Philosophy Module 3

KIDAPAWAN DOCTORS COLLEGE, INC.
Ninoy Aquino Road, Brgy. Lanao, KidapawanCity

Tel. No: (064) 521-3830
www.kdci.edu.ph/fbpage: KdciKidapawan
Module Title & CG Code: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person
PPT11/12-Ic-2.1
PPT11/12-Id-2.2
PPT11/12-Id-2.3
PPT11/12-Ie-2.4
Teacher’s Name: Rey-Ian A. Romualdo
Session Number: First Quarter/Unit 1-Lesson 3
Time Duration: 2 hours
CONTENT: The learner demonstrates various ways of doing philosophy.
LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the period, the students can:
1. distinguish opinion from truth;
2. analyze situations that show the difference;
3. evaluate opinions in different situations using the methods of philosophizing.
LECTURE NOTES:
Activity 1. Word Analysis.

Instruction: Answer the following questions. Write in the provide spaces.
1. Write down other related words or ideas that you can think of in relation to the word that you
chose.
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ANSWER KEY
Ex. FACT – IT IS SOMETHING THAT HAS ACTUAL EXISTENCE.
SYNONYMS: SPECIFIC AND PARTICULAR.
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Truth
is also sometimes defined in modern contexts as an idea of "truth to self”, or
authenticity.
Facts
are propositions or statement which are observe to be real or truthful.
Claim
is a statement that is not evidently or immediately known to be true. This means that any
claim can be proven by verification and experimentation.
• Therefore, truthful statements can be considered as based on facts. There are several
views regarding truth. Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for
determining truth. But as a philosopher, we do not assume that every statement is true.
Remember the famous French philosopher,
Rene Descartes traced the need to philosophize to doubt. In philosophy, systematic doubt is
employed to help determine the truth.
• This means that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and
analyzed.
• Philosophers always engaged with the concept of truth. Philosophers consider truth as a
kind of quality or value.
Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something, since it is true knowing that
we are able to determine what is true. Doubt has a very important purpose in philosophy
as it drives our desire to discover the truth. In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed
to help determine the truth.
• A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses. Another
basis for determining truth is a belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.
• .
Belief
as defined by the Oxford Dictionary, refers to the acceptance that a statement is true or
that something exists. It is considered as a firmly held opinion or conviction. The dictionary
even lists belief as a synonymous to opinion. Traditional conception of belief, which can
be traced as far as “to believed is nothing but to think with assent.”
• For example, your belief that “the table is wooden” is the qualitative form of the belief because
it refers to the quality of the object of your belief.
On the other hand, the degree of your belief that “the table is wooden” is higher than the
degree of your belief that “the table will last for the next ten years” is the quantitative form
because it refers to the quantitative character (represented by the length of time it will
last) of the object of your belief.
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Philosophers
are also concerned about the object of beliefs. What is it that one accepts or assents to
when one has a belief?
• Some philosophers claim that believing as a propositional attitude is directed toward the
propositions or statements about the object of belief.
• For example, if you believed that the color of chair is red instead of violet, your belief is
directed to the proposition which represents the object of your belief: “The color of the chair
is periwinkle.” Hence, a belief is a mental state of having some attitude, stance, take, or
opinion about a proposition or about the potential state of affairs in which that proposition is
true. The object of belief is the representation of the fact found in the world or truth conditions
about the world. Belief
is the acceptance that something is true, a firmly held conviction, and as St. Augustine
claimed, “to think with assent.”
Let us take a look at the following statements and determine which one states fact or opinion.
1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school.

2. Living near the school is better because we do not have to spend much for
transportation.
3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie.
4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza pie and did not
share it with me.
5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in handcuffs.
6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an
example of the brutality that characterizes our police force.
• Statements 1, 3, and 5 are more factual than statements 2, 4, and 6. Using the
philosophical tools we learned, they fit into the category of facts since they contain ideas
or information that are easily verifiable.
• While statements 2, 4, and 6 could be considered as opinions. These statements go

