technology. 38
10 To Study LTE Technology. 46
Final year: Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
[Mobile Communication]
Experiment/Assignment
Name: SARVESH S GAIKWAD
Experiment/Assignment 1
Title of Experiment/Assignment: To Design and Simulate Basic Cellular System
W.I..E.E.C.T
Concept 02
Execution/Performance 04
Viva 04
Total 10
Date of Submission :________________________________________

Signature of faculty :________________________________________
Sr no COURSE OUTCOME
MCSECC702.1 Explain the cellular fundamentals and estimate the coverage and capacity
of cellular systems.
MCSECC702.2 Classify different types of propagation models and analyze the link budget.
MCSECC702.3 Illustrate the fundamentals and system architecture of GSM, 2.5G and IS-
95.
MCSECC702.4 Apply the concepts of 3G technologies of UMTS and CDMA 2000.
MCSECC702.5 Elaborate the principles of 3GPP LTE.
MCSECC702.6 Identify the emerging technologies for upcoming mobile communication
systems.
Experiment No. 1
Aim:
To Design and Simulate Basic Cellular System.
Software:
MATLAB R2010b
Theory:
Practical capacity of many wireless systems is far from the Shannon’s limit (although recent
standards are coming close to it); and practical capacity is heavily dependent on implementation
and standard choices.
Digital standards deal in their own way with how to deploy and optimize capacity. Most systems
are limited by channel width, time slots, and voice coding characteristics. CDMA systems are
interference limited, and have trade-offs between capacity, coverage, and other performance
metrics (such as dropped call rates or voice quality).
Cellular Analog Capacity:
Fairly straight forward, every voice channel uses a 30 kHz frequency channel, these frequencies
may be reused according to a reuse pattern, the system is FDMA. The overall capacity simply
comes from the total amount of spectrum, the channel width and the reuse pattern.
TDMA/FDMA capacity:
In digital FDMA systems, capacity improvements mainly come from the voice coding and
elaborate schemes (such as frequency hopping) to decrease reuse factor. The frequency reuse
factor hides a lot of complexity; its value depends greatly on the signal to interference levels
acceptable to a given cellular system. TDMA systems combine multiple time slots per channels.
Of course limitations come into play for wireless systems, such as base station (and mobile)
sensitivity, which may be incorporated into similar formulas; and further considerations come into
play such as: forward power limitations, channel element blocking, backhaul capacity, mobility,
and handoff.
Program:
Program 1 Capacity of the System
clc
clear all
m = input ('Enter the number of Clusters(M):')
k = input ('Enter total number of channels assigned to the cell
(K):')
i = input ('Enter the value of i:')
j = input ('Enter the value of j:')
if (i>=0 && j>=1)
N = ((i*i) +(j*j) +(i*j));
C = m*N*k;
disp('No of cell in a cluster N:')
disp(N);
disp('Capacity of the system C:')
disp(C);
else
disp('check values of i and j:')
end
Output:
Enter the number of Clusters(m): 20
m = 20
Enter total number of channels assigned to the cell (k): 15

k = 15
Enter the value of i: 2

i= 2
Enter the value of j: 1

j= 1
No of cell in a cluster
N: 7
Capacity of the system

C: 2100
Program 2 System Capacity using Frequency Spectrum
clc
clear all
f=input ('enter frequency spectrum:')
b=input ('enter bandwidth of one channel:')
m=input ('enter no of cells m:')
t=f/b;
disp ('total number of channels:')
disp(t);
i=input ('enter the value of i:')
j=input ('enter the value of j:')
if (i>=0 && j>=1)
N=((i*i) +(j*j) +(i*j));
disp ('No of cell in a cluster N:')
disp(N);
x=t/N;
disp ('number of channels per cell')
disp(x);
C=m*N*x;
disp ('Capacity of the system C:')
disp(C);
else
disp ('check values of i and j:')
end
Output:
enter frequency spectrum:
f = 25000000
enter bandwidth of one channel:

b = 25000
enter no of cells m:
m = 10
total number of channels:

t= 1000
enter the value of i:1

i =1
enter the value of j:2

j=2
No of cell in a cluster
N: 7
number of channels per cell:

143
Capacity of the system

C: 10010
Conclusion:
Hence, we have designed and simulated Basic Cellular System.
Experiment/Assignment: 2
Title of Experiment/Assignment: To Design and Simulate Cell Splitting in cellular system.
W.I..E.E.C.T
Concept 02
Viva 04
Total 10

95.
systems.
Experiment No. 2
Aim:
To Design and Simulate Cell Splitting in cellular system.
Software:
MATLAB R2010b
Theory:
As the demand of services increases, system designers have to provide more channels per unit
coverage area. Common techniques are:
1. Cell Splitting: Cell splitting is a method in which congested (heavy traffic) cell is
subdivided into smaller cells, and each smaller cell is having its own base station with reduction
in antenna height and transmitter power. The original congested bigger cell is called macro cell
and the smaller cells are called microcells. Capacity of cellular network can be increased by
creating micro-cells within the original cells which are having smaller radius than macro-cells,
therefore, the capacity of a system increases because more channels per unit area are now available
in a network.
2. Sectoring Another way of improving the channel capacity of a cellular system is to

