UNIT 3: ARTISTS AND ARTISANS: ART FORMS AND ARWORKS,

PRODUCTION AND CURATION PROCESSES, MEDIUM AND

TECHNIQUE OF ARTS

MODULE 5: ARTISTS AND ARTISANS: MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUE IN

THE DIFFERENT ARTFORMS

Introduction

This module is concerned with developing your understanding of humanities

and the Arts in aspect of the artist and artisans. The discussion, description and
explanation in this module hope to equip you students with key concepts which are
necessary in going through the course; these concepts hopefully can give you a
better appreciation of the lessons to be learned and activities to be done. This
module covers topics the artists and artisans, the production process, medium and
technique of the arts and curation. Make use of this module to provide you with
insights and ideas to help you understand humanities and the arts in general.

Test Yourself (place your answer on p. 174)

Define or give idea about the following

1. Music
1. Visual Art
2. Literature
3. Dance
4. Drama

Learning Objectives

With the completion of this self-learning module, you should be able to:

1. Identify the medium used by the artist in his artwork

2. Demonstrate knowledge about the technique of the artists in his
artwork.

Content

Preparatory Activity

Exercise (place your answer on p. 174)

To which art form do the following relate to:

1. Language
2. Saxophone

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 3. Line
4. Abaca
5. Mosaic

Developmental Activities

Medium and Technique of the Different Forms of Art

The Artist and His Medium

The Artist think, feels and gives shapes to his vision in terms of his medium. When
an artist chooses a particular medium, he believes that his choice can best exprest
the idea he wants to convey. At times he wants more than one medium to give
meaning to his creative production. Oftentimes, the matter of selecting the medium
depends entirely on the artist himself. He normally selects the materials that can be
handled with ease, that would suit his plan, and adequately bring out the qualities he
wants to show. The artist must love, respect, and understand his medium to make it
easier for him to expad his knowledge and improve his skill in his chosen area.

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Visual Arts are those whose medium can be seen and which occupy space.
Grouped into class: 1) The two dimensional arts which include painting, drawing,
printmaking, commercial, art, filmmaking, and photography; 2) The three
dimensional arts which include sculpture, architecture, landscape, industrial design,
and crafts like furniture.

Auditory Arts are those whose medium can be heard and which are expressed in
time.

Combined arts are those whose can be both sees and heard and which exist in
both space and time.

Media used in Painting

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 Juan Luna Fernando Amorsolo

Felix Hidalgo Emmanuel Garibay

Media Used in Drawing

It is the most fundamental of all skills necessary in arts. Drawing is usually

done on paper using pencil, pen and ink or charcoal. The best drawing in the
world is Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), an Italian artist

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Kiko Escora Diong

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Printmaking
A print is anything printed on a surface that is a direct result from the duplication
process. Ordinarily, a painting or graphic process image done in black ink on while
appear and become the artist’s plate. Advantage of printmaking is the process of
making copies of the original drawing.

5 major types of prints are Woodcut, engraving, relief, intaglio and stencil

Media Used in Sculpture

Sculpture is a branch of the visual art that operate in three dimensions. Durable
sculpture processes used in carving (removal of material, modeling (additional
material, in stone, metal, ceramics, and wood and other materials, but same
modernism, shift in sculpture process led to an almost complete freedom materials
and process.

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Media Used in Architecture

Architecture is the art of designing a building and supervising its construction. It is

the production of shelter to serve as protection of men in carrying out his activites,
work, recreation and sleep. It is also a way to fulfill man’s need.

One of the primary purposes of architecture is to fulfill man’s needs which are:
➢ Physical need-shelter which must have necessities and comfort
➢ Emotional need-endowed with rich beautry and interest
➢ Intellectua need- abuilding for science, education, governement, etc.
➢ Psychological need-for recogniton and response.

