PSW M 12051 Development Administration Prepared By Mr.

Suresh C R
STUDY NOTES FACULTY Dept Of Social Work
SSUSRC THURAVOOR

SOCIAL WELFARE AGENCIES -ROLE& TYPES

Social welfare agency is defined as “ an agency formulated on

voluntary & non profit manner & its function is to make ensure the welfare
& upliftment of weaker sections of the society through planning&
implementation of social policies &social services.”

A social welfare agency is a group of person who have organized

themselves as a legal corporate body. It is initiated spontaneously and governed by
its own members without any external control or compulsion. It has a definite
report of working group on social welfare for third – five –year plan, 1959
programme in fulfillment of its objectives with the funds raised by it from the
community and grants received from government, if any. For providing treatment
or preventive services in social welfare, an agency or organization is needed so that
the techniques of social work are practiced in the fulfillment of the objectives of
the agency, keeping in view the needs and resources of the community in which
the agency is working.

A social welfare system provides assistance to needy individuals and

families. The types and amount of welfare available to individuals and families
vary depending on the country, state or region.

The Social Welfare Services aim to safeguard social cohesion

and socialsolidarity; to provide social protection, achieve social inclusion and
promote equal opportunities for all citizens; to combat poverty and socialexclusion
and to promote the interests of individuals, families and groups

The social Welfare Services of the Government of India are intended to carter
to the special needs of persons and groups who, by reason of some handicap,
social, economic, physicals or mental are unable to avail themselves of the
amenities and services provided by the community. These weaker sections include
women, children, handicapped, aged and infirm, Scheduled Castes & Scheduled
Tribes etc.
Social welfare activities in the country find their inspiration in constitution
which postulates the goal of welfare state. Article 38 of the Constitution enjoying
that the steps shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and
protecting as effectively as it may, a social order in which, social, economic and
political shall in form all the institutions of the national life.
They also encourage the states to ensure that the health and strength of wonders,
men and women and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are
not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age and
strength, and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and
against moral and material abandonment.
The Social Welfare Services in almost four decades of planning having sought to
serve the development and rehabilitation needs of the weaker sections of the
society.

Objectives Of Social Welfare Agencies

Following are the main objectives of social welfare agency .

 To ensure well being of society

 Provide social service to weaker sections
 Act as an agent of social justice
 Facilitate social security
 Planning & implementation of social welfare programmes
 Facilitate Social auditing
 Facilitate to transfer social policies into social service.
 Ensure social development
 Protect Marginalized sections of the society
 Act as a link between people & government
 To ensure collective action for social change

Types OF Social Welfare Agencies

The Indian Constitution establishes a welfare state. This is clear from
the salient features in the Preamble and the Directive Principles of State Policy
(DPSP). In this spirit, India is making a determined attempt to fulfill its ideal of a
welfare state not only in principle but also through economic planning, thus
securing to the Indian citizens justice—social, economic and political.

1.Women Welfare Agencies

These agency focused on welfare & development of women from

marginalized & weaker sections. This agency deal with various policies ,
programmes & laws relating to women welfare.

2.Child Welfare Agencies

Ultimate aim of this agency is to ensure child protection&

development. child welfare system is a group of public and private services that
are focused on ensuring that all children live in safe, permanent and stable
environments that support their well-being. Child welfare services may interact
with entire families, or they may be focused on direct intervention with children.

3. Tribal welfare agencies

This type of agency deals policies ,programmes & laws regarding tribal
welfare. The Indian Constitution has made important provision for the welfare of
tribal people. The Government has given special attention to their education and
economic development. In free India the state and Central Govt. Have made
incessant efforts in the direction of tribal welfare.

4.YouthWelfare Agency

This type of agency functioned for the protection of rights of youth and
guaranteed youth welfare services all over the country.Also formulate innovative
programmes for youth development. The objective of this agency is to provide
opportunities for developing those qualities of character, which make
the youth self discipline, self reliant, willing & able to serve the community. ... For
the promotion ofyouth welfare activities. • May be of literary nature, art, music or
sport activities.
Other types of social welfare agencies include

1. Voluntary Agency -- A voluntary agency may be defined as “an

organization that is administered by an autonomous board which holds
meetings, collects funds for its support, chiefly from private sources, and
spends money whether with or without paid workers, in conducting a
programme directed primarily to improve well being of a community.

Structure of Voluntary Agency

The voluntary agencies in India are democratic organizations of the people

free from any state control. The structure of these organization include-
(i) General body
(ii) Executive Council/Managing Committee
(iii) Standing Committees
(iv) Other functional committees The general body of a voluntary agency
consists of general membership who pay membership fees/subscription
according to the constitution of the organization, which may have different
categories such as –
(a) General Members (b) Life Members (c) Associate Members (d)
Institutional Members etc.

2. National & International Agencies – activities on national&

internationallevel

3. Government Aided Agencies – This types of agencies working with the

aid of govt and also be registered in govt.