decrease the D/R ratio while keeping the same cell radius. Improvement in the capacity can be
accomplished by reducing the number of cells in a cluster, hence increasing the frequency reuse.
To achieve this, the relative interference must be minimized without decreasing the transmit
power. For minimizing co-channel interference in a cellular network, a single Omni-directional
antenna is replaced with multiple directional antennas, with each transmitting within a smaller
region. These smaller regions are called sectors and minimizing co-channel interference while
improving the capacity of a system by using multiple directional antennas is called sectoring
fig 1: Cell splitting and sectoring fig 2: Microcell zone concept
3. Microcell Zone Concept The micro-cell zone concept is associated with sharing the same
radio equipment by different micro-cells. It results in decreasing of cluster size and, therefore,
increase in system capacity.
4. Repeaters for Range Extensions Wireless operators want to provide dedicated coverage for
users located within buildings, or in valleys or tunnels as these areas are sometimes very hard to
reach. Radio re-transmitters, also known as repeaters, are frequently used to provide coverage in
such areas where range extension capabilities are required. Repeaters are bidirectional devices, as
the signals can be concurrently transmitted to and received from a base station.
Program:
clc
clear all
a=input('enter geographical area--');
r=input('enter radius of a cell--');
x=2.598*r*r;
disp('cell area is--')
disp(x);
n=a/x;
disp('no of cells--')
disp(n);
c=input('enter no of channels per cell--');
z=int32(n*c);
disp('system capacity--');
disp(z);
m=input('enter microcell radius--');
d=2.598*m*m;
disp('microcell area--');
disp(d);
e=x/d;
disp('no of microcells in a cell--');
disp(e);
f=int32(e*n*c);
disp('microsystem capacity:--');
disp(f)
Output:
enter geographical area—1300
enter radius of a cell—4
cell area is-- 41.5680
no of cells-- 31
enter no of channels per cell—- 95
system capacity-- 2945
enter microcell radius—- 2
microcell area—- 10.3920
no of microcells in a cell-- 4
microsystem capacity-- 11780
Conclusion:
Hence, we have designed and simulated cell splitting in cellular system.
Title of Experiment/Assignment: To Solve Design Problems using MATLAB.
W.I..E.E.C.T
Concept 02
Viva 04
Total 10

95.
systems.
Experiment No. 3
Aim:
To Solve Design Problems using MATLAB.
Software:
MATLAB R2010b
Program:
clc
clear all
n=input('Enter number of cells per cluster');
r=input('Enter radius of a cell');
c=input('Enter total number of channels');
i=input('Enter traffic intensity');
b=input('Enter the request rate');
g=0.02;
%Calculation for User per Square kilometre%
x=int32(2.598*r^2);
d=c/n;
A=8;
u=int32(A/i);
y=u/x;
disp ('No of user per square km are;');
disp (y);
% Probability that Delayed Call will have to wait for more than 15
seconds%
h=54;
t=15;
k=(-((d-A)*t)/h);
P=exp(k);
q= P*100;
disp('Probability that the delayed call will have to wait for more
than 15 sec is:');
disp (q);
% Probability that the call will be delayed for more than 15 sec%
s=q*g;
disp('Probability that the call will be delayed for more than 15
sec is:');
disp (s)
Output:
Enter number of cells per cluster: 4
Enter radius of a cell: 1.5
Enter total number of channels: 60
Enter traffic intensity: 0.03
Enter the request rate: 2
No of user per square km are:

45
Probability that the delayed call will have to wait for more than 15 sec is:
14.3067
Probability that the call will be delayed for more than 15 sec is:
0.2861
Conclusion:
Hence, the given problem was solved using MATLAB
Name: SARVESH GAIKWAD
Title of Experiment/Assignment: To Study the Worst-case design of SIR for Omni-directional
Antenna Cellular System
W.I..E.E.C.T
Concept 02
Viva 04
Total 10

95.
systems.
Experiment No. 4
Aim:
To Study the Worst-case design of SIR for Omni-directional Antenna Cellular System
Software:
MATLAB R2010b
Theory:
This is the example of a 7-cell reuse case. The mobile is