Factors in the choice and use of architecutal materials:

1. Structural Property-workability with tools as contruction materials
2. Physical property- use of materials for aesthetic purposes
3. Weakness of materials- rotting, corrosion due to moisture, discoloration,
solar radiation, fungus growth, and susceptibility to infection by wood-boring,
weevils, termites and other pests.
4. Longetivyt of materials- lifespan of materials
5. 5. Other inherent properties- weight, water resitance, heat resistance,
acoustisc values,availability and economy.
Materials used in Architecture are classified into three::
1. Materials in nature
2. Materials manufactured or made by man
3. Indigenous materials
Materials in nature:
Stone Wood

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Materials manufactured or made by man
Ceramic materials Metals

Concrete materials Plastic

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Indigenous materials
Sawali Coco Coir

Bagasse Abaca

Bamboo Palm Frond Stem

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Mud Bricks

Media Used in Performing Arts

It is said that Music is art and that Culture is reflected in art. The more music a man
knows, the more cultured he becomes. Music deals with sounds. The media in
music are human voice or vocal music and instrumental music

Vocal Music

Vocal music is the oldest and the most natural form of music. Voice is produced by

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the vibrations of the vocal chords in the voice box. Correct position of the body,
head and mouth will enable the air to vibrate freely. This includes Correct posture,
Correct breathing, Correct placement of the voice, Correct diction, and Correct
interpretation.

Voice Classification

1. Long vocal forms: opera, cantata, oratorio, Moro Moro and zarzuela
2. Short vocal forms-folk songs, art songs, kundiman, balitaw, danza abanera,
anthem, motet, madrigal, ballad, choral, round/cannon, and area

Voice differs considerably to timbre. As to timbre they are classified into woman's
voices and men's voices.

Vocal Types of Male and Female

Male Voices

1. Countertenor. The highest male voice. Singers called countertenors

as falsetto. Countertenor voices span broad range, covering C4 to C6
to a range just above tenor covering D3 to about D5.

3 Subcategories: Sopranist, Haute-contre, Castrato

2. Tenor. The highest male voice within the modal register. Typical tenor
voice lies between C3 t C5. At the highest extreme some tenors can
sing up to F5.

Subcategories: Tenore contraltino, Tenore di grazia, Lyric tenor,

Spinto tenor, Dramatic tenor, Heldentenor, Baritenor

3. Baritone. The vocal range of baritone lies between the bass and tenor
ranges, overlapping both of them. It is the most common type of male
voice.

Baritone subtypes Baryton-martin, Lyric baritone, Bel canto/

Coloratura, Kavalierbaritone, Heldenbaritone, Verdi baritone,
Dramatic baritone, Barytone-noble, Bass-baritone

4. Bass, It is the lowest male voice. The typical bas range lies between
E2 to E4.

Bass Subtype; Basso profondo, Basso buffo, Bel canto basso, Basso
cantante, Dramatic Bass, Bass Baritone

Female Voice

1. Soprano. The highest singing voice in female. It lies between C4 and C6.

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 Subtypes of Soprano: Coloratura soprano, Soubrette, Lyric Soprano,
Spinto, Soprano, Dramatic Soprano

2. Mezzo Soprano. It is the middle range voice type for females. The mezzo-
soprano voice lies between the soprano voice and contralto voice.

3 Categories: Lyric Mezzo-soprano, Coloratura mezzo-soprano, Dramatic

mezzo- soprano

3. Contralto. The contralto is the lowest female voice. It’s vocal range typically
lies between f3 to f5.

2 Subtypes: Lyric Contralto, Dramatic Contralto

Instrumental Music/Musical Instruments

Most musical instruments have three things in common: a part which vibrates, a part
which amplifies the sound by bouncing off the vibrations away from the instrument,
and a system for producing and regulating fixed pitches

A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to make musical sounds.

Any object that produces sound can be a musical instrument—it is through purpose
that the object becomes a musical instrument. Early musical instruments may have
been used for ritual, such as a trumpet to signal success on the hunt, or a drum in a
religious ceremony.