Role Of Social welfare agency

social welfare agencies also play an important role when it comes to
appealing to the people, to shaping social awareness and motivation the population
to commit themselves to voluntary social work.

Major roles includes

1. to study the need for and the efficacy of social legislation,
2. to execute programmes of social welfare,
3. to assist, both directly and through other agencies, the development of
social services, the study of social problems, and the creation of trained
personnel for social administration,
4. to assist specialised and private agencies through guidance, and financially,
and to protect the interest of society by a measure of regulation and control,
5. to initiate pilot projects, or help field organisations to develop such projects,
in order to demonstrate the efficacy of programmes, methods, leadership
and organisation,
6. to promote initiative in and improvement of social services by supplying
information, materials, publications, audio-visual aids, etc., and
7. to take over-social services of vital importance initiated and organised by
private agencies when these develop beyond their ability to manage.

The object of social welfare is the attainment of social health

which implies the realisation of such objectives as adequate living
standards, the assurance of socia! justice, opportunities for cultural
development through individual and group self-expressions, and re-
adjustment ol'human relations leading to social harmony. A comprehensive
concept of living standards will include the satisfaction of basic needs like
food, clothing and shelter as well as normal Scitisfactions of family life,
enjoyment of physical and mental health, opportunities for the expression of
skills and recreational abilities, and active and pleasurable social
participation. The achievement of social justice demands co-operative and
concerted effort on the pan of the State and the people. These objectives are
to be achieved mainly by revitalising the nation's life by creating well-
organised and active regional communities in rural and urban areas to work
co-opcratively for national development. Such decentralised community
groups will release national energy, extend the scope for leadership, and
help to create initiative and organisation extensively in the remotest parts of
the country.
 Functions Of social Welfare Agencies
 Promotion of co-operative efforts for ensuring welfare of weaker
sections
 Finding& Deploying Resources
 Planning & Implementation of social welfare programmes
 Supply information about social services to the public
 Co-ordination of social welfare services
 Implementation of welfare projects
 Monitoring& evaluation of social welfare programmes
 Enhance social development
 Ensure fair implementation of social justice
 Protect the interest of marginalized sections in the society

Principles of Social Welfare Agencies

 Principle of Planning
 Principle of needs& Wants
 Principle of communication
 Principle of co-ordination
 Principle of social work values
 Principles of potentiality
 Principle of co-operation
 Principle of equality
Subsidies& Grand in Aid
A subsidy is a benefit given to an individual, business or institution,
usually by the government. It is usually in the form of a cash payment or
a tax reduction. The subsidy is typically given to remove some type of burden, and
it is often considered to be in the overall interest of the public, given to promote a
social good or an economic policy.
 A grant-in-aid is the transfer of money from the federal government to a
state government, local government or individual person for the purposes of
funding a specific project or program. The federal government gets this money
from income tax revenues.

A giving of federal funds to a state or local government to subsidize a

public project can be called as grant in aid. It is the money coming from central
government for a specific project. This kind of funding is usually used when the
govt and parliament have decided that the recipient should be publicly funded but
operate with reasonable independence from state. Such funds are usually
accompanied by requirements & standards set by the governing body or how they
are to be spend.

Subsidy can be defined as money granted by state ,public body etc to keep
down prices of commodities and other.

Management of income generation programmes& Micro credit

Income Generation Programmes

The key goal of income generation is to economically empower men,

women, and youth by providing them with training in types of work that can earn
them money in addition to their farming. Villagers can find opportunities to
generate income by producing value-added products from agricultural produce and
by promoting local handicrafts.
One of the most important things is to support the village-based
industries that already exist—sometimes for centuries. The essential ingredient is
to provide the training needed to improve product quality, thus ensuring better
prices and marketability.

The Socio-Economic Context of IGPs

At present there are many social and economic factors operating in the Region
which influence the provision of IGPs. Some of these factors are illustrated in the
following diagram (Figure 1. 1). Each of the factors is described below:
(a) Growing levels of literacy
Levels of literacy vary from State to State and group to group ranging
from aslow as 10 per cent in some instances to almost 100 per cent in others. The
overallsituation, however, is gradually improving as more and more effort is being
made toeradicate illiteracy, through formal, non-formal and other modes of
education.Member States are witnessing an evolutionary growth from illiteracy
towardsthe emergence of learning societies though the intermediate stages of semi-
literacy,neo-literacy and functional literacy. As a result, the number of people
requiring, andindeed demanding, continuing education is rapidly increasing. In
particular there is a high demand for those continuing education activities which
focus on improving thecapacity to increase income. There is a growing realization
that as literacy skills improveso capability of generating income improves. This is
a major driving force for the provision of IGPs

b.Increasing Aspirations
With increasing literacy and access to information on global development,
the aspirations of the people are growing to improve their living conditions and
quality of life. The urge for higher levels of income is constantly on the increase.
This has resultedin more and more people seeking opportunities to engage in
economic activitiesthrough acquisition of relevant productive skills and abilities.

