INTRODUCTION:

Rayleigh scattering (named after the British physicist Lord Rayleigh) is the elastic

scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the
light, which may be individual atoms or molecules. It can occur when light travels through transparent
solids and liquids, but is most prominently seen in gases. Rayleigh scattering is a function of the
electricpolarizability of the particles. Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere causes diffuse,
which is the reason for the blue color of the sky and the yellow tone of the sun itself scattering by
particles similar to or larger than the wavelength of light is typically treated by the Mie theory or
the discrete dipole .
In fiber optics, the mode field diameter (MFD) is an expression of distribution of
the irradiance, i.e., the optical power per unit area, across the end face of a single-mode fiber. For
a Gaussian intensity (i.e. power density, W/m 2) distribution in a single-mode optical fiber, the
mode field diameter is that at which the electric and magnetic field strengths are reduced to 1/e2 of their
maximum values, i.e., the diameter at which power density is reduced to 1/e 2 of the maximum power
density, because the power density is proportional to the square of the field strength.

BASIC CONCEPT:
RAY LIGHT SCATTERING IN FIBER:
Rayleigh scattering is an important component of the scattering of optical signals in optical fibers.
Silica fibers are disordered materials, thus their density varies, on a microscopic scale. The density
fluctuations gives rise to energy loss due to the scattered light, with the following coefficient:

Where n is the refraction index, p is the photo elastic coefficient of the glass, k is Boltzmann constant,
and β is the isothermal compressibility. Tf is a fictive temperature, representing the temperature at which
the density fluctuations are "frozen" in the material.
MATLAB CODE FOR LOSS DUE TO RAYLIGHT SCATTERING:

clc;
clear all;
alpha0 = 1.7;
lamda0 = 0.85;
x = [700:1:1700];
Ralpha = alpha0*((lamda0/0.7)^4);
for i = x(1,2):x(1,1001)
i = i/1000;
Ralpha = [Ralpha,alpha0*((lamda0/i)^4)];
i = i*1000;
end
x = x/1000;
plot(x,Ralpha,'r');
xlabel(' wavelength (micro meter) -------->');
ylabel(' Rayleigh scattering (dB/km) --------->');
grid;
lamda = input('enter the wavelength in micrometer at which loss is to be calculated = ');
Ralpha = alpha0*((lamda0/lamda)^4);
disp('rayleigh scattering at given wavelength(dB/km)is =');
disp(Ralpha);

SIMULATION RESULTS:

enter the wavelength in micrometer at which loss is to be calculated = 1.5

rayleigh scattering at given wavelength(dB/km)is =
0.1753
MATLAB CODE FOR MODEFILED DAIMETER:

clc;
clear all;
d=input('diameter of core in micrometer=');
n1=input('index of core=');
n2=input('index of cladding=');
%NA=((n1^2)-(n2^2))^(1/2);
NA = 0.13;
d=d*1000;% convert diameter micrometer to nanometer
Lamda = input('operating Wavelength at which number of modes to be calculated in nanometer=');%800
to 1600 nanometer
Vnumber = pi*d*NA/Lamda;
MFD = 2*(d/2)*(0.65+(1.619/(Vnumber^(3/2)))+2.879/(Vnumber^6));
MFD = round(MFD);
MFD = MFD/1000;%convert MFD to micrometer
disp('mode field diameter in micrometer = ');
disp(MFD);

SIMULATION RESULTS:

diameter of core in micrometer=1

index of core=1
index of cladding=1.2
operating Wavelength at which number of modes to be calculated in nanometer=1.5
mode field diameter in micrometer =
0.6500
CONCLUSION:

From the results of the simulations one can conclude that if one knows the wavelength then
through it we can find loss due to ray light scattering in dB/km in fiber. This value is same as theoretical
value. If we know the diameter of core in micrometer, index of core, index of cladding then we get the
value of operating Wavelength at which number of modes to be calculated in nanometer.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

We would like to thank Prof. Dhaval Pujara, for all the necessary guidance and information for
the simulation code. His suggestion on how to improve the contents and design has made a definite
impact on this report and finally we would like to thank our family and friends for their coordination.