at a distance of D-R from 2 closest interfering cells and D+R and D distance from other interfering
cells in the first tier. In the above S/I can be calculated as
𝑆 𝑅 −𝛾
=
𝐼 2𝐷 −𝛾 + 2(𝐷 + 𝑅)−𝛾 + 2(𝐷 − 𝑅)−𝛾
which can be rewritten in terms frequency reuse ratio Q as
𝑆 𝑅 −𝛾
=
𝐼 2𝑄 −𝛾 + 2(𝑄 + 1)−𝛾 + 2(𝑄 − 1)−𝛾
𝑆 𝑅 −𝛾
=
𝐼 2(4.6)−4 + 2(4.6 + 1)−4 + 2(4.6 − 1)−𝛾
Using the value of N equal to 7 (this means Q = 4.6) and 𝛾 = −4 , the above expression yields that
worst-case S/I is 54.36 (17.3 dB). This shows that for a 7-cell reuse case the worst-case SIR is
slightly less than 18 dB. The worst case is when the mobile is at the corner of the cell i.e., on a
vertex as shown in the above figure.
Program:
clc
clear all
gamma = [4 3 2];
Narray = [7 9 12];
I = 3 ;
for C=1:I,
for M=1:I,
N =Narray(C)
Q(C,M) = sqrt(3*Narray(C));
r = gamma(M)
SignalToInterferenceRatio(C,M) =1/((2*(Q(C,M)+1)^-
r)+(2*(Q(C,M)-1)^-r)+(2*(Q(C,M))^-r));
STIRinDB(C,M) = 10*log10(SignalToInterferenceRatio(C,M))
end
end
plot(Narray,STIRinDB)
title('Average Case');
xlabel('Cluster Size');
ylabel('S/I Ratio');
Output:
Conclusion:
Hence, The S/I ratio for the worst case has been calculated and implemented in MATLAB and
results were verified with theoretical results.
Title of Experiment/Assignment: To Study the Design and Simulation of the PN Sequence
Generator.
W.I..E.E.C.T
Concept 02
Viva 04
Total 10
95.
systems.
Experiment No.5
Aim:
To Study the Design and Simulation of the PN Sequence Generator
Software:
MATLAB R2010b
Theory:
Pseudorandom Noise Sequence (PN sequence) is widely used in CDMA systems for the following
reasons.
• Spread the bandwidth of baseband modulated signal to the much larger bandwidth before
transmission.
• To distinguish between different users by allocating unique PN sequences to them.
PN sequence stands for Pseudorandom Noise Sequence. Though the name suggests they are random
sequences; but they are not random. PN sequences are deterministic and periodic in nature. The
same pattern repeats after some duration. Following are important properties of a PN sequence.
• Relative
frequencies of one and zero are each equal to one half.
• For 1s and 0s; half of all run lengths are of length 1; 1/4 are of length 2;1/8 are of length 3 and
so on.
• If new sequence is generated by shifting original sequence by nonzero elements than equal
number of agreements and also disagreements exist between these two sequences.
PN sequences are generated by combining outputs of feedback shift registers. One such circuit is
depicted in the figure.
Solve for g(x)=x3+x+1 and g(x)=x4+x+1
Program 1:
Generation of 3-bit PN sequence
clc
clear all
G=7; %%Code Length%%
sd1=[1 1 1]; %%Initial State of Shift Register%%
PN1=[];
for j=1:G
PN1=[PN1 sd1(3)];
if sd1(2)==sd1(3)
temp1=0;
else temp1=1;
end
sd1(3)=sd1(2);
sd1(2)=sd1(1);
sd1(1)=temp1;
sd1
end
PN1
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(PN1)
title('M-sequence generated by generator polynomial [x^3+x+1]')
Output:
sd1 =
0 1 1
sd1 =
0 0 1
sd1 =
1 0 0
sd1 =
0 1 0
sd1 =
1 0 1
sd1 =
1 1 0
sd1 =
1 1 1
PN1 =
1 1 1 0 0 1 0
Graph:
program 2
Generation of 4-bit PN Sequence
clear;
clc;
G=15; %%Code Length%%
sd1=[1 1 1 1]; %%Initial State of Shift Register%%
PN1=[];
for j=1:G
PN1=[PN1 sd1(4)];
if sd1(3)==sd1(4)
temp1=0;
else temp1=1;
end
sd1(4)=sd1(3);
sd1(3)=sd1(2);
sd1(2)=sd1(1)
sd1(1)=temp1;
sd1
end
PN1
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(PN1)
title('M-sequence generated by generator polynomial [x^3+x+1]')
Output:
sd1 =
1111
sd1 =
0111
sd1 =
0011
sd1 =
0011
sd1 =
0001
sd1 =
0001
sd1 =
0000
sd1 =
1000
sd1 =
1100
sd1 =
0100
sd1 =
0010
sd1 =
0010
sd1 =
0001
sd1 =
1001
sd1 =
1100
sd1 =
1100
sd1 =
1110
sd1 =
0110
sd1 =
0011
sd1 =
1011
sd1 =
1101
sd1 =
0101
sd1 =
0010
sd1 =
1010
sd1 =
1101
sd1 =
1101
sd1 =
1110
sd1 =
1110
sd1 =
1111
sd1 =
1111
PN1 =
111100010011010
Graph:
Conclusion:
Hence, we have studied the Design and Simulation of PN Sequence Generator.
Title of Experiment/Assignment: To Study Generation of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum.
W.I..E.E.C.T
Concept 02
Viva 04
Total 10

95.
systems.
Experiment No.6
Aim:
To Study Generation of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum.
Software:
MATLAB R2010b
Theory:
In Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) each bit in the original signal is represented by
multiple bits after signal is transmitted into channel. In this technique when the signal is transmitted
spreading code spreads the signal in wider frequency band. When PN bits are generated the number
of bits used to represent each original is directly proportional to Number of PN sequence generated
and used.
• Use of Exclusive-OR between the original digital signal and PN sequence can achieve required
results.
• For Example: 0 (Xor) 0 =0, 0 (Xor) 1 = 1

