Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

1. As used in the text, an experiment is defined as an activity in which:

A) there is one outcome that is certain to occur.
B) the uncertainty of the outcome is so great that we cannot hope to make reasonable
predictions.
C) there are at least two possible outcomes and the result of the activity cannot be
predicted with absolute certainty.
D) there are at most two possible outcomes and the result of the activity cannot be
predicted with absolute certainty.

2. A tree diagram is:

A) similar to a Venn diagram and useful for visually depicting a data set.
B) a useful tool for graphically depicting a sample space.
C) vital for choosing the experimental outcome that is certain to occur in the next trial.
D) the only way to determine accurate probability estimates.

3. You wish to conduct a small survey to estimate how fans feel about an upcoming ticket
price increase to support an addition to the city pro football stadium. Each person
surveyed can make one of three responses: favor, oppose or neutral. You survey three
people independently. How many possible combined outcomes are there from this
survey?
A) 6
B) 9
C) an infinite number of possibilities
D) 27

4. A listing of all the possible outcomes from an experiment using set notation is called the:
A) experimental outcome list.
B) event.
C) sample space.
D) sample point.

5. Suppose S = {E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6}. If we define set A (a subset of S) as A = {E1, E4},
then A can be BEST defined as:
A) an event.
B) a simple event.
C) the main event.
D) the sample space.

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 6. A simple event is:
A) something that simply happens.
B) an event consisting of exactly one outcome.
C) the most basic expression of the probabilistic process.
D) an event that has no complex outcomes.

7. S = {E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6}. A = {E1, E4}. A′ =

A) {E1, E2, E3, E4,E5, E6}.
B) {E1, E3, E4,E5, E6}.
C) {E2, E3, E5}.
D) {E2, E3, E5, E6}.

8. An experiment consists of three tosses of a two-sided coin with the possible outcomes
heads (H) or tails (T) from each trial. The outcome space is:
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
We define event A as no heads are observed and event B as no tails are observed.
AUB =
A) { } (the empty set).
B) {HHH}.
C) {HHH, TTT}.
D) {TTT}.

9. For any two events A and B, if A∩B = { } (where { } is defined as the empty set), then
A and B are said to be _____ events.
A) uncommon
B) unified
C) disjoint
D) disheveled

10. If P(A) = 1 then we know that event A is _____ to occur.

A) highly unlikely
B) almost certain
C) absolutely certain
D) absolutely certain not

11. The probability of an event is the same as its:

A) limiting relative frequency.
B) frequency.
C) lowest relative frequency.
D) frequency of occurrence divided by relative frequency.

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12. The sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes in a sample space is always:
A) 0.
B) between 0 and 1.
C) 1.
D) more than 1.

13. All event probabilities (defined as P here) must be:

A) P > 0.
B) P < 1.
C) 0 < P < 1.
D) 0 ≤ P ≤ 1.

14. S = {E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6}. A = {E1, E4}. If S represents an equally likely outcome
experiment, then P(A) =
A) 1/3.
B) 2/3.
C) 1/6.
D) The individual simple event probabilities are needed to solve the problem.

15. Experts give a certain poorly performing professional sports team an 80% chance of
winning at least one game during their upcoming regular season. Based on this
prediction, what is the probability that they will not win any games?
A) 4/5
B) 0.20
C) 0.19
D) 0.50

16. 0! =
A) 1.
B) 0.
C) 2.
D) undefined.

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17. In an army platoon, a squad is being randomly chosen to go on patrol. The order of the
selected participants matters as this will determine the positioning of each soldier (i.e.,
the first chosen person will be the lead or the “point” man with the second chosen
following, and so on). If the source platoon consists of 16 persons and the squad being
selected will have four soldiers, how many possible unique squads are there?
A) 43,680
B) 1820
C) 64 16P4
D) 65,536

18. A computer security system requires a unique password for each user. The passwords
use only letters of the English alphabet (26 possible letters) and cannot contain any
repeats (i.e., any given letter can be used only once in a password). If passwords have
five letters each, how many passwords are available from which to choose?
A) 65,780
B) 11,881,376
26P5
C) 7,893,600
D) 130

