IM NO.: IM-SECMATH3-1STSEM-2020-2021: Republic of The Philippines Nueva Vizcaya State University Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM NO.: IM-SECMATH3-1STSEM-2020-2021
COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

Bayombong Campus
DEGREE PROGRAM BSEd COURSE NO. SECMATH 3

SPECIALIZATION Math COURSE TITLE Logic and Set Theory
YEAR LEVEL 1 TIME FRAME 12 Hrs WK NO. 14- IM NO. 9
17
I. CHAPTER TITLE
Chapter 7: Algebra of Sets
II. LESSON TITLE

Lesson 1: Operations on Sets and Some Properties of sets
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
When two or more sets combine together to form one set under the given conditions,
then operations on sets are carried out.
The operations on sets which will be discussed in detail are:
1. Union of Sets
2. Intersection of sets
3. Complement of the Set
4. Difference of two sets
5. Cartesian product
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

a. define the basic operations on sets;
b. identify the different properties of union, intersection, difference, complement, and
cartesian product of sets; and
c. solve problems involving union, intersection, difference, complement and cartesian
product of sets.
V. LESSON CONTENT
UNION OF SETS
Definition of Union of Sets:
Union of two given sets is the smallest set which contains all the elements of both the sets.
To find the union of two given sets A and B is a set which consists of all the elements of A and all the
elements of B such that no element is repeated.
The symbol for denoting union of sets is ‘∪’.
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For example;
Let set A = {2, 4, 5, 6}

and set B = {4, 6, 7, 8}
Taking every element of both the sets A and B, without repeating any element, we get a new set = {2,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
This new set contains all the elements of set A and all the elements of set B with no repetition of
elements and is named as union of set A and B.
The symbol used for the union of two sets is ‘∪’.
Therefore, symbolically, we write union of the two sets A and B is A ∪ B which means A union B.
Therefore, A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Solved examples to find union of two given sets:
1. If A = {1, 3, 7, 5} and B = {3, 7, 8, 9}. Find union of two set A and B.
Solution:
A ∪ B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9}

No element is repeated in the union of two sets. The common elements 3, 7 are taken only once.
2. Let X = {a, e, i, o, u} and Y = {ф}. Find union of two given sets X and Y.
Solution:
X ∪ Y = {a, e, i, o, u}
Therefore, union of any set with an empty set is the set itself.
3. If set P = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, set Q = {0, 3, 6, 9, 12} and set R = {2, 4, 6, 8}.
(i) Find the union of sets P and Q
(ii) Find the union of two set P and R
(iii) Find the union of the given sets Q and R
Solution:
(i) Union of sets P and Q is P ∪ Q
The smallest set which contains all the elements of set P and all the elements of set Q is {0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 9, 12}.
(ii) Union of two set P and R is P ∪ R
The smallest set which contains all the elements of set P and all the elements of set R is {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8}.
(iii) Union of the given sets Q and R is Q ∪ R
The smallest set which contains all the elements of set Q and all the elements of set R is {0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8,
9, 12}.
Notes:
A and B are the subsets of A ∪ B
The union of sets is commutative, i.e., A ∪ B = B ∪ A.
The operations are performed when the sets are expressed in roster form.
Some properties of the operation of union:
(i) A∪B = B∪A (Commutative law)
(ii) A∪(B∪C) = (A∪B)∪C (Associative law)
(iii) A ∪ ϕ = A (Law of identity element, is the identity of ∪)

(iv) A∪A = A (Idempotent law)
(v) U∪A = U (Law of ∪) ∪ is the universal set.
Notes:
A ∪ ϕ = ϕ ∪ A = A i.e. union of any set with the empty set is always the set itself.
INTERSECTION OF SETS
Definition of Intersection of Sets:
Intersection of two given sets is the largest set which contains all the elements that are common to
both the sets.
To find the intersection of two given sets A and B is a set which consists of all the elements which are
common to both A and B.
The symbol for denoting intersection of sets is ‘∩‘.
For example:
Let set A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
and set B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
In this two sets, the elements 3 and 5 are common. The set containing these common elements i.e., {3,
5} is the intersection of set A and B.
The symbol used for the intersection of two sets is ‘∩‘.