(c) Urban Migration

Many people residing in rural and semi-urban areas are migrating to nearby
cities. This is because increased industrialisation has restricted opportunities for
gainfulemployment in rural areas. Many social and economic problems arise from
thistrend. In order to minimize such problems people should be encouraged to stay
in ruralareas by helping them develop appropriate skills and abilities for improving
their incomegenerating capacity through agriculture related businesses and
enterprises.

(d) Poverty Alleviation

A great majority of people in many developing countries are living below the
poverty line. In addition the economic conditions of some sections of society even
indeveloped countries need to be improved. This calls for preparing the people
with technical,vocational and entrepreneurial skills aimed at income generation in
order to solvethe problems associated with acute poverty.

(e) Equity and Social Justice

Several kinds of disparities exist in the living conditions among the
d i fferent sections of society. This is mainly due to differing capacities and
opportunities for income-generation. Groups especially disadvantaged in this
regard include rural women, unemployed youth, the aged and certain ethnic
minorities. In order to minimize disparities and provide social justice adequate
opportunities need to be provided to equip less fortunate people withcompetencies
to raise their levels of income.

(f) Changing Employment Patterns

Due to rapid changes taking place in technological, industrial and economic
spheres, the world of work is undergoing rapid transformation. Some jobs and
businessesare becoming obsolescent giving place to new ones. The scope for paid
employment is not in keeping with the growing demand. Self-employment and
co-employment (with partner or cooperative) are on the rise. More and more
womenare entering the work force. To cope with these trends and changes, people
need to betrained and retrained to continually sustain their earning power.

(g) Economic Prosperity

All Member States are concerned with improving their economic prosperity.
They wish to become less dependent on other nations and obtain maximum
advantagesfrom the changing complex interdependent world economy. This is only
possiblewhen a great majority of the people are in a position to richly and
effectively contributeto the national economy. Hence there is need for involving
maximum numbers ofpeople in income generating activities.

The Priority Target for Income Generating Programmes

This focuses upon those members of our community who have difficulty
in generating income, in particular on those with not enough income to become
self-sufficient and so enjoy a reasonable quality of life. Self-sufficiency and quality
oflife are, of course, relative terms. The so called poverty line is described in many
waysbut at its most basic it identifies those persons who have such low income that
theycannot exist without regularly calling upon the rest of the community for
assistance toacquire the most basic things in life - food, clothing, shelter, education
and good health.

(Figure 1.2). In some instances whole communities are below the poverty line and
assistance is not immediately available.
Purpose of Income-Generating Programmes

The main purpose of an IGP therefore is the promotion of a better quality of

life for all citizens. In order to achieve this there is a need to develop vocational
skills,knowledge, attitudes, and values, and to ensure that these are used to
generate income.
Another important purpose is to upgrade work ethics so that people become
useful and productive members of society. Only then can they meaningfully
contributeto nation building.

The central focus of IGPs as provided in this volume is to alleviate poverty

andto contribute to the development of human resources. This is achieved in the
following
ways:
a) By empowering people to identify their economic needs and explore ways
and means of fulfilling those needs;
b) By developing self-confidence and ability to undertake income generating
activities through appropriate and adequate training and motivation;

c) By providing opportunities for continuous upgrading of vocational

knowledge and skills for gainful employment;
d) By developing a team spirit for working together for sustainable social
and economic growth.

Micro Credit

Micro Credit is defined as provision of thrift, credit and other financial

services and products of very small amount to the poor in rural, semi-urban and
urban areas for enabling them to raise their income levels and improve living
standards. Micro Credit Institutions are those which provide these facilities.

Microcredit can be defined as small loans, or microloans, for people around the
world in extreme poverty to help spur entrepreneurship. The issue of microcredit is
extremely important in the world’s economy. Poverty alleviation and economic
development are the primary goals of microcredit programs, that is why they began
in the developing countries of Asia and Latin America, economist Muhammad
Yunus and his Grameen Bank in Bangladesh are credited of pioneering this
financial innovation (Smith, Thurman, 2007). After acquiring a loan, impoverished
people get involved in self-employment projects that help them to start a business
and begin generating income and in many cases leave poverty. 

Let suggest a broad classification of microcredit :

Traditional informal microcredit (such as, moneylender’s credit, pawn shops,
A) loans from friends and relatives, consumer credit in informal market, etc.)
Microcredit based on traditional informal groups (such as, tontin, su su,
B) ROSCA, etc.)
Activity-based microcredit through conventional or specialised banks (such as,
C) agricultural credit, livestock credit, fisheries credit, handloom credit, etc.)
D) Rural credit through specialised banks.
 Cooperative microcredit (cooperative credit, credit union, savings and loan
E) associations, savings banks, etc.)
F) Consumer microcredit.
G) Bank-NGO partnership based microcredit.
H) Grameen type microcredit or Grameen credit.
I) Other types of NGO microcredit.
J) Other types of non-NGO non-collateralized microcredit.
This is a very quick attempt at classification of microcredit just to make a point.
The point is —every time we use the word “microcredit” we should make it clear
which type (or cluster of types) of microcredit we are talking about. Otherwise
we’ll continue to create endless confusion in our discussion. Needless to say that
the classification I have suggested is only tentative. We can refine this to allow
better understanding and better policy decisions.

