5.

1 Double Integration Method

ENGR. BON RYAN ANIBAN
• 5.1.1 Qualitative Elastic Curve

• 5.1.2 Elastic Beam Theory

• 5.1.3 Double Integration Method (Derivation)

• 5.1.4 Sample Problems

A Qualitative Elastic Curve is an exaggerated approximate deformed shape of the beam subject to
loads. This diagram helps designer to make an easier and more accurate analysis of the structures.
Rules to be considered when sketching the qualitative elastic curves:

1. When the bending moment is positive, the curve must be concave upward. (Happy Face)
2. When the bending moment is negative, the curve must be concave downward. (Sad Face)
3. When the bending moment at a point is zero, it is the point of inflection/contraflexure of the elastic curve (the
point where the beam changes its concavity)
 Rules to be considered when sketching the qualitative elastic curves:
1. When the bending moment is positive, the curve must be concave upward. (Happy Face)
2. When the bending moment is negative, the curve must be concave downward. (Sad Face)
3. When the bending moment at a point is zero, it is the point of inflection/contraflexure of the elastic curve (the
point where the beam changes its concavity)
Positive Moment Negative Moment Point of
Inflection

+
M M
-
Rules to be considered when sketching the qualitative elastic curves:
1. When the bending moment is positive, the curve must be concave upward. (Happy Face)
2. When the bending moment is negative, the curve must be concave downward. (Sad Face)
3. When the bending moment at a point is zero, it is the point of inflection/contraflexure of the elastic curve (the
point where the beam changes its concavity)
4. If the bending moment at the segment of the beam is zero, then it will reflect in the elastic curve as a straight
line.
5. No deflection must be drawn in rigid supports.
6. The slope of the elastic curve at fixed support must be zero
7. A sudden change in the behavior of the curve must happen at the location of internal Pin
Example No.1
Sketch the qualitative elastic curve of the beam shown below.

1. When the bending moment is 15 kN/m

positive, the curve must be
concave upward. (Happy Face)

5. No deflection must be drawn 45 45

in rigid supports.
45

V 0
-45

67.5

M 0

Elastic Curve
 40 kN
25 kN/m
Example No.2
Sketch the qualitative elastic curve of the beam 10 kN/m
shown.
225
2m 3m 3m
2. When the bending moment 112.5
is negative, the curve must
be concave downward. 112.5
102.5
(Sad Face) 62.5
52.5
2°
4. If the bending moment at V 0
0
the segment of the beam is
zero, then it will reflect in
the elastic curve as a
straight line.
M 0
3°
2°
5. No deflection must be drawn 2°
−80
in rigid supports. −225
−147.5

6. The slope of the elastic

curve at fixed support must
be zero.

Elastic Curve
 Example No.3
40 kN
Sketch the qualitative elastic curve of the beam
shown.

2m 5m 3m
51 136
2. When the bending moment
is negative, the curve must
be concave downward. 85
(Sad Face)
V 0
4. If the bending moment at −51
the segment of the beam is
zero, then it will reflect in
the elastic curve as a M 0
straight line.
−255
5. No deflection must be drawn
in rigid supports.

Elastic Curve
 Example No.4
Sketch the qualitative elastic curve of the beam
shown.
1. When the bending moment is positive, the
curve must be concave upward. (Happy
Face)
2. When the bending moment is negative, the
curve must be concave downward. (Sad
Face)
3. When the bending moment at a point is
zero, it is the point of
inflection/contraflexure of the elastic curve
(the point where the beam changes its
concavity)
5. No deflection must be drawn in rigid
supports.
6. The slope of the elastic curve at fixed support
must be zero.
7. A sudden change in the behavior of the
curve must happen at the location of
internal Pin
Elastic Curve
When the beam is subjected to lateral loading (loads perpendicular to the longitudinal axis), and
assume that the beam behaves elastically ( it means that beam will go back to its undeformed shape
after the load is removed), then the equation for elastic beam theory is :

