CE123-1

HYDRAULICS

Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem

ENGR. ROGELIO FRETTEN C. DELA CRUZ, CE

INSTRUCTOR
BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM
The Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem results from the application of the principles of
conservation of energy. This equation may be summarized as follows:

Bernoulli’s Principle, in physics, the

concept that as the speed of a moving
fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the
pressure within that fluid decreases.
Originally formulated in 1738 by Swiss
mathematician and physicist Daniel
Bernoulli, it states that the total energy in
a steadily flowing fluid system is constant
along the flow path. An increase in the
fluid’s speed must therefore be matched
by a decrease in its pressure.
Energy Equation:
Energy at Energy Energy Energy Energy at
Section 1
+
Added ‒ Lost ‒ Extracted = Section 2

𝐸1 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 − 𝐻𝐸 = 𝐸2

𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿 − 𝐻𝐸 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
Energy Equation without Head Loss:
If the fluid experiences no head lost in moving from section 1 to section 2
then the total energy at section 1 must be equal to the total energy at section 2.
Neglecting head loss in fluid flow, the values that we get are called ideal or
theoretical values.
𝐸1 = 𝐸2

𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + z1 = + + z2
2g 𝛾 2g 𝛾
Energy Equation with Head Loss:
Considering head lost, the values that we can attain are called actual values.
𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿1‐2 = 𝐸2

𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + z1 − 𝐻𝐿1‐2 = + + z2
2g 𝛾 2g 𝛾
Energy Equation with Pump:
Pump is used basically to increase the head. Usually, to raise water from a
lower to a higher elevation. The input power (𝑃input ) of the pump is electrical
energy, and its output power (𝑃output ) is the flow energy.

𝐸1 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿1‐2 = 𝐸2

𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + z1 + 𝐻𝐴 − 𝐻𝐿1‐2 = + + z2
2g 𝛾 2g 𝛾
Output Power of Pump = Q γ 𝐻𝐴
Energy Equation with Turbine or Motor:
Turbines or motors extract flow energy to do mechanical work which in turn
converted into electrical energy for turbines.

𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐸 − 𝐻𝐿1‐2 = 𝐸2

𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + z1 − 𝐻𝐸 − 𝐻𝐿1‐2 = + + z2
2g 𝛾 2g 𝛾

Input Power of Turbine = Q γ 𝐻𝐸

Problem 1.
A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes
in size from 150 mm at section 1 and 450 mm at
section 2. Section 1 is 3.6 m below section 2, and the
pressures are 90 kPa and 60 kPa, respectively. If the
discharge is 150 liter/sec, determine the head lost and
direction of flow
Solution:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 0.15 m3 /sec

0.15 m3 /sec
𝑣1 = 𝜋 2
= 8.488 m/sec 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
4
0.15 m 𝐸2 = + + z2
2g 𝛾
0.15 m3 /sec
𝑣2 = 𝜋 2
= 0.943 m/sec 0.943 m/sec 2 60 kN/m2
4
0.45 m 𝐸2 = + + 3.6 m
2 9.81 m/sec 2 0.877 9.81 kN/m3
Considering section 1 as datum: 𝐸2 = 10.619 m
𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝐸1 > 𝐸2 Hence, the flow is from point 1 to point 2.
𝐸1 = + + z1
2g 𝛾
Head Lost, 𝐻𝐿 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2
8.488 m/sec 2 90 kN/m2 𝐻𝐿 = 14.133 m − 10.619 m
𝐸1 = + +0
2 9.81 m/sec 2 0.877 9.81 kN/m3
𝐻𝐿 = 3.514 m
𝐸1 = 14.133 m
Problem 2.
Oil flows from a tank through 150 m of 150
mm diameter pipe and then discharges into air
as shown in the figure. If the head loss from
point 1 to point 2 is 600 mm, determine the
pressure needed at point 1 to cause 17 liter/sec
of oil to flow.
Solution:
𝑄 = 17 liter/sec = 0.017 m3 /sec
Energy equation from point 1 to point 2:
𝐸1 − 𝐻𝐿1‐2 = 𝐸2
𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + z1 − 𝐻𝐿1‐2 = + + z2
2g 𝛾oil 2g 𝛾oil

Also, recall that for circular pipe of

diameter D flowing full:
𝑣2 8𝑄 2
=
2𝑔 𝜋 2 𝑔𝐷4
𝑝1 8(0.017 m3 /sec)2
0+ + 20 m − 0.60 m = + 0 + 30 m
0.84(9.81 kN/m3 ) 𝜋2 (9.81 m/sec2 )(0.15 m)4

𝑝1 = 87.737 kN/m2

𝑝1 = 87.737 kPa
References:
▪ Fluid Mechanics 7th Edition
by Frank M. White
▪ Fluid Mechanics: Fundamental and Applications
by Yunus A. Cengel & John M. Cimbala
▪ Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines
by S K Som & G Bis was