19. On a given day, 280 people jaywalk across a busy intersection. Fifty percent of these
people are male. Eighty percent are university undergraduate students and 40% are
female university undergraduate students. A person is hit by a car while jaywalking
across the intersection. We can see that the person is female. What is the probability
that the victim is a university undergraduate student?
A) 0.40
B) 0.32
C) 0.10
D) 0.80

20. Sixty-five percent of the students who take introductory statistics start the semester with
a poor opinion of statistics. Seventy-seven percent of the students who take
introductory statistics have had some negative experience with a previous math class.
Forty-five percent of the students who take introductory statistics have a poor opinion of
statistics and have had some negative experience with a previous math class. If a
randomly selected introductory statistics student has a poor opinion of statistics at the
start of the semester, what is the probability that they have had some negative
experience with a previous math class?
A) 0.5844
B) 0.5005
C) 0.6923
D) 0.2925

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21. If the outcome of one event has no bearing on the probability of another, the two events
are said to be:
A) disjoint.
B) mutually exclusive.
C) independent.
D) conditional.

22. We know, based on past history, that 72% of all students who enter a particular
university as freshmen will successfully graduate in four years. If graduation rates and
gender are independent, we expect what percent of female freshmen to graduate in four
years?
A) more than 72%
B) less than 72%
C) roughly 72%
D) The percentage will depend on the proportion of female freshmen in the class.

23. Which statement is TRUE in general (i.e., always true for all situations)?
A) P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)
B) P(A∩B) = P(A) · P(B)
C) P(A∩B) = P(A) · P
D) P =P

24. Which statement is TRUE if and only if events A and B are independent?
A) P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)
B) P(A∩B) = P(A) · P(B)
C) P(A∩B) = P(A) · P
D) P =P

25. Which statement is TRUE if and only if events A and B are disjoint?
A) P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B)
B) P(A∩B) = P(A) · P(B)
C) P(A∩B) = P(A) · P
D) P =P

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26.

The shaded area in this Venn diagram depicts a(n):

A) union of events A and B.
B) example of two disjoint events.
C) generalized union of events.
D) intersection of two events A and B.

27. Suppose you roll a pair of dice. What is the probability you roll a 7 or an 11?
A) 2/6
B) 4/36
C) 8/36
D) 9/36

10 
28. Which of the following is equal to  ?
3
 10 
A) 7
 
B) 10!
C) 10! / 3!
D) 210

29. How many two-digit numbers are there, with both digits odd?
A) 10
B) 25
C) 45
D) 90

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30. Suppose you have a group of 8 male and 4 female volunteers. How many ways are
there to choose 6 of these volunteers for a treatment group?
A) 28
B) 32
C) 420
D) 924

31. The table below shows the results of an experiment used to test whether Red Dye #2
causes cancer in laboratory rats.
Low dose High dose Total
Tumor 4 7 11
No tumor 26 16 42
Total 30 23 53

Based on the table, what is the probability that a rat who was given a high dose of the
dye did NOT have a tumor?
A) 0.13
B) 0.30
C) 0.70
D) 0.43

32. What is the probability you roll at least one six in four rolls of a die?
A) 5/6
B) 0.518
C) 0.482
D) 0.004

33. Steve has 18 black socks and 12 blue socks. Every morning he pulls a sock at random
from his drawer, then pulls a second sock at random, and wears both socks, regardless
of their color. What is the probability he wears mismatched socks?
A) 0.248
B) 0.152
C) 0.352
D) 0.50

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34. Suppose you deal two cards from a standard deck of 52 cards. If you do not replace any
cards between the deals, what is the probability you deal a King and then an even
number (2, 4, 6, 8 or 10)?
A) 0.308
B) 0.384
C) 0.015
D) 0.030

35. Suppose you deal two cards from a standard deck of 52 cards. If you replace the first
card in the deck before you deal the second card, what is the probability you deal a face
card (Jack, Queen or King) and then an odd number (3, 5, 7 or 9)?
A) 0.071
B) 0.72
C) 0.75
D) 0.77

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