1 (Xor) 0 = 1, 1 (Xor) 1 = 0.
• Data Input A shown the input original message which is ready to encode or spread by
using a PN sequence as illustrated in the above section.
• 2nd diagram shows the locally generated PN sequence. In this diagram each bit of original
message is represented by 4-bits of PN sequence.
DSSS Transmitter
Example
• Now by
Exclusive-Or first
and 2nd diagram 3rd
signal is obtained
simply by Xor
between 1 bit of original data with 4 bits of PN sequence.
DSSS Receiver Example
• On receiver side we received signal which was transmitted from transmitter side. Assume
that there is no error or no bit corrupted in the received signals.
• When signal is received same PN sequence is generated on receiver side, the signal which
was generated on transmitted side.
• Received signal and PN sequence is Xored. By this original Signal is received.
Program:
clc
clear all
PNbit_stream = round(rand(1,32));
input_signal=[0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1];
PNbit_stream;
j=1;
for i=1:1:8
if j<32
for k=j:1:j+3
a(k)=xor(PNbit_stream(k),input_signal(i));
end
j=j+4;
end
end
l=length(a);
for i=1:1:l
b(i)=xor(PNbit_stream(i),a(i));
end
%%Receiver%%
j=1;
for k=1:1:8
if j<32
c(k)=b(j);
j=j+4;
end
end
figure(1)
stem(PNbit_stream)
title('PNbit_stream')
figure(2)
stem(input_signal)
title('input_signal')
figure(3)
stem(a)
title('DSSS')
figure(4)
stem(b)
title('signal after xor at receiver')
figure(5)
stem(c)
title('received data')
Output:
Conclusion:
Hence, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum technique was implemented in MATLAB and
results were verified with theoretical results.
Title of Experiment/Assignment: To Study the Program to implement Free Space Propagation
Mode.
W.I..E.E.C.T
Concept 02
Viva 04
Total 10
95.
systems.
Experiment No. 7
Aim:
To Study the Program to implement Free Space Propagation Model.
Software:
MATLAB R2010b
Theory:
The free space propagation model assumes a transmit antenna and a receive antenna to be located
in an otherwise empty environment. Neither absorbing obstacles nor reflecting surfaces are
considered. In particular, the influence of the earth surface is assumed to be entirely absent.
For propagation distances d much larger than the antenna size, the far field of the electromagnetic
wave dominates all other components. That is, we are allowed to model the radiating antenna as a
point source with negligible physical dimensions. In such case, the energy radiated by an Omni-
directional antenna is spread over the surface of a sphere. This allows us to analyse the effect of
distance on the received signal power.
The surface area of a sphere of

radius d is 4pd2. The power
density w at distance d from
a transmitter with power pT and
antenna gain Gt is
w = pT Gt/ (4 p d2).
The available power pR at a receive antenna with gain GR is

where A is the effective area or `aperture' of the antenna, with GR = 4p A / l2.
The wavelength l is c / fc with c the velocity of light and fc the carrier frequency.
The product Gt pT is called the effectively radiated power (ERP) of the transmitter.
Program:
clc
clear all
fc=800*10^6;
c_light=3*10^8;
lamda=c_light/fc
Gt=1;
Gr=1;
Pt=1;
L=1;
ht=30;
hr=2;
d_tx_rx_km=1:10
d_tx_rx_m= d_tx_rx_km*10^3
PRF=
Pt*Gt*Gr*(lamda/(4*pi))^2*(1/L)*(1./d_tx_rx_m).^2;
PRFD=10*log10(PRF);
disp(PRFD)
plot(d_tx_rx_km,PRFD,'-o')
xlabel('Distance between transmitter and receiver');
ylabel('Received Power(dB)');
title('Modelling of Free Space Propogation Model');
h = legend('Free Space Model',2);
Output:
Conclusion:
Hence, Free Space Propagation model for has been implemented and studied using MATLAB.
Title of Experiment/Assignment: To Study implementation of Two Ray Propagation Model.
W.I..E.E.C.T
Concept 02
Viva 04
Total 10

95.
systems.
Experiment No. 8
Aim:
To Study implementation of Two Ray Propagation Model.
Software:
MATLAB R2010b
Theory:
A single line-of-sight path between two mobile nodes is seldom the only means of propagation. 2-
ray Ground Reflected Model is a radio propagation model that predicts path loss when the signal
received consists of the line of sight component and multi path component formed predominately
by a single ground reflected wave.
It is shown that this model gives more accurate prediction at a long distance than the free space
model. The received power at distance is predicted by
𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 ℎ𝑡2 ℎ𝑟2
𝑃𝑟 (𝑑) =
𝑑4 𝐿
Where Pt is the transmitted signal power, Gt and Gr are the antenna gains of the transmitter and
the receiver respectively. L is the system loss assumed to be ‘1’ and ht and hr are the heights of
the transmitter and receiver antennas respectively. The equation shows a faster power decrease
with an increase in distance. However, the two-ray model does not give a good result for a short
distance due to the oscillation caused by the constructive and destructive combination of the two
rays. Instead, the free space model is still used.
Program:
clc
clear all
fc=800*10^6;
c_light=3*10^8;
lamda=c_light/fc
Gt=1;
Gr=1;
Pt=1;
L=1;
ht=30;
hr=2;
d_tx_rx_km=1:10
d_tx_rx_m= d_tx_rx_km*10^3
PRG = Pt*Gt*Gr*ht^2*hr^2*(1./d_tx_rx_m).^4;
PRGD=10*log10(PRG);
disp(PRGD)
figure;
plot(d_tx_rx_km,PRGD,'-o')
title('Modelling of two-ray ground reflection model');
h = legend('two-ray Model',2);
PRF= Pt*Gt*Gr*(lamda/(4*pi))^2*(1/L)*(1./d_tx_rx_m).^2;
PRFD=10*log10(PRF);
figure;
plot(d_tx_rx_km,PRFD,'-v',d_tx_rx_km,PRGD,'-o')
title('Modelling of two-ray ground reflection model');
h = legend ('Free Space Model','two-ray Model',2);
Output:
Conclusion:
Hence the Two Ray Propagation model for has been implemented and studied using MATLAB.
Title of Experiment/Assignment: To Study UMTS Technology.
W.I..E.E.C.T
Concept 02
Viva 04
Total 10

