Tutorial – 4 (EMTH 202), Dated: 23/03/2020

Department of Mathematics & Statistical Sciences,

Botswana International University of Science & Technology
(Linear system of equations, gauss elimination method, Cramer’s rule)

1. Investigate the solution of the system of linear equations

(𝑖𝑖) 2𝑦𝑦 + 4𝑧𝑧 + 5 = 0, 8𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 4𝑧𝑧 = 12, 16𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 10𝑧𝑧 = 1.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 2𝑦𝑦 + 4𝑧𝑧 + 5 = 0, 8𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 4𝑧𝑧 = 12, 16𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 10𝑧𝑧 = 1.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 2𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 + 7𝑧𝑧 = 5, 5𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 4𝑧𝑧 = 18, 2𝑥𝑥 + 19𝑦𝑦 − 47𝑧𝑧 = 32.

2. In two closed loops of an electrical circuit, the currents flowing are given by the simultaneous
equations 𝐼𝐼1 + 2𝐼𝐼2 + 4 = 0, 5𝐼𝐼1 + 3𝐼𝐼2 − 1 = 0. Use matrices to solve for 𝐼𝐼1 and 𝐼𝐼2 .
3. A D.C circuit comprises three closed loops. Applying Kirchhoff’s laws a to the closed loops
gives the following equations for current flow in miliamperes 2𝐼𝐼1 + 3𝐼𝐼2 − 4𝐼𝐼3 = 26, 𝐼𝐼1 −
5𝐼𝐼2 − 3𝐼𝐼 − 3 = −87, −7𝐼𝐼1 + 2𝐼𝐼2 + 6𝐼𝐼3 = 12. Use Cramer’s rule to solve for 𝐼𝐼1 , 𝐼𝐼2 and 𝐼𝐼3 .
4. In a system of forces, the relationship between two forces 𝐹𝐹1 and 𝐹𝐹2 is given by : 5𝐹𝐹1 + 3𝐹𝐹2 +
6 = 0, 3𝐹𝐹1 + 5𝐹𝐹2 + 18 = 0. Use Cramer’s rule to solve for 𝐹𝐹1 and 𝐹𝐹2 .
5. Kirchhoff’s laws are used to determine the current equations in an electrical network and
show that 𝑖𝑖1 + 8𝑖𝑖2 + 3𝑖𝑖3 = −31, 3𝑖𝑖1 − 2𝑖𝑖2 + 𝑖𝑖3 = −5, 2𝑖𝑖1 − 3𝑖𝑖2 + 2𝑖𝑖3 = 6. Use determinants
to find the values of 𝑖𝑖1 , 𝑖𝑖2 and 𝑖𝑖3 .
6. In a mass-spring-damper system, the acceleration 𝑥𝑥̈ (𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −2 ), velocity 𝑥𝑥̇ (𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −1 ) and
displacement x m are related by the following simultaneous equations :
6.2𝑥𝑥̈ + 7.9𝑥𝑥̇ + 12.6𝑥𝑥 = 18, 7.5𝑥𝑥̈ + 4.8𝑥𝑥̇ + 4.8𝑥𝑥 = 6.39, 13𝑥𝑥̈ + 3.5𝑥𝑥̇ − 13𝑥𝑥 = −17.4.
Determine the acceleration, velocity and displacement for the system.
7. The tensions, 𝑇𝑇1 , 𝑇𝑇2 and 𝑇𝑇3 in a simple framework are given by the equations :
5𝑇𝑇1 + 5𝑇𝑇2 + 5𝑇𝑇3 = 7, 𝑇𝑇1 + 2𝑇𝑇2 + 4𝑇𝑇3 = 2.4, 4𝑇𝑇1 + 2𝑇𝑇2 = 4. Determine 𝑇𝑇1 , 𝑇𝑇2 and 𝑇𝑇3 using
Gaussian elimination.
8. The relationship between the displacement s, velocity v and acceleration a, of a piston is given
by the equations : 𝑠𝑠 + 2𝑣𝑣 + 2𝑎𝑎 = 4, 3𝑠𝑠 − 𝑣𝑣 + 4𝑎𝑎 = 25, 3𝑠𝑠 + 2𝑣𝑣 − 𝑎𝑎 = −4. Use matrices to
determine the values of 𝑠𝑠, 𝑣𝑣 and 𝑎𝑎.
9. Investigate for what values of 𝜆𝜆 and 𝜇𝜇, the following equations have (i) no solution, (ii) an
unique solution and (iii) an infinite number of solutions.
(𝑎𝑎) 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 = 6, 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑧𝑧 = 10, 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 = 𝜇𝜇,
(𝑏𝑏) 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑧𝑧 = 5, 3𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑧 = 12, 3𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 = 𝜇𝜇,
 (𝑐𝑐) 𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑧 = 1, 2𝑥𝑥 + 7𝑦𝑦 + 5𝑧𝑧 = 2𝜇𝜇, 4𝑥𝑥 + 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 + 10𝑧𝑧 = 2𝜇𝜇 + 1,
(𝑑𝑑) 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 = 1, 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑧𝑧 = 𝜇𝜇, 5𝑥𝑥 + 7𝑦𝑦 + 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 = 𝜇𝜇2 ,
10. Find the value of 𝜆𝜆, if any, for which the system of equations has a non-trivial solution 𝑥𝑥 +
2𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑧𝑧 = 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆, 3𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑧 = 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆, 2𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 = 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆.
11. If 𝜆𝜆 ≠ 14, then show that the system of following equations
5𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑧𝑧 = 1, 2𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 + 4𝑧𝑧 = 7, 4𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑦𝑦 + 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 = 𝜆𝜆 − 5,
has a unique solution (0, 1, 1).
12. Show that the equations
−2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑎𝑎, 𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑏𝑏, 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑧𝑧 = 𝑐𝑐,
Have no solution unless 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0, in which case they have infinitely many solutions. Find
the solutions when 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏 = 1, 𝑐𝑐 = 2.
13. Show that there are two values of 𝛼𝛼 for which the following system of equations have non-
trivial solutions
𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 − 3𝑦𝑦 + (1 + 𝛼𝛼)𝑧𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = 0, (𝛼𝛼 + 2)𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝛼𝛼𝛼𝛼 = 0.