beyond providing facts. It also provides conclusions or perspectives regarding certain
situations. Opinions are also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that
a certain claim is a fact.
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Tel. No: (064) 521-3830
Facts something concrete that can be proven. You can find facts in legal records,
scientific findings, encyclopedias, atlases, etc. In other words, facts are the truth and
are accepted as such.
Opinion is less concrete. It's a view formed in the mind of a person about a particular issue. In
other words, it is what someone believes or thinks, and is not necessarily the truth. Also, note in
the examples below how facts are the same for everybody, but opinions can differ quite widely.
Examples of an opinion:
 John Rey can have the opinion that Italian food tastes best, while Jasper has the
opinion that French food is ideal.
 Jeanne can have the opinion that reading is boring, while Jira can have the opinion
that reading is fun.
 Joshua can have the opinion that cold weather is better, while Jerry can prefer hot
weather.
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Tel. No: (064) 521-3830
Activity2.
Instruction: Give a brief answer to the following question.
Write your answer in the space provided.
1. Give 5 examples of a factual statements and 5 examples of an opinion.
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Opinion’s Purpose
• Rene Descartes, a rationalist philosopher, claimed that we have the obligation to withhold
assent from all propositions whose truth we do not clearly and distinctly perceived.” In other
contexts, it may be both permissible and prudent to form a mere “opinion” whose truth we do
not clearly and distinctly perceive.” Even then, however, we are obliged to have some sort of
evidence before giving our assent.
• The first segment is imaging (Greek: εικασια [eikásia]) or conjecture which refers to the
pictures and other images in the lowest level of reality. This segment, according to him,
is the appropriate degree of awareness, although it provides only the most primitive and
unreliable opinions?
• Opinion,
is based on mere personal unsupported belief. Opinion is derived from one’s expression
of feelings rather than on evidence and observable facts. Statements of opinion do not
require proofs and facts unlike statements of truth.
Example: When one says that he or she hates listening to Coldplay’s songs because of
some unknown reason, he or she expresses an opinion. However, if he or she provides
sufficient and strong factual evidence for his or her disliking the songs, then it leads to
establish truth. As you may know, truth is always related to facts while opinion is
associated to emotion or feelings. One good reason why you need to have a good grasp
of the distinction between truth/facts and opinion/feelings is for you to avoid committing
mistakes in your decision-making and judgment about a certain state of affairs or a person
or a group of people. Nowadays due to the powerful influence of social media in shaping
our judgments, decision-making, interests, and the like, there are users who use social
media to deceive and mislead people in their thinking and decisions. Say for instance, the
proliferation of fake news or “alternative facts” makes it harder for you to know truth from
falsity. That is why it is important that you have to exercise critical thinking at all times.
This then requires your ability to distinguish truth from a mere opinion.
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Tel. No: (064) 521-3830
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Tel. No: (064) 521-3830
ASSESSMENT:
Instruction: Write T on the blank if the sentence is a statement of truth or O if the sentence is a
statement of opinion.
____________ 1. Some Filipinos are addicted to Korean dramas.
____________ 2. There is at least one senior high school student who does not like philosophy.
____________ 3. So far, I could say that the present pres ident of the Philippines is the best
elected president so far.
____________ 4. Virtues are learned. They are not taught.
____________ 5. For me, among the Harry Potter series, the Deathly Hallows is the best.
____________ 6. Jose Rizal is the Philippine National Hero.
____________ 7. If 2 + 3 = 5, then 7 × 2 = 14.
____________ 8. China has the largest population in the world.
____________ 9. Reading this sentence is an illusion.
____________ 10. All Filipinos have a social media account.
ESSAY:
Instruction: Answer the following question. Write your answer in your in the space provided.
1. What can you say about the quotation of

“SEE THE FALSE AS FALSE, THE TRUE AS TRUE. LOOK INTO YOUR HEART ,
FOLLOW YOUR NATURE.”-BUDDA
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“I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.”

Tel. No: (064) 521-3830
RESOURCES:
Aleli M. Caraan et al., (2016). DIWA Senior High School Series:Introduction to the
Philosophy of the Human Person.Pages I and XIV. Module 3: What is Philosophy Philippine
Copyright 2016 by DIWA SYSTEMS INC.
Lovella D. Tompong et al., Erwin Mark G. Poblete (2020).Introduction to the

Philosophy of the Human Person Quarter 1- Module 1 The Meaning and Method of Doing
Philosophy Department of Education – Division of Misamis Oriental (First Edition, 2020)
Roberto D. Abella, M.Div., D.Min. (2016). Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human
Person. Philosophy meaning. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy) Holistic thinking.
https://www.reference.com/world-view/holistic-thinking-71825abaad1c20ca
Partial point of view. https://study.com/academy/answer/what-is-partial-point-of-view.
html Self-reflection. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-reflection The difference between
holistic and partial thinking. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yTVInz1eOg
https://www.slideshare.net/arielgilbuena7/intro-to-the-philosophy-of-the-human-
personchapter-1-the-process-of-doing-philosophy
https://www.reference.com/worldview/holistic-thinking-71825abaad1c20ca
https://study.com/academy/answer/ what-is-partial-point-of-view.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBTnhWEWf38
https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+philosophy&oq=what+is+philo&aqs=
chrome.1.6 9i57j0l7.8372j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy https://study.com/academy/lesson/big-
picture-vs-detail-oriented-thinking.html https://thefearlesshustle.com/5-ways-to-stay-
positive-through-life/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Browse/prek-
12subject-area/test-preparation/Typeof
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KIDAPAWAN DOCTORS COLLEGE, INC.

Ninoy Aquino Road, Brgy. Lanao, KidapawanCity

Activity 1. Word Analysis.

1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school.

• While statements 2, 4, and 6 could be considered as opinions. These statements go

are accepted as such.

1. What can you say about the quotation of

“I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.”

Lovella D. Tompong et al., Erwin Mark G. Poblete (2020).Introduction to the

ONLINE INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:

SUPPLEMENTAL LEARNING MATERIALS:

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