95.
systems.
Experiment No.9
AIM:
To Study UMTS Technology.
THEORY:
Mobile networks, also called cellular networks, are based on different kinds of multiple
access schemes in their radio interface (communication between mobile station and
base station). Traditional multiple access schemes such as Frequency Division Multiple
Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) are utilized in first generation (1G) and second generation (2G) systems. Analog
FDMA-based networks, such as Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), Nordic Mobile
Telephone (NMT) are called first-generation systems. The first digital mobile networks,
such as North American TDMA and CDMA One, European Global System for Mobile
Communications (GSM) are called second- generation (2G) systems. Enhancements of
2G systems, such as packet transmission - General Packet Radio System (GPRS) and
Enhanced Data calls for GSM Evolution (EDGE) - are usually referred as 2.5G. In
specification work, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines the
common name IMT-2000 for 3G systems, and the third-generation partnership project
(3GPP) takes care of standardization work for the entire mobile network family - GSM
(2G), GPRS (2.5G), EDGE (2.5G) and UMTS (3G).
Although UMTS uses a totally different air interface, the core network
elements have been migrating towards the UMTS requirements with the
introduction of GPRS and EDGE. UMTS uses Wideband CDMA (WCDMA /
W-CDMA) to carry the radio transmissions, and often the system is referred
to by the name WCDMA.
Principle of Spread Spectrum:
W-C DMA is a multiple access technique using a concept known as Spread Spectrum. In Spread
Spectrum systems the information Bandwidth is spread across a wider transmission
bandwidth which is determined by a function that is independent of the transmitted
information. The original data sequence is binary multiplied with a spreading code. The bits
in the spreading code are called as chips and the data sequence are called symbols. Each user
has its own spreading code. Application of same spreading codes at the receiving end returns
the transmitted signals to their original bandwidths.
The ratio between the transmission BW and the original BW is called the processing gain. The
lower the SF the more data can be transported on the air interface. The relative strength of the
desired signal and the rejection of other signals is proportionate to the number of chips over
which the receiver has to integrate, which is the spreading factor. The larger the SF, larger is
the processing gain and hence the original signals do not need to be of high power to achieve
a target quality level. The spreading codes (referred to as channelization codes) are unique and
have low cross-correlation with other spreading codes. It allows several wide-band signals can
co-exist on the same frequency without interference. When the combined signal is correlated
with the particular spreading code, only the original signal with the corresponding spreading
code is de-spread, while the remaining component of the signal remains spread. The principle
of correlation is used at the receiving end to recover the original signal out of the noise gener-
ated by all the other users wideband signal. As shown in figure above, the original data is coded
and the resulting signal is then transmitted. The received signal is multiplied by the code to
recover the original data. If the receiver does not know the correct code the results will be a
signal almost average to zero.
UMTS Architecture:
The UMTS network architecture can be divided into three main elements:
User Equipment (UE): The User Equipment (UE) consist of mobile handset and USIM (Universal
Subscriber Identity Module). USIM is advanced version of the SIM card used in GSM and other
systems, but embodies the same types of information. It contains the International Mobile
Subscriber Identity number (IMSI) as well as the Mobile Station In- ternational ISDN Number
(MSISDN). Other information that the USIM holds includes the preferred language to enable
the correct language information to be displayed, especially when roaming, and a list of
preferred and prohibited Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN). The USIM also contains a short
message service (SMS) storage area that allows messages to stay with the user even when the
phone is changed. Similarly, "phone book" numbers and call information of the numbers of
incoming and outgoing calls are stored.
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS): The RNS also known as the UMTS Radio Access Network
(UTRAN) is the equivalent of the previous Base Station Subsystem (BSS) in GSM. It provides and
manages the air interface for the overall network. The UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN) or
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS) comprises two main components:
a) Radio Network Controller (RNC): This element of the UTRAN/RNS controls the NodeB's that
are connected to it, i.e. the radio resources in its domain. The RNC under- takes the radio
resource management and some of the mobility management functions, although not all. It is
also the point at which the data encryption / decryption is per- formed to protect the user data
from eavesdropping.
b) Node B: Node B is the term used within UMTS to denote the base station transceiver (BTS). This
part of the UTRAN contains the transmitter and receiver to communicate with the UEs within
the cell. It participates with the RNC in the resource management. Node B is the 3GPP term for
base station, and often the terms are used interchangeably.