Therefore, symbolically, we write intersection of the two sets A and B is A

∩ B which means A intersection B.
The intersection of two sets A and B is represented as A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x

∈ B}
Solved examples to find intersection of two given sets:
1. If A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and B = {1, 3, 8, 4, 6}. Find intersection of two set A and B.
Solution:
A ∩ B = {4, 6, 8}
Therefore, 4, 6 and 8 are the common elements in both the sets.
2. If X = {a, b, c} and Y = {ф}. Find intersection of two given sets X and Y.
Solution:
X ∩ Y = { }
3. If set A = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, set B = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18} and set C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
(i) Find the intersection of sets A and B.
(ii) Find the intersection of two set B and C.
(iii) Find the intersection of the given sets A and C.
Solution:
(i) Intersection of sets A and B is A ∩ B
Set of all the elements which are common to both set A and set B is {6, 12}.
(ii) Intersection of two set B and C is B ∩ C
Set of all the elements which are common to both set B and set C is {3, 6, 9}.
(iii) Intersection of the given sets A and C is A ∩ C
Set of all the elements which are common to both set A and set C is {4, 6, 8, 10}.
Notes:
A ∩ B is a subset of A and B.
Intersection of a set is commutative, i.e., A ∩ B = B ∩ A.
Operations are performed when the set is expressed in the roster form.
Some properties of the operation of intersection
(i) A∩B = B∩A (Commutative law)
(ii) (A∩B)∩C = A∩ (B∩C) (Associative law)
(iii) ϕ ∩ A = ϕ (Law of ϕ)
(iv) U∩A = A (Law of ∪)
(v) A∩A = A (Idempotent law)
(vi) A∩(B∪C) = (A∩B) ∪ (A∩C) (Distributive law) Here ∩ distributes over ∪
Also, A∪(B∩C) = (AUB) ∩ (AUC) (Distributive law) Here ∪ distributes over ∩
Notes:
A ∩ ϕ = ϕ ∩ A = ϕ i.e. intersection of any set with the empty set is always

the empty set.
DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS
How to find the difference of two sets?
If A and B are two sets, then their difference is given by A - B or B - A.
• If A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6}
A - B means elements of A which are not the elements of B.
i.e., in the above example A - B = {2, 3}
In general, B - A = {x : x ∈ B, and x ∉ A}
• If A and B are disjoint sets, then A – B = A and B – A = B
Solved examples to find the difference of two sets:
1. A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5, 6}.
Find the difference between the two sets:
(i) A and B
(ii) B and A
Solution:
The two sets are disjoint as they do not have any elements in common.
(i) A - B = {1, 2, 3} = A
(ii) B - A = {4, 5, 6} = B
2. Let A = {a, b, c, d, e, f} and B = {b, d, f, g}.
Find the difference between the two sets:
(i) A and B
(ii) B and A
Solution:
(i) A - B = {a, c, e}
Therefore, the elements a, c, e belong to A but not to B
(ii) B - A = {g)
Therefore, the element g belongs to B but not A.
3. Given three sets P, Q and R such that:
P = {x : x is a natural number between 10 and 16},
Q = {y : y is a even number between 8 and 20} and
R = {7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 20}
(i) Find the difference of two sets P and Q
(ii) Find Q - R
(iii) Find R - P
(iv) Find Q – P
Solution:
According to the given statements:
P = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
Q = {10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
R = {7, 9, 11, 14, 18, 20}
(i) P – Q = {Those elements of set P which are not in set Q}
= {11, 13, 15}
(ii) Q – R = {Those elements of set Q not belonging to set R}
= {10, 12, 16}

(iii) R – P = {Those elements of set R which are not in set P}
= {7, 9, 18, 20}
(iv) Q – P = {Those elements of set Q not belonging to set P}
= {10, 16, 18}
COMPLEMENT OF SETS
In complement of a set if ξ be the universal set and A a subset of ξ, then the complement of A is the set
of all elements of ξ which are not the elements of A.
Symbolically, we denote the complement of A with respect to ξ as A’.
For Example; If ξ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
A = {1, 3, 7} find A'.
Solution:
We observe that 2, 4, 5, 6 are the only elements of ξ which do not belong to A.
Therefore, A' = {2, 4, 5, 6}
Note:
The complement of a universal set is an empty set.
The complement of an empty set is a universal set.
The set and its complement are disjoint sets.
For Example;
1. Let the set of natural numbers be the universal set and A is a set of even natural numbers,
then A' {x: x is a set of odd natural numbers}
2. Let ξ = The set of letters in the English alphabet.
A = The set of consonants in the English alphabet
then A' = The set of vowels in the English alphabet.