GROUP OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS: String instruments, Woodwind instruments,

Brass wind Instruments, Percussions, Keyboard instruments

String Instruments are musical instrument that makes sound by vibrating the
strings on it.
Most common of these appear in the violin family. (e.g. guitar, harp)

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Woodwind Instruments are musical instrument that contains some type of
resonator (usually a tube), in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player
blowing into (or over) a mouthpiece set at the end of the resonator. (e.g. flute)

Brass wind instruments are musical instrument that produces sound by

sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of
the player's lips. Brass instruments are also called labrosones, literally meaning "lip-
vibrated instruments “. (e.g. trumpet, French horn)

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Percussion Instruments Include almost any instrument that is sounded by
striking, shaking and scratching with the hands or with another object. They are
used to emphasize the rhythm, generate excitement, and enliven the orchestral
sound. They are musical instruments that are sounded by being struck or scraped
by a beater (including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles); struck, scraped or
rubbed by hand; or struck against another similar instrument. (e.g. gong, drums,
tambourine)

Keyboard Instruments are equipped with keyboards occasionally play with the
symphony orchestra. The piano is the most familiar example. Others are
harpsichord, celesta, and organ (king of the instruments).

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Literature

In its broadest sense, is any written work; etymologically, the term is derived from
Latin literatura that is writing formed with letters, although some definitions include
spoken or sung texts.

Language is the medium of literature. Literature is written in any language to

facilitate wider reach and distribution but most often it is translated to English.
Language is the communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of
arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. Language
deal with anything that can put into words. Words and a sequence of words have
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both sound and meaning. The sense of the words means it is important to know
what the word means. The sound of words is important in making the total sense of
it.

THE ARTIST AND HIS TECHNIQUE

Technique is the way the artist controls his medium to achieve the desired effect; it
is the ability in which he fulfills the technical requirements of his work of art.

Artists differ from one another in technique even if they use the same medium. A
musician’s technique is his ability to make music sound the way he wants it. For
instance, a pianist may sound different from another pianist even as they handle the
same instrument and play the same musical composition.
Techniques in Visual Arts

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Some of the methods used in printmaking in the Philippines are the following:

1. Intaglio is a process in which images are printed from a plate that holds ink in
recessed areas. Some intaglio methods are aquatint, engraving, etching, mezzotint.
➢ In aquatint, an acid-resistant powder is used to coat the plate, which is then
immersed in acid so only the uncoated areas are etched. This gives the print
a grainy appearance.
➢ In engraving, lines are incised into the plate.
➢ In etching, the plate is covered with acid-resistant coating and the design
scratched into this. The plate is then immersed in acid to create lines in the

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 uncoated areas.
➢ In mezzotint, the whole plate is roughened to hold the ink, which creates a
dark background. The artist smoothens some areas so they will hold less ink
allowing tonal gradations to be produced.

2. Linoleum block or Linocut is a method of printing in which the image to be

printed is carved into a block of linoleum.
➢ Lithography is a method of printing in which an image is drawn on a
smooth plate that has been treated to accept ink but repel water.
➢ Serigraph or Silk Screen is a method of printing in which a design is
created on a stretched mesh fabric using a resist. Ink is then pressed
through the fabric to produce the print.

3. Woodblock or Woodcut is a form of printing in which a carved woodblock

covered with ink is used.

4. Drypoint is a method of printing in which a sharp point is used to draw directly on

a copper plate, creating rough-ridged etched lines. The ink coats the raised areas,
which are printed.

Methods of Sculpture

1. Modeling – shapes material with the use of hands.

2. Carving - cut away unwanted material.
3. Casting – material that is cast with one material to another.
4. Fabrication – add an element to another element

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 Closure Activities (place your answer on p. 174)

1. Write in one sentence the important learning you got from this module.

2. Write in the space below one word that best describe what you feel right now
on finishing this module.

3. Write in one sentence what you think these learning can contribute in
developing your artistic behaviour.

Synthesis/Generalization

1. An artist is a person who performs any of the creative arts and an artisan is a
skilled worker who makes things by hand.
2. The production process is consisting of three stages: pre-production
production and post production.
3. The different artists use different media and technique that best express their
artwork.
4. Managers ,curators, buyers, collectors and art dealers perform different roles
that contribute to the progress and beauty of the art industry.

Assignment (place your answers on pp. 175-176)

Make a compilation of 3 local artists and their artworks. Accomplish the compilation
by getting photos of their artworks and the medium they use in their artworks. Give
descriptions of the photos

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