Classification can also be made in the context of the issue under discussion. I am
arguing that we must discontinue using the term “microcredit” or “microfinance”
without identifying its category.

Microcredit data are compiled and published by different organizations. We find

them useful. I propose that while publishing these data we identify the category or
categories of microcredit each organization provides. Then we can prepare another
set of important information ? number of poor borrowers, and their gender
composition, loan disbursed, loan outstanding, balance of savings, etc. under each
of these categories, countrywise, regionwise, and globally.

These sets of information will tell us which category of microcredit is serving how
many poor borrowers, their gender break-up, their growth during a year or a
period, loans disbursed, loans outstanding, savings, etc. The categories which are
doing better, more support can go in their direction. The categories which are
doing poorly may be helped to improve their performance. For policy-maters this
will be enormously helpful. For analysis purpose this will make a world of
difference.

General Features of micro credit

a) It promotes credit as a human right.
Its mission is to help the poor families to help themselves to overcome poverty.
b) It is targeted to the poor, particularly poor women.
Most distinctive feature of Grameencredit is that it is not based on any collateral,
or legally enforceable contracts. It is based on “trust”, not on legal procedures
c) and system.
It is offered for creating self-employment for income-generating activities and
d) housing for the poor, as opposed to consumption.
It was initiated as a challenge to the conventional banking which rejected the
poor by classifying them to be “not creditworthy”. As a result it rejected the
basic methodology of the conventional banking and created its own
e) methodology.
It provides service at the door-step of the poor based on the principle that the
f) people should not go to the bank, bank should go to the people.
g) In order to obtain loans a borrower must join a group of borrowers.
Loans can be received in a continuous sequence. New loan becomes available to
h) a borrower if her previous loan is repaid.
i) All loans are to be paid back in instalments (weekly, or bi-weekly).
j) Simultaneously more than one loan can be received by a borrower.
It comes with both obligatory and voluntary savings programmes for the
k) borrowers.
Generally these loans are given through non-profit organizations or through
institutions owned primarily by the borrowers. If it is done through for-profit
institutions not owned by the borrowers, efforts are made to keep the interest
rate at a level which is close to a level commensurate with sustainability of the
programme rather than bringing attractive return for the investors.
Grameencredit’s thumb-rule is to keep the interest rate as close to the market
rate, prevailing in the commercial banking sector, as possible, without
sacrificing sustain-ability. In fixing the interest rate market interest rate is taken
as the reference rate, rather than the moneylenders’ rate. Reaching the poor is its
non-negotiable mission. Reaching sustainability is a directional goal.

Social Marketing: Meaning, Applications and Advantages of Social

Marketing
 Meaning:
Social marketing is the systematic application of marketing along with other
concepts and techniques to achieve specific behavioural goals for a social good.
For example, this may include asking people not to smoke in public areas, asking
them to use seat belts or prompting to make them follow speed limits.

The primary aim of social marketing is ‘social good’, whereas in commercial

marketing the aim is primarily ‘financial’. This does not mean that commercial
marketers cannot contribute to achievement of social good.

Applications of Social Marketing:

1. Health promotion campaigns in India, especially in Kerala and AIDS awareness
programmes are largely using social marketing, and social workers are largely
working for it. Most of the social workers are professionally trained for this
particular task.

2. Anti-tobacco campaigns.
3. Anti-drug campaigns.
4. Anti-pollution campaigns.
5. Road safety campaigns.
6. Anti-dowry campaigns.
7. Protection of girl child campaign.
8. Campaign against the use of plastic bags.
9. Green marketing campaign.

Social marketing applies a customer-oriented approach, and uses the concepts

and tools used by commercial marketers in pursuit of social goals such as anti-
smoking campaigns or fund raising for NGOs.

Advantages of Social Marketing:

 Social marketing—a new marketing tool—can be a great asset if used properly.
The beneficial effects of social marketing for a business can be tremendous, but
one must remember that it must be used in the most efficient possible way.

Social marketing allows businesses and web sites to gain popularity over the
Internet by using different types of social media available, such as blogs, video and
photo sharing sites, social networking sites and social bookmarking web sites.

There are six distinct advantages of social marketing that make it a vital tool
to any marketing campaign:
1. Promotes consumption of socially desirable products.

2. Promotes health consciousness in people and helps them adopt a healthier

lifestyle.

