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 Taupo Thermal Performance and Constructability

Executive Summary
This report quantifies the thermal performance of current construction in Taupo relating to the

climatic conditions. This includes the constructability of building in Taupo, and how this may

affect current or future development. It includes analysis on the thermal performance of all

buildings. It also provides design guidelines for making buildings more thermally efficient by

adopting methods that are pocket friendly.

Contents
Taupo Thermal Performance and Constructability....................................................................................................................2
Executive Summary...................................................................................................................................................................2
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................2
2. Actual Construction Choices................................................................................................................................3
2.1 New location and construction choices.................................................................................................................3
Heating energy report.....................................................................................................................................................3
3. Impacts of Wind Exposure and Window Changes..........................................................................................4
3.1 Exposing building to different wind levels.............................................................................................................4
3.2 Changing the type of windows.....................................................................................................................................4
4. Impacts of Internal Temperature and Heating Schedule Variations..........................................................5
5. Recommendations...................................................................................................................................................5
i. Highest energy cost option...................................................................................................................................5
ii. Lowest energy cost option....................................................................................................................................5
iii. Recommendation...................................................................................................................................................6
6. References..............................................................................................................................................................................6

1. Introduction

In the construction world, there are many different methods of building. The

construction-related impacts of climate should also be considered before choosing the

design option. Every project has its own unique needs and desires, so it's important to

use a method that will best suit it. While there are different techniques for each type of

building, these three common types explored here are floors and roofs.

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2. Actual Construction Choices

2.1 New location and construction choices

There are numerous construction solutions available to fit Taupo's building design. In

this type of damp and cold climate, the walls and roof are very important

Wall: 40 mm EIFS with cavity, 90 mm frame – studs 400, dwangs 800 (18%).

EIFS claddings are a rigid insulation board that is usually manufactured in different

sheet sizes and thicknesses from expanded polystyrene with a plaster and paint finish.

These cladding systems also provide some insulation value. Most EIFS claddings are

proprietary systems that consist of a fibreglass-reinforced base coat and jointing

system applied over the installed sheets, together with textured polymer or acrylic

weathertight finish coats. They also incorporate specific installation components such

as window penetration flashings, which are generally manufactured from UPVC, and

these are fundamental to the weathertight performance of the system. To achieve the

climate zone 3 construction R-values (R.2.0). this wall must be insulated with R-value

1.4 insulation

Roof: skillion clay tiles with 240 mm rafters & battens – rafters 600 (7.5%). The

Skillion roofs are less expensive and easier to install than other roofs with numerous

slopes. As a result, with such a vast amount of building, the material and labour costs

will be reduced. Although a metal-clad skillion roof has limited circulation area, it is still

necessary to place vents in the right place with the rafters and battens for proper

ventilation. The required insulation R-value of the roof is 3.4 in order to meet the

construction R-values of 3.63climate zone 3.

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 Heating energy report
With the chosen construction option, the current design's building performance index

(BPI) is 1.48 (pass). The current building design complies with Clause H1 of the NZBC

because it passes the BPI requirements. However, in order to comply with the NZBC it

also must comply with Clause E3 Internal Moisture of the NZBC. The overall energy

load of the selected structures is 21574.67 kWh/year, with an energy gain of 8910.35

kWh/year. It implies that the house's required heating energy is 12664.32 kWh per

year.

3. Impacts of Wind Exposure and Window Changes

3.1 Exposing building to different wind levels

The graph above of Taupo depicts the number of days each month when the

wind exceeds a specific speed. An interesting example is the Tibetan Plateau, where

the monsoon creates steady strong winds from December to April, and calm winds

from June to October. Taupo is located in a strong wind zone, as seen in the diagram.

This zone necessitates the use of a specific engineering design for all constructions.

The property developer, on the other hand, plans to build houses in the authorized

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 area with up to four equivalent occupants. This indicates that the house should be

located in a semi-sheltered region surrounded by similar-sized structures for the best

wind exposure. The wind zone factor is be reduced from 0.18 to 0.12.

The BPI remained at 1.48 after selecting wind exposure (pass). The total

energy load is reduced to 12664.32 kWh/year due to the drop in air leakage to 803.70

kWh/year, while the useable gain remains unchanged at 8910.35 kWh/year. It means

that the house's required heating energy was semi-exposed on two sides with equal-

sized structures or trees after the wind was chosen.