In order to facilitate effective handover between Node B's under the control of different RNC's,
the RNC not only communicates with the Core Network, but also with neighboring RNC's.
Core Network: The core network provides all the central processing and management for the
system. It is the equivalent of the GSM Network Switching Subsystem (NSS). The 3G UMTS core
network architecture is a migration of that used for GSM with further elements overlaid to
enable the additional functionality demanded by UMTS. In view of the different ways in which
data may be carried, the UMTS core network may be split into two different areas:
a) Circuit switched elements: These elements are primarily based on the GSM network entities
and carry data in a circuit switched manner, i.e. a permanent channel for the duration of the
call. The circuit switched elements of the UMTS core network architecture include the following
network entities:
1. Mobile switching Centre (MSC): The MSC acts like a normal switching node within a PSTN or
ISDN, but also provides additional functionality to enable the requirements of a mobile user to
be supported. These include registration, authentication, call location, inter-MSC handovers
and call routing to a mobile subscriber. It also provides an interface to the PSTN so that calls
can be routed from the mobile network to a phone connected to a landline. Interfaces to other
MSCs are provided to enable calls to be made to mobiles on different networks.
2. Gateway MSC (GMSC): This is effectively the interface to the external networks. The GMSC is
the point to which a UE terminating call is initially routed, without any knowledge of the MS's
location. The GMSC is thus in charge of obtaining the MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number)
from the HLR based on the MSISDN (Mobile Station ISDN number, the "directory number" of a
MS) and routing the call to the correct visited MSC.
b) Packet switched elements: These network entities are designed to carry packet data. This
enables much higher network usage as the capacity can be shared and data is carried as packets
which are routed according to their destination. The packet switched elements of the 3G UMTS
core network architecture include the following network entities:
1. Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): As the name implies, this entity was first developed when
GPRS was introduced, and its use has been carried over into the UMTS network architecture.
The SGSN provides a number of functions within the UMTS network architecture.
• Mobility management: When a UE attaches to the Packet Switched domain of the UMTS
Core Network, the SGSN generates MM information based on the mobile's current location.
• Session management: The SGSN manages the data sessions providing the required quality of
service and also managing what are termed the PDP (Packet data Proto- col) contexts, i.e.
the pipes over which the data is sent.
• Interaction with other areas of the network: The SGSN is able to manage its elements within
the network only by communicating with other areas of the network, e.g. MSC and other
circuit switched areas.
• Billing: The SGSN is also responsible for billing. It achieves this by monitoring the flow of user
data across the GPRS network. CDRs (Call Detail Records) are generated by the SGSN before
being transferred to the charging entities (Charging Gate- way Function, CGF).
2. Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): Like the SGSN, this entity was also first introduced into
the GPRS network. The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is the central element within the
UMTS packet switched network. It handles inter-working between the UMTS packet switched
network and external packet switched networks, and can be considered as a very sophisticated
router. In operation, when the GGSN receives data addressed to a specific user, it checks if the
user is active and then forwards the data to the SGSN serving the particular UE.
c) Shared Elements: The shared elements of the 3G UMTS core network architecture include the
following network entities:
\
1. Home location register (HLR): This database contains all the administrative information about
each subscriber along with their last known location. In this way, the UMTS network is able to
route calls to the relevant RNC / Node B. When a user switches on their UE, it registers with the
network and from this it is possible to determine which Node B it communicates with so that
incoming calls can be routed appropriately. Even when the UE is not active (but switched on) it
re-registers periodically to ensure that the network (HLR) is aware of its latest position with their
current or last known location on the network.
2. Visitor Location Register (VLR): This contains selected information from the
HLR that enables the selected services for the individual subscriber to be
provided. The VLR can be implemented as a separate entity, but it is commonly
realized as an integral part of the MSC, rather than a separate entity. In this
way access is made faster and more convenient.
3. Equipment identity register (EIR): The EIR is the entity that decides whether a
given UE equipment may be allowed onto the network. Each UE equipment
has a number known as the International Mobile Equipment Identity. This
number is installed in the equipment and is checked by the network during
registration.
4. Authentication centre (AuC): The AuC is a protected database that contains the
secret key also contained in the user's USIM card. It is used for authentication
and for cipher- ing on the radio channel.
CONCLUSION:
Hence, we have studied UMTS Technology.
Mobile Communication System