3. It helps in green marketing initiatives

4. It helps to eradicate social evils that affect the society and quality of life.

5. Social marketing is one of the cheapest ways of marketing.

6. One of the best advantages of social marketing is that anyone can take advantage
of it, even from their own home.

Office Management and It’s Importance!

Office management is the technique of planning, organizing, coordinating
and controlling office activities with a view to achieve business objectives and is
concerned with efficient and effective performance of the office work. The success
of a business depends upon the efficiency of its office. The volume of paper work
in offices has increased manifold in these days due to industrialization, population
explosion, government control and application of various tax and labour laws to
any business enterprise. Efficiency and effectiveness which are key words in
management are achieved only through proper planning and control of activities,
reduction of office costs and coordination of all activities of business.

“Office management can be defined as a task of planning, coordination, motivating

the efforts of others towards the specific objectives in the office.”

“Office management, as a function, is that branch of the art and science of

management which is concerned with efficient performance of office work
whenever and wherever that work is to be done.” — William If. Leffingwell and
Edwin M. Rot.

“Office management is manipulation and control of men, methods, machine and

material to achieve the best possible results-results of highest possible quality with
the expenditure of least possible effect and expense, in the shortest practicable
time, and in a manner acceptable to the top management.”— Harry H. Wylie.

This definition stresses the utilization of resources of business like material,

methods etc. to achieve the objectives and results in a best and cheapest way and in
a minimum possible time.

Essential Office Equipments

The office should have a clean and healthy environment. For an office to function
effectively, it should be well equipped. There much equipment that is important for
the proper function of the office. Let's discuss the top ten essential equipment that
every office must have. Working in the office without this equipment would be
very difficult or impossible.

DESK, CHAIRS, AND OTHER ESSENTIAL FURNITURE

A good desk, couple of chairs at the correct height and operating space is
absolutely important to have in an office and these are inevitable things as far as
offices are concerned.

A decent shelf of low cost for storing office files and other stationary items is also
unavoidable office equipment.

such as sofa, wardrobe desk drawer, etc. can be included, provided you have a
considerable capital to invest. An organized office space plan will make for a faster
and more pleasant workday.

You don't necessarily need an entire building, but you should have enough space to
contain all your office essentials and files. If you are interested in buying new
office furniture or in office removals we will be happy to help.

PROPER LIGHTING

The office room should be equipped with proper lighting equipment. Unless until it
is facilitated with proper lighting, it's difficult to work. The lighting must be fixed
in proper positions to avoid shadows and other visibility hindrances. It's also
important to know about the quality and life of lighting products. Long lasting and
quality office lighting equipment must be used in order to save time and money.
Additional lighting such as colourful LED bulbs can also be used to give a cool
and colourful look to the office.

TELEPHONE
Having a dedicated phone and fax device is surely something that all offices should
have. It is advisable to have conventional desk phone on your most needed top 10
office equipment list. Telephones are always preferred over cell phones when it
comes to a well set up office. Cell phones are good, but desk phones dominate
them in a matter of call quality.

COMPUTER

Computer is one among the most important factors, which you cannot neglect. It
can be a desktop computer or a laptop with a good configuration and a docking
station.

IT office devices speed up your accounting as well as they help in keeping records
and, therefore, serve as a substitute of filing reducing at the same time a
significant office storage space needs.

It helps a lot in the day-to-day transactions, and it reduces the human stress.

A QUALITY INTERNET CONNECTION

Another important feature of the office is being connected to the web. You will
also need to be well trained in utilizing Internet statements such as browsers and
email accounts. A wired Internet connection is preferred than the wireless
connection as far as the office is concerned. It increases efficiency, reduces cost,
and you will get uninterrupted Internet connection, provided the server is a
broadband connection.

A website and corresponding office email address is a must for an organization to

flourish on Internet media. The essential office equipment to use the internet such
us modems and routers will be needed. Depends on the size of the business one
may even have his own in house servers. Just in case you are interested in this
option please check out our server removalsservices.
PRINTER

Printer is another device based on our top 10 essential office equipment list. Every
office must have at least one. In the office, there are occasions where one must take
printouts of different documents and mails. It's always suggested to use a colour
printer than a conventional black and white printer. Printers with scanners will help
a lot, as it will serve as a multi-purpose device. Printers with less expensive ink
cartridges will help a lot as most of the printers have expensive ink cartridges.

POWER POINT PROJECTOR

It's not enough to have computers and laptops alone in the office. You need to
present a lot of power point presentations and other data and charts. One cannot
simply go to each and every staff to show these presentations, as it is very time
consuming and impractical. Here comes the need of a power point projector. The
presentations can be projected in to the screen so that everyone in that office would
able to see it. The advantage of having this type of must-have office equipment is
its mobility. You can move it from one location to another with no problems.