1 𝑀
=
𝜌 𝐸𝐼
Where:
ρ = radius of curvature of any point of the elastic curve
M = Internal moment at any point of the beam
E = Modulus of elasticity of the beam
I = Moment of Inertia of the cross section
EI = Flexural rigidity
 A

dx

Elastic Curve
ρ-c

∆𝑙 ρ
Recall that 𝜀 = ; thus, the stain of the strip “c distance from NA is:
𝑙𝑜

𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝜀= =1− (𝑒𝑞. 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dx B ds C
Using ratio and proportion
𝑑𝑠 ρ−c c c c
= (𝑒𝑞. 2)
𝑑𝑥 ρ NA D E
dx dx
Substitute eq.2 to eq.1
ρ−c p − (ρ − c)
𝜀 =1− =
ρ ρ
c
𝜀=
ρ (𝑒𝑞. 3)
Undeformed Strip Deformed Strip
 ∆𝑙
Recall that 𝜀 = ; thus, the stain of the strip “c distance from NA is:
𝑙𝑜

𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 A
𝜀= =1− (𝑒𝑞. 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Using ratio and proportion
𝑑𝑠 ρ−c
= (𝑒𝑞. 2)
𝑑𝑥 ρ

Substitute eq.2 to eq.1 ρ-c

ρ−c p − (ρ − c)
𝜀 =1− = ρ
ρ ρ
c
𝜀= (𝑒𝑞. 3)
ρ
σ
From Hooke’s Law, 𝜀 =
σ c 𝐸
= (𝑒𝑞. 4) dx B ds C
𝐸 ρ
𝑀𝑐 c c c
Recall that for bending stress of the beam, σ =
Substituting this to eq. 4
𝐼
NA D E
dx dx
𝑀𝑐
𝐼 = c
𝐸 ρ 1 𝑀
=
𝜌 𝐸𝐼 Undeformed Strip Deformed Strip
The Elastic Beam Theory is defined Take the integral of the moment function in
as: order to obtain the slope function ( y’ or ϴ)
1 𝑀
= 𝑬𝑰 𝒚′ 𝒐𝒓 𝑬𝑰𝜽 = න 𝑴𝒅𝒙
𝜌 𝐸𝐼
From differential Calculus, the formula for the Take the integral of the slope function in order
curvature of the curve is: to obtain the function of elastic curve ( y or δ)
1 𝑦′′
𝑘= =
𝜌 1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 3/2 𝑬𝑰 𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝑬𝑰δ = න න 𝑴𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Combining the two
equations:
𝑦′′ 𝑀 This method is called “Double Integration
= (𝑒𝑞. 1) Method” simply because the process is just
1 + (𝑦 ′ )2 3/2 𝐸𝐼
integrating the moment function twice
Note that the slope of the elastic curve (y’) is
very small, thus, we assume that (y’)2 =0 .
Equation 1 will become;
𝑬𝑰(𝒚′′ ) = 𝑴
It means that the moment function is equal to
the second derivative of the equation of elastic
curve multiplied by flexural rigidity, EI.
Sign Convention
The slope (y’ or ϴ) of the elastic curve is positive if the elastic curve rotates counter-clockwise from the
undeformed shape of the beam; likewise, it is negative if the elastic curve rotates clockwise from the
undeformed shape.

ϴ(negative) ϴ(positive)
Sign Convention
The slope (y’ or ϴ) is positive if the elastic curve rotates counter-clockwise from the undeformed shape of the
beam; likewise, it is negative if the elastic curve rotates clockwise from the undeformed shape.

ϴ(negative) ϴ(positive)

ϴ(negative)
Sign Convention
The deflection (y or δ) is positive if the elastic curve moves upward from the undeformed shape of the beam;
likewise, it is negative if the elastic curve moves downward from the undeformed shape.

δ(negative)

( -x ,y )
δ(postive)

( x ,-y )
Boundary Condition
In differential equations, boundary conditions are set of points that used to determine the values of arbitrary
constant “Cn” that appeared in the process of integration. In double integration method (DIM). Two arbitrary
constants will appear in the process, C1 in the first integration and C2 for the second integration. In order to get
their values, we can establish boundary conditions of the on their supports such as;

The slope and deflection of the beam at the location of fixed support are equal to zero

𝑦′ = ϴ = 0
𝑦=δ=0

The deflection of the beam at the location the support (hinge or roller) is zero.

𝑦=δ=0
Elastic Curve
Considering the beam loaded as shown below. Assume EI= 50000 kN-m2.
a. What is the slope and deflection at B?
b. What is the slope and deflection at C?
c. What is the maximum deflection?
d. Determine the location of the maximum deflection from the left support.