Title of Experiment/Assignment: To Study LTE Technology.
W.I..E.E.C.T
Concept 02
Viva 04
Total 10

95.
systems.

Experiment No. 10
Aim:
To Study LTE Technology.
Theory:
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G wireless broadband technology standardized as
the successor of the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) by Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). It is referred as the further evolution of a 3G
standard. The increase in demand on high data rates in new advanced applications
such as Mobile TV, online gaming, multimedia streaming etc. has motivated the
3GPP to work on LTE. LTE has introduced a number of new technologies when
compared to the previous cellular systems. They enable LTE to be able to operate
more efficiently with respect to the use of spectrum, and also to provide the much
higher data rates that are being required. A major difference of LTE in comparison
to its 3GPP ancestors is the radio interface: OFDMA and SC-FDMA are used for the
downlink and uplink respectively as radio access scheme. It allows implementing
optimum receivers with minimum complexity even in case of MIMO transmission.
The table below summarizes the basic parameters of the LTE:
Parameter Description
Frequency Range UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands

Channel
1.4 MHz (6 RB), 3 MHz (15 RB), 5 MHz (25 RB), 10 MHz (50 RB),
Bandwidth [1
15 MHz (75 RB), 20 MHz (100 RB)
Resource Block
(RB) = 180KHz]
Modulation
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Scheme
Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access)
Multiple Access
Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access)
0 - 15 km/h (optimized),
Mobility
15 - 120 km/h (high performance)

Downlink: 150 Mbps (UE category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20
Peak Data Rate MHz) 300 Mbps (UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20 MHz)
Uplink: 75 Mbps (20 MHz)

MAIN LTE TECHNOLOGIES
OFDM Technology:
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)

scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation method. To overcome the effect of multi path fading
problem available in UMTS, LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for the
downlink. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is a multicarrier transmission
technique, which divides the available spectrum into many subcarriers, each one being modulated by
a low data rate stream as shown in figure below. The two main characteristics of OFDM is that each
sub-carrier is modulated using varying levels of QAM modulation e.g. QPSK, QAM, 64 QAM and
each OFDM symbol is preceded by a Cyclic Prefix (CP) used to eliminate inter-system interference.
Advantages of OFDM
1. High
spectral
efficiency
due to
efficient
use of
available
bandwidth
(Scalable).
2. Robust against narrow-band co-channel interference, Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) and fading
caused by multipath propagation.
3. Can easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex equalization.
4. Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors.
Disadvantages of OFDM
1. Very sensitive to frequency synchronization (phase noise and frequency offset) and Doppler
shift.
2. High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) as it requires linear transmitter circuitry, which suffers
from poor power efficiency. Any non-linearity will cause inter-modulation distortion raising phase
noise, causing Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI)

SC-FDMA Technology:
LTE uses a pre-coded version of OFDM called Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
(SC-FDMA) in the uplink. This is to compensate for a drawback with normal OFDM, which has a
very high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). High PAPR requires expensive and inefficient
power amplifiers with high requirements on linearity, which increases the cost of the terminal and
drains the battery faster. SC-FDMA is well suited to the LTE uplink requirements. SC-FDMA
structure is identical to OFDM, only difference being; it has an additional M-Point DFT processing
prior to the OFDM processing. The baseline SC-FDMA signal is DFT-spread OFDM (DFT-SOFDM)
as shown in figure below:
The functions of each block in the SC-FDMA transmitter is as following:
Constellation mapper: It convert the incoming bit stream into single carrier symbols (QPSK, or
16QAM depending on channel condition)
Serial/parallel converter: It converts the series of single carrier symbols into blocks which are
then applied to DFT.
M-Point DFT: It converts the single carrier blocks into M discrete tones.
Subcarrier Mapping: It maps the discrete tones to specified subcarriers for transmission.
N-point IDFT: It converts the mapped subcarriers back into time domain for transmission.
Cyclic prefix (CP) and pulse shaping: Cyclic prefix is pre-pended to the SC-FDMA symbol to
provide multipath immunity and pulse shaping is to prevent spectral growth.
In the receiver side, the process is reversed. SC-FDMA signal is similar to OFDM signal, but in
OFDMA, each sub-carrier only carries information related to one specific symbol whereas in SC-
FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information of all transmitted symbols as shown in
figure below

MIMO Technology:
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) is another of the LTE major technology innovations used to
improve the performance of the system. This technology provides LTE with the ability to further
improve its data throughput and spectral efficiency above that obtained by the use of OFDM. Although
MIMO adds complexity to the system in terms of processing and the number of antennas required, it
enables far high data rates to be achieved along with much improved spectral efficiency. As a result,
MIMO has been included as an integral part of LTE. The transmitter and receiver have more than one
antenna as shown in figure below and using the processing power available at either end of the link,
they are able to utilize the different paths that exist between the two entities to provide improvements
in data rate of signal to noise.
LTE MIMO modes: There are several ways in which MIMO is implemented in LTE. These vary
according to the equipment used, the channel function and the equipment involved in the link.

Single antenna: This is the form of wireless transmission used on most basic wireless links. A
single data stream is transmitted on one antenna and received by one or more antennas. It may
also be referred to as SISO: Single In Single Out or SIMO Single In Multiple Out dependent upon the
antennas used. SIMO is also called receive diversity.
Transmit diversity: This form of LTE MIMO scheme utilizes the transmission of the same
information stream from multiple antennas. LTE supports two or four for this technique. The
information is coded differently using Space Frequency Block Codes. This mode provides an
improvement in signal quality at reception and does not improve the data rate. Accordingly, this
form of LTE MIMO is used on the Common Channels as well as the Control and Broadcast channels.
Open loop spatial multiplexing: This form of MIMO used within the LTE system involves
sending two information streams which can be transmitted over two or more antennas. However,
there is no feedback from the UE although a TRI (Transmit Rank Indicator) transmitted from the UE
can be used by the base station to determine the number of spatial layers.
Close loop spatial multiplexing: This form of LTE MIMO is similar to the open loop version,
but as the name indicates it has feedback incorporated to close the loop. A PMI, Pre- coding Matrix
Indicator is fed back from the UE to the base station. This enables the transmitter to pre-code the
data to optimize the transmission and enable the receiver to more easily separate the different data
streams.
Closed loop with pre-coding: This is another form of LTE MIMO, but where a single code word
is transmitted over a single spatial layer. This can be sued as a fallback mode for closed loop spatial
multiplexing and it may also be associated with beamforming as well.
Multi-User MIMO, MU-MIMO: This form of LTE MIMO enables the system to target different
spatial streams to different users.
Beam-forming: This is the most complex of the MIMO modes and it is likely to use linear
arrays that will enable the antenna to focus on a particular area. This will reduce interference, and
increase capacity as the particular UE will have a beam formed in their particular direction. In this a
single code word is transmitted over a single spatial layer. A dedicated reference signal is used for
an additional port. The terminal estimates the channel quality from the common reference signals
on the antennas.