POWER BACKUP

It's an important factor that your office doesn't run out of power. In order to get a
pleasant workspace, uninterrupted electricity is a major factor. You have to make
sure that your office must be provided with 24 hrs. power supply. For that, a power
generator or inverter is advisable. In the case of computerized office setup, an UPS
is an inevitable factor. For some companies the power backup equipment is on the
first place of the essential office devices list.

SURGE PROTECTOR
It's always advised to use surge protectors in offices. Voltage variation is a
common thing, which cause damages to electrical devices. Voltage spikes can be
prevented with the use of surge protectors.

A surge protector block the electric supply to electric devices during voltage
fluctuations and thus protects the devices from getting damaged.

But the quality of the surge protectors must make sure before using them.
Otherwise, there won't be any point in using them.

LAMINATOR

There are a lot of important documents in the office. Out of them some will be of
prior importance. It's essential to keep it safe. Lamination is the most effective
method that can be used to keep those documents safe. For that one must need a
laminator. By laminating a particular document or documents, its quality can be
preserved for a very long time as the lamination protects it from dust and other
external things.

We hope you like our 10 ten essential office equipment. If you would like find out
what else you may need in your office please contact us today. We would also
welcome your ideas on the most needed, standard, basic office equipment list.

“Office management is the art of guiding the personnel of the office in the use of
means appropriate to its environment in order to achieve its specified purpose.”—
Mills and Standinhford.

Office Management Technologies

 Following are the important technologies needed for office management.

1.Diverse Communication Tools

The biggest challenge is communicating ideas, either from one

discipline to another or across time and space. Making it quick to convey ideas --
whether with physical whiteboards, video conferencing or digitally sharing screens
-- the specific technology will depend on the need at the time. A single tool will
rarely fill all the needs, so finding tools that work together is crucial. -

2.Balance Between Smart Tech And Eco-Friendly Architecture

We future-proof our office by creating a fine balance between smart

technologies, cutting-edge materials and doing the responsible thing for our
environment. For example, our new office will have the LEED green building
certification that guarantees not only great quality in the building, but it also
ensures it will be eco-friendly and extremely resource-efficient. –

3. Dependable Wi-Fi

Dependable Wi-Fi is key to keeping employees in the zone. When we moved

offices, we invested in high-end Ruckus Wi-Fi appliances to handle hundreds of
Wi-Fi connections. It allows our IT team to understand network load and manage
accordingly so we can solve any future problems that might prevent the team from
being productive.

4. . Internet-Of-Things Technologies

Devices like smart thermostats extend the lifespan of expensive equipment by

optimizing system use, and the cost savings of smart energy management can be
reinvested elsewhere. Plus, as further knowledge and insight are gained by smart
device providers about how office spaces best use IoT devices, the technology will
continue to evolve to make office environments more comfortable and productive.
-

5. Multi-Factor Security
 Every modern-day office needs to be armed with multi-factor security. A badge
and password are no longer strong enough tools to keep companies protected, both
physically and digitally. For the highest level of risk mitigation, offices should be
outfitted with multi-factor access, deployable with facial recognition, iris scans and
keystroke dynamics.

6. Cybersecurity

No matter what changes in the technological playing field, there will always be a
need for robust, effective cybersecurity. Just about every company out there stores
so much value online that few things make more sense than investing in strong
security and keeping it updated. - 

7.Computer Aided Facilty Management

Financé Management –Budgeting,Auditing,BookKeeping

Financial Management - Meaning, Objectives and Functions
Meaning of Financial Management

Financial Management means planning, organizing, directing and controlling the

financial activities such as procurement and utilization of funds of the enterprise. It
means applying general management principles to financial resources of the
enterprise.
Scope/Elements

1. Investment decisions includes investment in fixed assets (called as capital

budgeting). Investment in current assets are also a part of investment
decisions called as working capital decisions.
2. Financial decisions - They relate to the raising of finance from various
resources which will depend upon decision on type of source, period of
financing, cost of financing and the returns thereby.
3. Dividend decision - The finance manager has to take decision with regards
to the net profit distribution. Net profits are generally divided into two:
a. Dividend for shareholders- Dividend and the rate of it has to be
decided.
 b. Retained profits- Amount of retained profits has to be finalized which
will depend upon expansion and diversification plans of the
enterprise.

Objectives of Financial Management

The financial management is generally concerned with procurement, allocation and

control of financial resources of a concern. The objectives can be-

1. To ensure regular and adequate supply of funds to the concern.

2. To ensure adequate returns to the shareholders which will depend upon the
earning capacity, market price of the share, expectations of the shareholders.
3. To ensure optimum funds utilization. Once the funds are procured, they
should be utilized in maximum possible way at least cost.
4. To ensure safety on investment, i.e, funds should be invested in safe
ventures so that adequate rate of return can be achieved.
5. To plan a sound capital structure-There should be sound and fair
composition of capital so that a balance is maintained between debt and
equity capital.