25 kN

100 kN/m

A B D
15 kN-m

2m 2m 2m 1m 1m
 25 kN
EI= 50000 kN-m2
10 kN/m 10 kN/m

A B 15 kN-m D
x
10 kN/m
32.5 2 m 2m 2m 1m 1m 42.5

1st Step Establish Moment Function 4rd Step Boundary Conditions

x−2 x−7 @x = 0 ;y = 0
M(x) = 32.5 ⟨x⟩ − 10 x − 2 − 25 x − 4 +15 x − 6 0 + 10 x − 7
2 2 @x = 8 ;y = 0
𝐸𝐼𝑦′′ = 32.5 ⟨x⟩ − 5 x − 2 2 − 25 x − 4 +15 x − 6 0 + 5 x − 7 2

2nd Step Perform 1st Integration to get slope Equation

x2 x−2 3 x−4 2
x−6 1
x−7 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦′ = 32.5 −5 − 25 + 15 +5 + 𝐶1
2 3 2 1 3
65 2 5 25 5
𝐸𝐼𝑦′ = x − x−2 3 − x−4 2 +15 x − 6 1 + x − 7 3 + 𝐶1
4 3 2 3
3rd Step Perform 2nd Integration to get deflection Equation
65 x 3 5 x − 2 4 25 x − 4 3
x−6 2
5 x−7 4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − − + 15 + + 𝐶1x + 𝐶2
4 3 3 4 2 3 2 3 4
65 3 5 25 15 5
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = x − x − 2 4− x−4 3 + x−6 2+ x − 7 4 +𝐶1x + 𝐶2
12 12 6 2 12
1st Step Establish Moment Function 4rd Step Boundary Conditions
x−2 x−7
M(x) = 32.5 ⟨x⟩ − 10 x − 2 − 25 x − 4 +15 x − 6 0 + 10 x − 7 @x = 0 ;y = 0
2 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦′′ = 32.5 ⟨x⟩ − 5 x − 2 2 − 25 x − 4 +15 x − 6 0 + 5 x − 7 2 @x = 8 ;y = 0

2nd Step Perform 1st Integration to get slope Equation

x2 x−2 3 x−4 2 x−6 1 x−7 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦′ = 32.5 −5 − 25 + 15 +5 + 𝐶1
2 3 2 1 3
65 2 5 25 5
𝐸𝐼𝑦′ = x − x − 2 3 − x − 4 2 +15 x − 6 1 + x − 7 3 + 𝐶1
4 3 2 3
3rd Step Perform 2nd Integration to get deflection Equation
65 x 3 5 x − 2 4 25 x − 4 3
x−6 2
5 x−7 4
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − − +15 + + 𝐶1x + 𝐶2
4 3 3 4 2 3 2 3 4
65 3 5 25 15 5
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = x − x − 2 4− x−4 3 + x−6 2+ x − 7 4 +𝐶1x + 𝐶2
12 12 6 2 12

5th Step Solve for C1 and C2

65 5 25 15 5
0= 0 3 − 0 − 2 4− 0−4 3 + 0−6 2+ 0 − 7 4 +𝐶10 + 𝐶2
12 12 6 2 12
𝐶2 = 0
65 5 25 15 5
0= 8 3 − 8 − 2 4− 8−4 3 + 8−6 2+ 8 − 7 4 +𝐶1(8) + 0
12 12 6 2 12
𝐶1 = −249.6354
 25 kN

100 kN/m
slope Equation
65 5 25 1
5 3
C
2 3 2 +15 x − 6 + x−7 −249.6354
𝐸𝐼𝑦′ = x − x−2 − x−4
4 3 2 3
A B D
deflection Equation 15 kN-
5 25 15 5 m
65 2m 2m 2m 1m 1m
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = x 3 − x − 2 4− x−4 3 + x−6 2 + x − 7 4 −249.6354x
12 12 6 2 12
𝐸𝐼 = 50000 kN−m2.
𝑎. 𝛳𝐵 = 𝑦 ′ 𝐵 = ? δB = yB = ? 𝑥=4
65 2 5 25 5 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ 𝐵 = 4 − 4−2 −
3 4 − 4 2 +15 4 − 6 1 + 4 − 7 −249.6354
4 3 2 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ 𝐵 = −2.969 kN ∙ m2
−2.969 kN ∙ m2 −5
180°
′
𝑦 𝐵 = 50000 kN ∙ m2 = −5.938 × 10 rad × 𝜋 rad

