Lab 3:

Class Diagram

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Objectives
-To explain what is class diagram and its essential
elements.

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Introduction
Classes and objects describe the elements in the system,
while the relationships reveal communication and
interaction.

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What is Class Diagram
- A class diagram describes the static view (structure) of a
system.
- A class diagram shows only classes, not objects.
- It shows the system's:
◦ classes
◦ attributes
◦ operations
◦ relationships among the classes.

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Element of Class Diagram
1. Class

5. Constraint
2. Attribute
Rules & Note

4.
3. Operation
Relationship

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1. Class
- A class is a description of a set of objects
that share the same attributes, operations, Name
relationships, and semantics.
attributes
- Classes are templates for creating instances
or objects.
operations
- A class is drawn with a rectangle, usually, divided into three
compartments:
◦ Name
◦ Attributes
◦ Operations
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1. Class (cont.)
-The top compartment of the class rectangle
contains the name of the class. Name
-It is capitalized and centered in boldface.
attributes
-The name should be derived from the
problem domain and should be as
unambiguous as possible. operations

-Therefore, it should be a noun, for

example, Invoice or Debt.

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2. Attribute
- An attribute is a named property of a
class that describes the characteristics of
the object being modeled. Person

- In the class diagram, attributes appear in name

the second compartment just below the address
birthdate
name-compartment. ssn
- Attribute names typically begin with a
lowercase letter.

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2. Attribute (cont.)

UML has formal syntax for the description of an attribute:

visibility / name : type [multiplicity] = default-value { propertystring}

- You must have a name, but all other parts are optional.

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2. Attribute (cont.)
-The attributes can have different visibility. Person
-Visibility describes whether the attribute can be
referenced from classes other than the one in
which they are defined. + name
◦ + public: it can be used and viewed outside that class. # address
◦ - private: it cannot be accessed from other classes. # birthdate
◦ # protected: it is private to the class, but visible to any - ssn
subclasses through generalization and specialization.
-If no sign is displayed, this means that the
visibility is undefined (there is no default
visibility).
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2. Attribute (cont.)
Person
-A “/” indicates that the attribute
is derived. For example, the age + name
of a person might be derived as # address
the current date minus the # birthdate
birthdate. / age
- ssn

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2. Attribute (cont.)
Person
-An attribute has a type, which tells you what
kind of attribute it is.
+ name : String
-Typical attribute types are integer, Boolean, # address : String
string, date, real, floating point, and # birthdate : Date
enumeration, which are called data types. - ssn : Integer

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 2. Attribute (cont.)
-Multiplicity shows the number of
instances of the attribute in square Person
brackets.
Eg: + name : String
◦ [0..1] – this attribute can have a value of null # address : String [*]
◦ [1..*] – this attribute's value is a collection # birthdate : Date
that contains at least one value - ssn : Integer
◦ [*] – this attribute's value is a collection of
values
-It is omitted if the multiplicity is 1.
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2. Attribute (cont.)
-An attribute also can have a default value. Person
Eg: The default value of date is Current
date. + name : String
# address : String [*]
# birthdate : Date
+date : Date = Current date
- ssn : Integer

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2. Attribute (cont.)
-A property-string can be used to Person
further describe an attribute.
-A property-string is written within + name : String
# address : String [*]
curly braces; it is a comma-separated # birthdate : Date
list of property values that apply to +date : Date = Current date
- ssn : Integer {readOnly}
the attribute.
Eg: {readOnly}, {ordered}, and
{sequence}

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3. Operation
Person
-Operation describe the class behavior and
appear in the third compartment. name : String
address : String
-Operations are normally called functions, birthdate : Date
but they are inside a class and can be applied ssn : int
only to objects of that class or public
attributes of other class. display()
create()
modify()
delete()

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3. Operation
The formal syntax for an operation is:
visibility name ( parameter-list ) : return-type-expression { propertystring}

Person

+name : String
address : String
birthdate : Date
ssn : int
+display(ssn:Integer):String{readOnly}
Create()
modify()
delete()

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4. Relationship

- Association
- Generalization
- Dependency

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4.1 Association
-If two classes in a model need to communicate with
each other, there must be link between them.
-An association denotes that link.
Eg: Student learns from instructor.

Student Instructor

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4.1 Association (cont.)
-We can indicate the multiplicity of an
association by adding multiplicity adornments to
the line denoting the association.
Eg: A student learns from one or more
Instructors
Student Instructor
1..*

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4.1 Association (cont.)
Eg: Every instructor teaches one or more Students

Student Instructor
1..*

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4.1 Association (cont.)
Multiplicity
◦ the number of objects that participate in the association.

Multiplicity Indicators

Exactly one 1
Zero or more (unlimited) * (0..*)
One or more 1..*
Zero or one (optional association) 0..1
Specified range 2..4

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4.1 Association (cont.)
-We can also name the association.

learn from
Student Instructor
teach

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4.1 Association (cont.)
-We can also indicate the behavior of an object
in an association (i.e., the role of an object)
using rolenames attached to the end of the
association path.
* drive *
Car company car driver Person

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4.1 Association (cont.)
-We can constrain the association relationship by defining
the navigability of the association.
Eg: A navigable association says that a person can own
many cars, but it does not say anything about how many
people can own a car.
-The direction of the association indicates that the car has
no knowledge of the person.

owns *
Person Car

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4.1 Association (cont.)
-A class can have a self association.
prerequisite

Course

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4.1 Association (cont.)
-We can model objects that contain other objects by way of
special associations called aggregations and compositions.
-An aggregation specifies a whole-part relationship between an
aggregate (a whole) and a component part, where the part can
exist independently from the aggregate. Aggregations are
denoted by a hollow-diamond adornment on the association.

Engine
Car
Door

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4.1 Association (cont.)
-A composition indicates a strong ownership and coincident
lifetime of parts by the whole (i.e., they live and die as a whole).
Compositions are denoted by a filled-diamond adornment on the
association.

Book Page

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4.2 Generalization
-A generalization connects a subclass to its superclass.
-It denotes an inheritance of attributes and behavior from
the superclass to the subclass and indicates a
specialization in the subclass of the more general
superclass.
Shape

Square

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4.2 Generalization (cont.)
A sub-class inherits from its super-class
◦ Attributes
◦ Operations
◦ Relationships
A sub-class may
◦ Add attributes and operations
◦ Add relationships
◦ Refine (override) inherited operations

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4.3 Dependency
-A dependency indicates a semantic relationship between two or
more elements.
-The dependency from CourseSchedule to Course exists because
Course is used in both the add and remove operations of
CourseSchedule.
CourseSchedule
Course
add(c : Course)
remove(c : Course)

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5. Constraint Rules and Notes
Constraints and notes annotate among other things
associations, attributes, operations and classes.
Constraints are semantic restrictions noted as Boolean
expressions.
◦ UML offers many pre-defined constraints.

Customer 1 * may be
Order
canceled
id: long { value > 0 }

Constraint Note

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Example 1
Draw a class diagram that fulfills the following statements:
An insurance company has insurance contracts (zero or more), which refer to one or more
customers.
A customer has insurance contracts (zero or more), which refer to one insurance company.
An insurance contract is between an insurance company and one or more customers. The
insurance contract refers to both a customer (or customers) and an insurance company.
The insurance contract is expressed in an (zero or one) insurance policy (a written contract of
insurance).
The insurance policy expresses an insurance contract.

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Solution

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Example 2

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