LTE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
The network architecture of LTE is comprised of following three main components:

1. The User Equipment (UE).
2. The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN).
3. The Evolved Packet Core (EPC).
The evolved packet core (EPC) communicates with packet data networks (PDNs) in the outside world such
as the internet, private corporate networks or the IP multimedia subsystem. The interfaces between the
different parts of the system are denoted Uu, S1 and SGi as shown below:
1. The User Equipment (UE): The internal architecture of the user equipment for LTE is identical to the
one used by UMTS and GSM which is actually a Mobile Equipment (ME). The mobile equipment
comprised of the mobile handset and USIM. A USIM stores user-specific data very similar to 3G SIM
card. This keeps information about the user's phone number, home network identity and security keys
etc.
2. The E-UTRAN (The access network)

The architecture of evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) has been illustrated
below.

The E-UTRAN handles the radio communications between the mobile and the evolved packet
core and just has one component, the evolved base stations, called eNodeB or eNB. Each eNb is
a base station that controls the mobiles in one or more cells. The base station that is communicating
with a mobile is known as its serving eNB. LTE Mobile communicates with just one base station
and one cell at a time and there are following two main functions supported by eNB:
The eBN sends and receives radio transmissions to all the mobiles using the analogue and digital
signal processing functions of the LTE air interface.
The eNB controls the low-level operation of all its mobiles, by sending them signaling messages such
as handover commands.
Each eBN connects with the EPC by means of the S1 interface and it can also be connected to nearby
base stations by the X2 interface, which is mainly used for signaling and packet for- warding during
handover.
3. The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) (The core network)
The architecture of Evolved Packet Core (EPC) has been illustrated below
The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) component has been carried forward from UMTS and
GSM and is a central database that contains information about all the network operator's
subscribers.
The Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) communicates with the outside world
i.e. packet data networks PDN, using SGi interface. Each packet data network is identified by
an access point name (APN). The PDN gateway has the same role as the GPRS support node
(GGSN) and the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) with UMTS and GSM.
The serving gateway (S-GW) acts as a router, and forwards data between the base station
and the PDN gateway.
The mobiliamolty management entity (MME) controls the high-level operation of the
mobile by means of signaling messages and Home Subscriber Server (HSS).
The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) is a component which is not shown
in the above diagram but it is responsible for policy control decision-making, as well as for
controlling the flow-based charging functionalities in the Policy Control Enforcement Function
(PCEF), which resides in the P-GW.
The interface between the serving and PDN gateways is known as S5/S8. This has two slightly
different implementations, namely S5 if the two devices are in the same network, and S8 if they
are in different networks.
Conclusion:
Hence, we have studied LTE Technology.

Ulhasnagar, Thane - 421 003: Department of Extc Engineering

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WATUMULLINSTITUTEOFELECTRONICS

ULHASNAGAR, THANE - 421 003

Date of Submission :________________________________________

Cellular Analog Capacity:

Enter total number of channels assigned to the cell (k): 15

Enter the value of i: 2

Enter the value of j: 1

Capacity of the system

enter bandwidth of one channel:

total number of channels:

enter the value of i:1

enter the value of j:2

number of channels per cell:

Capacity of the system

Date of Submission :________________________________________

2. Sectoring Another way of improving the channel capacity of a cellular system is to

enter radius of a cell—4

cell area is-- 41.5680

enter no of channels per cell—- 95

system capacity-- 2945

enter microcell radius—- 2

microcell area—- 10.3920

microsystem capacity-- 11780

Date of Submission :________________________________________

Enter radius of a cell: 1.5

Enter total number of channels: 60

Enter traffic intensity: 0.03

Enter the request rate: 2

No of user per square km are:

Date of Submission :________________________________________

This is the example of a 7-cell reuse case. The mobile is

which can be rewritten in terms frequency reuse ratio Q as

Solve for g(x)=x3+x+1 and g(x)=x4+x+1

Generation of 3-bit PN sequence

Date of Submission :________________________________________

• For Example: 0 (Xor) 0 =0, 0 (Xor) 1 = 1

DSSS Receiver Example

The surface area of a sphere of

The available power pR at a receive antenna with gain GR is

Date of Submission :________________________________________

Date of Submission :________________________________________

Mobile Communication System

Date of Submission :________________________________________

Mobile Communication System

The table below summarizes the basic parameters of the LTE:

Frequency Range UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands

Mobile Communication System

Mobile Communication System

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)

Mobile Communication System

The functions of each block in the SC-FDMA transmitter is as following:

Mobile Communication System

Mobile Communication System

Mobile Communication System

The network architecture of LTE is comprised of following three main components:

2. The E-UTRAN (The access network)

Mobile Communication System

3. The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) (The core network)

Mobile Communication System

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