𝑦 ′ 𝐵 = −0.0034°

65 5 25 15 5
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐵 = 4 3 − 4 − 2 4− 4−4 3 + 4−6 2+ 4 − 7 4−249.6354(4)
12 12 6 2 12
𝐸𝐼𝑦B = −658.542 kN ∙ m3
−658.542 kN ∙ m3 = −0.013171 m
𝑦B = 50000 kN ∙ m2

𝑦B = −13.171 mm
 25 kN

100 kN/m
slope Equation
65 5 25 1
5 3
C
2 3 2 +15 x − 6 + x−7 −249.6354
𝐸𝐼𝑦′ = x − x−2 − x−4
4 3 2 3
A B D
deflection Equation 15 kN-
5 25 15 5 m
65 2m 2m 2m 1m 1m
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = x 3 − x − 2 4− x−4 3 + x−6 2 + x − 7 4 −249.6354x
12 12 6 2 12
𝐸𝐼 = 50000 kN−m2.
b. 𝛳𝐶 = 𝑦 ′ 𝐶 = ? δC= yC= ? 𝑥=6
65 2 5 25 5 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ 𝐶 = 6 − 6−2 −
3 6 − 4 2 +15 6 − 6 1 + 6 − 7 −249.6354
4 3 2 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ 𝐶 = 178.6979 kN ∙ m2
178.6979 kN ∙ m2 −3
180°
𝑦 𝐶 = 50000 kN ∙ m2 = −3.574 × 10 rad × 𝜋 rad
′

𝑦 ′ 𝐶 = 0.205°

65 5 25 15 5
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝐶 = 6 3 − 6 − 2 4− 6−4 3 + 6−6 2+ 6 − 7 4−249.6354(6)
12 12 6 2 12
𝐸𝐼𝑦C = −467.8124 kN ∙ m3
−467.8124 kN ∙ m3 = −0.009356 m
𝑦C = 50000 kN ∙ m2

𝑦C = −9.356 mm
 25 kN

100 kN/m
slope Equation
65 5 25 1
5 3
C
2 3 2 −15 x − 6 + x−7 −249.6354
𝐸𝐼𝑦′ = x − x−2 − x−4
4 3 2 3
A B D
deflection Equation 15 kN-
5 25 15 5 m
65 2m 2m 2m 1m 1m
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = x 3 − x − 2 4− x−4 3 − x−6 2 + x − 7 4 −249.6354x
12 12 6 2 12
𝐸𝐼 = 50000 kN−m2.
c. δmax= y max= ? (@δmax , y′=0)
65 2 5 25 2 1
5 3
3 −15 x − 6 + x−7 −249.6354
𝐸𝐼(0) = x − x−2 − x−4
3
4 3 2
𝑥 = 4. 489 m (𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡)
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 "𝑥"
65 2 5 3
25 2
𝐸𝐼(0) = x − x−2 − x−4 −249.6354
4 3 2
𝑥 = 4.027 m (𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡)

65 5 25 3
15 2
5 4
3 4 − 4.027 − 4 − 4.027 − 6 + 4.027 − 7 −249.6354(4.027)
𝐸𝐼𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4.027 − 4.027 − 2
12 12 6 2 12
𝐸𝐼𝑦max = −658.5817 kN ∙ m3
−658.5817 kN ∙ m3 = −0.013177 m
𝑦max = 50000 kN ∙ m2

𝑦max = −13.177 mm
Considering the beam loaded as shown below. Assume EI= 50000 kN-m2.
a. What is the slope and deflection at B? 𝑦 ′ 𝐵 = −0.0034° 𝑦B = −13.171 mm
b. What is the slope and deflection at C? 𝑦 ′ 𝐶 = 0.205° 𝑦C = −9.356 mm
c. What is the maximum deflection? 𝑦max = −13.177 mm
d. Determine the location of the maximum deflection from the left support. 𝑥 = 4.027 m

25 kN

100 kN/m

A B D
15 kN-m

2m 2m 2m 1m 1m