3.2 Changing the type of windows

Most developers and clients desire to change any construction material to lower

the project's cost while keeping the project's efficacy at the same level.

Wind exposure and structural modifications in window structure have been

linked in the past. Windows allow for natural light and ventilation in buildings, both of

which are important for comfort. Another crucial factor to consider when selecting a

window type and size is its thermal performance. The better a building's thermal

performance is, the less heat it can let in and the less energy it takes to keep it cold.

4. Impacts of Internal Temperature and Heating Schedule Variations.

4.1 Internal temperature

To make a building comfortable, it should have an average internal air temperature of

21 °C throughout the year. Taupo has outstanding thermal performance when compared to

traditional wood materials. The durability of construction materials will be reduced, and the

inside climate of structures will be affected by a milder climate. Summers that are hotter will

necessitate more cooling. The internal walls has an effective thermal Mass of 3.12 W/°C.

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 4.2 Heating schedule
The heating variation is scheduled in the evening heating only from 5pm to 11pm at

20°C. for the selected aluminium window frame, the window loss is 4217.26 kWh/year with

an average air leakage of 803.70 kWh/year.

Recommendations

i. Highest energy cost option

In cold months, the use of an air-source heat pump that combines a large

ground-source heat pump with a smaller solar thermal collector can deliver both

cooling and heating[ CITATION Yao20 \l 1033 ]. This allows the service life of the solar

thermal collector to be extended to 24 hours per day. Present energy prices should be

utilized because they are subject to change.

ii. Lowest energy cost option

The use of timber in floor design is highly energy efficient and requires little

maintenance, as it has no nails or screws to strip out. The use of modular construction

techniques increases the speed of construction, allowing for a more efficient use of

resources. Timber the main material for this is locally available in New Zealand

forests.

iii. Recommendation

In the cold winter weather, designing and building a high-performance

efficient house with an excellent thermal performance is indispensable for

human life. It is recommended that houses in cold areas should meet both

thermal performance and constructability requirements to ensure comfortable

and healthy indoor environment and at the same time be cost effective.

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 6. References

Builders & Contractors Magazine. (2018, November 21). Urban Design Study. Retrieved from

https://issuu.com/markatpromotions/docs/b_c114

Center for Climate and Energy Slution. (n.d.). Home Energy Use. Retrieved from

https://www.c2es.org/content/home-energy-use/

Eustace , D., Mackay, J., & Stickney, P. (2009). Urban Design Study: Taupo Urban

Commercial and Industrial Structure Plan. Taupo.

Kazanci, O., Toftum, J., & Olesen, B. (2016, April 07). Effect of Set-point Variation on

Thermal Comfort and Energy Use in a Plus-energy Dwelling. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297452992_Effect_of_Set-

point_Variation_on_Thermal_Comfort_and_Energy_Use_in_a_Plus-energy_Dwelling

Loue, S., Lloyd, L. S., & O'Shea, D. (2010). COMMUNITY HEALTH ADVOCACY. NZ: EPDF.

Nooriati, T., Aldrin, A., & Fadzil, S. F. (2010, November). An Assessment of Thermal Comfort

and Users’ Perceptions of Landscape Gardens in a High-Rise Office Building.

Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49583851_An_Assessment_of_Thermal_Co

mfort_and_Users'_Perceptions_of_Landscape_Gardens_in_a_High-

Rise_Office_Building

Taupo Distric Council. (2011). 2020 fault mapping for Taupō District. Retrieved from

https://www.taupodc.govt.nz/property-and-rates/fault-line-mapping

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Wang, K., & Stathopoulos, T. (2012, June 20). The Impact of Exposure on Wind Loading of

Low Buildings. Retrieved from

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/40889%28201%299

Wu, X., Lu, Y., Zhou, S., Chen, L., & Xu, B. (2016, January). Impact of climate change on

human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation. Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007

Yao, J., Liu, W. J., Zhang, L., Tian, B., & Da, Y. (2020, January 28). Performance analysis of

a residential heating system using borehole heat exchanger coupled with solar

assisted PV/T heat pump. Renewable Energy, 160-175. Retrieved from

https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/performance-analysis-of-a-residential-heating-

system-using-boreho

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