3. Show that;
(a) The complement of a universal set is an empty set.
Let ξ denote the universal set, then
ξ' = The set of those elements which are not in ξ.
= empty set = ϕ
Therefore, ξ = ϕ so the complement of a universal set is an empty set.
(b) A set and its complement are disjoint sets.
Let A be any set then A' = set of those elements of ξ which are not in A'.
Let x ∉ A, then x is an element of ξ not contained in A'
So x ∉ A'
Therefore, A and A' are disjoint sets.
Therefore, Set and its complement are disjoint sets
Similarly, in complement of a set when U be the universal set and A is a subset of U. Then the
complement of A is the set all elements of U which are not the elements of A.
Symbolically, we write A' to denote the complement of A with respect to U.
Thus, A' = {x : x ∈ U and x ∉ A}
Obviously A' = {U - A}
For Example; Let U = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16}
A = {6, 10, 4, 16}
A' = {2, 8, 12, 14}
We observe that 2, 8, 12, 14 are the only elements of U which do not belong to A.
Some properties of complement sets
(i) A ∪ A' = A' ∪ A = ∪ (Complement law)
(ii) (A ∩ B') = ϕ (Complement law)
(iii) (A ∪ B) = A' ∩ B' (De Morgan’s law)

(iv) (A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B' (De Morgan’s law)
(v) (A')' = A (Law of complementation)
(vi) ϕ' = ∪ (Law of empty set
(vii) ∪' = ϕ and universal set)
CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS
Consider the following array of ordered pairs of numbers where the first number is the row number
and the second number in the pair is the column number. Note the shaded box is in the second row
and fourth column represented with the ordered pair (2, 4).
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5)
We note that the table has 3(5) = 15 small rectangular regions. We develop this concept in terms of a
set operation that will be used to define multiplication.
Ordered Pairs
In sets, the order of elements is not important. For example, the sets {2,3} and {3,2} are equal to each
other. However, there are many instances in mathematics where the order of elements is essential. So,
for example, the pairs of numbers with coordinates (2,3) and (3,2) represent different points on the
plane. This leads to the concept of ordered pairs.
An ordered pair is defined as a set of two objects together with an order associated with them. Ordered
pairs are usually written in parentheses (as opposed to curly braces, which are used for writing sets).
In the ordered pair (a,b), the element a is called the first entry or first component, and b is called
the second entry or second component of the pair.
Two ordered pairs (a,b) and (c,d) are equal if and only if a=c and b=d. In general,
(a,b)≠(b,a).
The equality (a,b)=(b,a) is possible only if a=b.
Tuples
The concept of ordered pair can be extended to more than two elements. An ordered n−tuple is a
set of n objects together with an order associated with them. Tuples are usually denoted by (a1,a2,
…,an). The element ai (i=1,2,…,n) is called the ith entry or component, and n is called the length of the
tuple.
Similarly to ordered pairs, the order in which elements appear in a tuple is important. Two tuples of the
same length (a1,a2,…,an) and (b1,b2,…,bn) are said to be equal if and only if ai=bi for all i=1,2,
…,n. So the following tuples are not equal to each other:
(1,2,3,4,5)≠(3,2,1,5,4).
Unlike sets, tuples may contain a certain element more than once:
(1,2,3,2,1,1,1).
Ordered pairs are sometimes referred as 2−tuples.
Cartesian Product of Two Sets
Suppose that A and B are non-empty sets. The Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted A×B, is

the set of all possible ordered pairs (a,b), where a∈A and b∈B:
A×B={(a,b)∣a∈A and b∈B}.
The Cartesian product is also known as the cross product.
Example: Find the Cartesian product of the sets A={1,2,3} and B={x,y}.
Answer:
It consists of 6 ordered pairs:
A×B = {(1,x),(2,x),(3,x),(1,y),(2,y),(3,y)}.
Similarly, we can find the Cartesian product B×A:

B×A = {(x,1),(y,1),(x,2),(y,2),(x,3),(y,3)}.
As you can see from this example, the Cartesian products A×B and B×A do
not contain exactly the same ordered pairs. So, in general, A×B≠B×A.
If A=B, then A×B is called the Cartesian square of the set A and is denoted by A2:
A2={(a,b)∣a∈A and b∈A}.
Cartesian Product of Several Sets
Cartesian products may also be defined on more than two sets.
Let A1,…,An be n non-empty sets. The Cartesian product A1×…×An is defined as the set

of all possible ordered n−tuples (a1,…,an), where ai∈Ai and i=1,…,n.
If A1=…=An=A, then A1×…×An is called the nth Cartesian power of the set A and is denoted by An.
Some Properties of Cartesian Product
1. The Cartesian product is non-commutative:A×B≠B×A

2. A×B=B×A, if only A=B.
3. A×B=∅, if either A=∅ or B=∅
4. The Cartesian product is non-associative:(A×B)×C≠A×(B×C)
5. Distributive property over set intersection:A×(B∩C)=(A×B)∩(A×C)
6. Distributive property over set union:A×(B∪C)=(A×B)∪(A×C)
7. Distributive property over set difference:A×(B∖C)=(A×B)∖(A×C)
8. If A⊆B, then A×C⊆B×C for any set C.
Cardinality of Cartesian Product
The сardinality of a Cartesian product of two sets is equal to the product of the cardinalities of the sets:
|A×B|=|B×A|=|A|×|B|.
In the example above , n(A) ∙ n(B) = 3(2) = 6 = n(A × B).
Also, A × ∅ = ∅ since no ordered pairs can be formed when one of the sets is empty.
Also, note that n(A) ∙ n(∅) = 3(0) = 0 = n(A × ∅).
Cartesian Product Definition for Multiplication of Whole Numbers. Let A and B be two finite sets
with a = n(A) and b = n(B). Then ab = n(A  B). The numbers a and b are called factors and ab is
the product.
Two common methods for illustrating a Cartesian product are an array and a tree diagram.
Example: A small village has four streets and five avenues laid out in a rectangular grid. How
many intersections are there?

We have two sets, streets (S) and avenues (A). The elements from the two sets form a
list of ordered pairs such as the intersection of 1st Street and 2nd Avenue, (1, 2). We have
4(5) = n(S) ∙ n(A) = n(S × A) = 20.
There are twenty intersections in the small town.
Example: In algebra the rectangular or Cartesian coordinate plane is an example of the Cartesian
product. We consider the set of all the ordered pairs describing locations in the plane.
Example: A couple is planning their wedding. They have four nieces (Ann, Betty, Cathy, and
Deanne) and three nephews (Ed, Fred, and Gill). How many different pairings are possible to
have one boy and one girl as a ring bearer and flower girl?
Note that this problem may be considered as either a repeated addition problem or a
Cartesian product problem.
Repeated addition: Each niece may be considered to be a set that contains three

nephews, so 4(3) = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12.
Cartesian product: {(A, E), (A, F), (A, G), (B, E), (B, F), (B, G), (C, E), (C, F), (C, G), (D, E),
(D, F), (D, G)}
4(3) = n(nieces) ∙ n(nephews) = n(nieces × nephews) = 12
The couple has twelve choices for one ring bearer and one flower girl.
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

1. Read and understand the lesson presented. Do further readings if needed.
2. Do the activities
VII. ASSIGNMENT
A. Illustrate using a Venn diagram the basic operations on sets.