Functions of Financial Management

1. Estimation of capital requirements: A finance manager has to make

estimation with regards to capital requirements of the company. This will
depend upon expected costs and profits and future programmes and policies
of a concern. Estimations have to be made in an adequate manner which
increases earning capacity of enterprise.
2. Determination of capital composition: Once the estimation have been
made, the capital structure have to be decided. This involves short- term and
long- term debt equity analysis. This will depend upon the proportion of
equity capital a company is possessing and additional funds which have to
be raised from outside parties.
3. Choice of sources of funds: For additional funds to be procured, a company
has many choices like-
a. Issue of shares and debentures
b. Loans to be taken from banks and financial institutions
c. Public deposits to be drawn like in form of bonds.

Choice of factor will depend on relative merits and demerits of each source
and period of financing.
 4. Investment of funds: The finance manager has to decide to allocate funds
into profitable ventures so that there is safety on investment and regular
returns is possible.
5. Disposal of surplus: The net profits decision have to be made by the
finance manager. This can be done in two ways:
a. Dividend declaration - It includes identifying the rate of dividends and
other benefits like bonus.
b. Retained profits - The volume has to be decided which will depend
upon expansional, innovational, diversification plans of the company.
6. Management of cash: Finance manager has to make decisions with regards
to cash management. Cash is required for many purposes like payment of
wages and salaries, payment of electricity and water bills, payment to
creditors, meeting current liabilities, maintainance of enough stock, purchase
of raw materials, etc.
7. Financial controls: The finance manager has not only to plan, procure and
utilize the funds but he also has to exercise control over finances. This can
be done through many techniques like ratio analysis, financial forecasting,
cost and profit control, etc.

BUDGETING

Meaning of Budgeting:
Budgeting is the process of designing, implementing and operating budgets. It is
the managerial process of budget planning and preparation, budgetary control and
the related procedures. Budgeting is the highest level of accounting in terms of
future which indicates a definite course of action and not merely reporting.

It is an integral part of such managerial policies as long-range planning, cash

flow, capital expenditure and project management.

It must be remembered that budgeting is not forecasting. It is true that

budgeting does involve some sort of forecasting particularly in the area of
sales budget. But the process is physically one of detailed analyses and
planning not merely prognosticating future results.
Forecasting is a process of predicting the future state of world, in connection
with those aspects of the world which are relevant to and likely to affect on
future activities.

Any organized business cannot avoid anticipating or calculating future

conditions and trends for the framing of its future policy and decision.
Forecasting is concerned with probable events whereas budgeting relates to
planned events. Budgeting should be preceded by forecasting, but forecasting
may be done for purpose other than budgeting.

Thus, in forecasting an estimate of what is likely to happen is made whereas

budgeting is the process of stating policy and programme to be followed in
future. Further, forecasting does not connote any sense of control while
budgeting is a tool of control since it represents actions which can be shaped
according to sweet will so that it can be suited to the conditions which may or
may not happen.

In sum, budget is an operating and financial plan spelling out a target

which the management seems to attain on the basis of the forecasts
made. A forecast denotes some degree of flexibility while a budget
denotes a definite target.

Purpose and Objectives of Budgeting:

The overall purpose of budgeting is to plan different phases of business operations,
coordinate activities of different departments of the firm and to ensure effective
control over it.

To accomplish this purpose, a budget aims at attaining the following

objectives:
1. To prognosticate the firm’s future sales, production cost and other expenses in
order to earn desired amount of income and minimise the possibility of business
losses.

2. To anticipate the firm’s future financial condition and future need for funds
to be employed in the business with a view to keeping the firm solvent.

3. To decide the composition of capitalisation in order to ensure availability

of funds at reasonable cost.

4. To coordinate the efforts of different departments of the firm toward the

common objectives.

5. To accelerate efficiency of operations of different departments, divisions

and cost centres of the firm.

6. To fix responsibilities of different departmental heads.

7. To ensure effective control over the firm’s cash, inventory and sales, and

8. To facilitate centralised control over the firm through the budgetary system

Fundamental Principles of Budgeting:

So as to ensure that budget serves as an effective technique of managerial

decision making, certain cardinal principles must be kept in view.

These principles are:

1. Management Support:
Top management’s support and cooperation is essential for successful
implementation of the budget. It should take interest not only in setting the targets
and finalising the budgets but also constantly monitoring the actual performance to
find out the deviations if any and take curative steps, motivate the personnel and
reward the good performers.

2. Employees Involvement:
The budget should be established on the highest possible level of motivation. All
levels of management should participate in setting targets and preparing budget.
This will result in defining realistic targets.

Participation of employees in budgeting process will not only make them carefully
think about the likely development in the forthcoming period and prepare budget
accordingly, but will also motivate them to strive hard to achieve budget levels of
efficiency and activity

3. Statement of Organizational Goal:

The organizational goal should be quantified and clearly stated. These goals should
be set within the framework of corporate objectives and strategies. A well defined
corporate policy and strategy is a pre-requisite for budgeting.