(EIGEN VALUES & EIGEN VECTORS, CAYLEY-HAMILTON THEOREM)

14. Given the definition of the system of homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations.
15. Under what condition, the system of homogeneous equations have non-trivial
solutions.
16. Give the definition of the (i) characteristic matrix (ii) characteristic equation and (iii)
characteristics polynomial.
17. Give the definition of the spectrum.
18. Give the definition of algebraic multiplicity and geometric multiplicity. Hence find the
algebraic and geometric multiplicity of the matrices A - F.
19. What is the definition of the defect?
20. What is the nature of the Eigen values of symmetric matrices?
21. What is the nature of the Eigen values of skew-symmetric matrices?
22. What is the nature of the Eigen values of triangular matrices?
23. How Eigen values are linked with the determinant of the matrix?
24. Is the statement “Eigen values for the matrix A and AT are same” true or false. Justify
the answer.
25. State Cayley-Hamilton theorem and explain with an example?
 26. Consider a matrix G. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, show that 𝐺𝐺 4 = −4𝐼𝐼, with
1 −1
𝐺𝐺 = � �.
1 1
27. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, show that 𝐻𝐻 4 = 2𝐻𝐻 2 − 𝐼𝐼, 𝐻𝐻 6 = 3𝐻𝐻 2 − 2𝐼𝐼 and in
general 𝐻𝐻 2𝑘𝑘 = 𝑘𝑘𝐻𝐻 2 − (𝑘𝑘 − 1)𝐻𝐻, 𝑘𝑘 = 2, 3, 4, . . . and further show that
1 0 0 1 0 0
𝐻𝐻 50 = �25 1 0� with 𝐻𝐻 = �1 0 1�
25 0 1 0 1 0
28. Find the eigen values of the following matrices and verify Cayley-Hamiltom theorem
for each
2 1 0 2 0 1
1 2  2 1    
=(i ) A =  (ii ) B  =  (iii ) C  1 2=
0  (iv ) D 0 1 0
 3 2  −1 1  1 1 1 1 0 2
   
 1 2
29. If A=   , the use Cayley-Hamilton theorem to express
 −1 3 
𝐴𝐴6 − 4𝐴𝐴5 + 8𝐴𝐴4 − 12𝐴𝐴3 + 14𝐴𝐴2 as a linear polynomial of A as (−4𝐴𝐴 + 5𝐼𝐼).
1 0 2
 
30. If=A  0 −1 1  , then verify that 𝐴𝐴 satisfies its own characteristics equations.
0 1 0
 
Hence find 𝐴𝐴−1 and 𝐴𝐴9 .
 1 −3 3 
 
31. Apply Cayley-Hamilton’s theorem to show for the matrix=A  3 −5 3  , 𝐴𝐴−1 can be
 6 −6 4 
 
expressed as a polynomial in A.
 3 1
32. If A=   , the use Cayley-Hamilton theorem to show that
 −1 2 
2𝐴𝐴5 − 3𝐴𝐴4 + 𝐴𝐴2 − 4𝐼𝐼 = 138𝐴𝐴 − 403𝐼𝐼.
1 0 0  1 0 0
   
33. If A =  1 0 1  , then show that A =  25 1 0  .
50

0 1 0  25 0 1 
   