B. Solve the following.
1. If A = {2, 3, 4, 5} B = {4, 5, 6, 7} C = {6, 7, 8, 9} D = {8, 9, 10, 11}, find
(a) A ∪ B
(b) B ∪ C
(c) (A ∪ B) ∪ C
2. If A = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12} B = {8, 10, 12, 14} C = {12, 14, 16} D = {16, 18}, find
(a) A ∩ B
(b) B ∩ C
(c) A ∩ (C ∩ D)
3. If A = {4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22} B = {5, 9, 13, 17, 20} C = {3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17}
D = {6, 11, 16, 21} then find
(a) A - C
(b) D - A
(c) D – B
4. Find the union, intersection and the difference (A - B) of the following pairs of sets.
A = {x | x ∈ N, x is a factor of 12}
B = {x | x ∈ N, x is a multiple of 2, x < 12}
5. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} and A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {2, 5, 7} show that
(a) (A ∪ B)' = A' ∩ B'
(b) (A ∩ B)' = A' ∪ B'
6. Let X={−2,2}X={−2,2}, Y={0,4}Y={0,4} and Z={−3,0,3}Z={−3,0,3}.
Evaluate the following Cartesian products.
a. X×YX×Y
b. X×ZX×Z
c. Z×Y×YZ×Y×Y
VIII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
Same as activity
IX. REFERENCES
https://www.math-only-math.com/complement-of-a-set.html
https://www.math.uchicago.edu/~may/VIGRE/VIGRE2011/REUPapers/Lian.pdf
https://www.math-only-math.com/operations-on-sets.html
https://www.math-only-math.com/difference-of-two-sets.html

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

DEGREE PROGRAM BSEd COURSE NO. SECMATH 3

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

The operations on sets which will be discussed in detail are:

3. Complement of the Set

4. Difference of two sets

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

Definition of Union of Sets:

The symbol for denoting union of sets is ‘∪’.

Let set A = {2, 4, 5, 6}

The symbol used for the union of two sets is ‘∪’.

Therefore, A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}

Solved examples to find union of two given sets:

A ∪ B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9}

X ∪ Y = {a, e, i, o, u}

(i) Find the union of sets P and Q

(ii) Find the union of two set P and R

(iii) Find the union of the given sets Q and R

(i) Union of sets P and Q is P ∪ Q

(ii) Union of two set P and R is P ∪ R

(iii) Union of the given sets Q and R is Q ∪ R

A and B are the subsets of A ∪ B

The union of sets is commutative, i.e., A ∪ B = B ∪ A.

Some properties of the operation of union:

(i) A∪B = B∪A (Commutative law)

(ii) A∪(B∪C) = (A∪B)∪C (Associative law)

(iii) A ∪ ϕ = A (Law of identity element, is the identity of ∪)

(v) U∪A = U (Law of ∪) ∪ is the universal set.

Definition of Intersection of Sets:

The symbol for denoting intersection of sets is ‘∩‘.

Let set A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

and set B = {3, 5, 7, 9}

The symbol used for the intersection of two sets is ‘∩‘.

Therefore, symbolically, we write intersection of the two sets A and B is A

The intersection of two sets A and B is represented as A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x

Solved examples to find intersection of two given sets:

A ∩ B = {4, 6, 8}

Therefore, 4, 6 and 8 are the common elements in both the sets.

(i) Find the intersection of sets A and B.

(ii) Find the intersection of two set B and C.

(iii) Find the intersection of the given sets A and C.

(i) Intersection of sets A and B is A ∩ B

(ii) Intersection of two set B and C is B ∩ C

(iii) Intersection of the given sets A and C is A ∩ C

A ∩ B is a subset of A and B.

Intersection of a set is commutative, i.e., A ∩ B = B ∩ A.

Some properties of the operation of intersection

(i) A∩B = B∩A (Commutative law)

(ii) (A∩B)∩C = A∩ (B∩C) (Associative law)

(iii) ϕ ∩ A = ϕ (Law of ϕ)

(iv) U∩A = A (Law of ∪)

(v) A∩A = A (Idempotent law)

(vi) A∩(B∪C) = (A∩B) ∪ (A∩C) (Distributive law) Here ∩ distributes over ∪

Also, A∪(B∩C) = (AUB) ∩ (AUC) (Distributive law) Here ∪ distributes over ∩

A ∩ ϕ = ϕ ∩ A = ϕ i.e. intersection of any set with the empty set is always

DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS

How to find the difference of two sets?

If A and B are two sets, then their difference is given by A - B or B - A.

• If A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6}