4. Responsibility Accounting:
Individual employees should be informed about expectations of the management.
Only those costs over which an individual has predominant control should be used
in evaluating performance of that individual. Responsibility reports often contain
budget to actual comparisons.

5. Organizational Structure:
There should be well-planned organizational structure with clearly defined
authority and responsibility of different levels of management. Role and
responsibilities of Budget Committee and its President must be made known to the
people in the organization.

6. Flexibility:
If the basic assumptions underlying the budget change during the year, the budget
should be restated. This will enable the management to compare the actual level of
operations with the expected performance at that level.

7. Communication of Results:
Proper communications systems should be established for management reporting
and information service so that information pertaining to actual performance is
presented to the concerned manager timely and accurately so that remedial action
is taken wherever necessary.

8. Sound Accounting System:

Organization should have good accounting system so as to generate precise,
accurate, reliable and prompt information which is essential for successful
implementation of budget system.

Book Keeping
Bookkeeping involves the recording, on a daily basis, of a company’s financial
transactions. With proper bookkeeping, companies are able to track all information
on its books to make key operating, investing, and financing decisions.

Bookkeepers are individuals who manage all financial data for companies. Without
bookkeepers, companies would not be aware of their current financial position, as
well as the transactions that occur within the company.

Accurate bookkeeping is also crucial to external users, which include investors,

financial institutions, or the government that need access to reliable information to
make better investment or lending decisions. Simply put, the entire economy relies
on accurate and reliable bookkeeping for both internal and external users.

Importance of Bookkeeping

Proper bookkeeping gives companies a reliable measure of their performance. It

also provides information on general strategic decisions and a benchmark for its
revenue and income goals. In short, once a business is up and running, spending
extra time and money on maintaining proper records is critical.

Many small companies don’t actually hire full-time accountants to work for them
because the costs are usually higher. Instead, small companies generally hire a
bookkeeper or outsource the job to a professional firm. One important thing to note
here is that many people who intend to start a new business sometimes overlook
the importance of matters such as keeping records of every penny spent.

PUBLIC RELATION,NETWORKING & COMMUNICATION

.1. DEFINITIONS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

“Public Relations is the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and
maintain mutual understanding between on organization and its publics.” –

Institute of Public Relations, USA “Public relations is the attempt by information

persuasion and adjustment to engineer public support for an activity, cause,
movement or institution.”

- NEED FOR PUBLIC RELATIONS

Investing on Public relations will help the organisation to achieve its objective
effectively and smoothly. Public Relations is not creating good image for a bad
team. Since false image cannot be sustained for a long time. Though the
organisation product or services are good it need an effective Public Relations
campaign for attracting, motivating the public to the product or service or towards
the purpose of the programme. It is not only encourage the involvement from the
public and also resulting in better image. An effective Public Relations can create
and build up the image of an individual or an organisation or a nation. At the time
of adverse publicity or when the organisation is under crisis an effective Public
Relations can remove the "misunderstanding" and can create mutual understanding
between the organisation and the public.

. FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

• Public Relations is establishing the relationship among the two groups

(organisation and public).

• Art or Science of developing reciprocal understanding and goodwill.

• It analyses the public perception & attitude, identifies the organisation policy
with public interest and then executes the programmes for communication with the
public

. ELEMENTS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

• A planned effort or management function.

• The relationship between an organisation and its publics

• Evaluation of public attitudes and opinions.

• An organisation's policies, procedures and actions as they relate to said

organisation's publics.

• Steps taken to ensure that said policies, procedures and actions are in the public
interest and socially responsible. • Execution of an action and or communication
programme.
• Development of rapport, goodwill, understanding and acceptance as the chief end
result sought by public relations activities. Courtesy: Raymond Simon, Public
relations: concepts and practices, 2nd ed. (Columbus, O.Grid, 1980),

THE COMPONENTS AND TOOLS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS

1. "Public"

A group of similar individuals; an assortment of persons having the same interests,

problems, circumstances, goals; it is from such persons that opinion emanates.
Public is a varied creature; it comes in many forms and sizes. Public has a
multitude of wants and desires; it has its likes and dislikes, some times, strong likes
and strong dislikes. Employers make for a public and employees another public;
the government is a public and citizens constitute another public, and so on, each
of these groups is a public of the sort, tries to attract a different audience with its
own tools and techniques.

2. "Relations"

Human wants to create the need to establish relations with one another. The
representative wants of the individuals will profoundly affect their relationship. To
understand any relationship, therefore, one must understand the wants of those
involved. 'Relationships are of all possible types. We have relationship by ran-
superior to inferior, inferior to superior, and equal to equal. We have relationship
by sentiment-benevolent, Friendly, suspicious, jealous, hostile. A relationship may
be active, or it may be passive it may be good or it may be bad, or it may be
neutral. At any rate, the relationship is there to be accepted, ignored or altered, as
desired.
 3.Propaganda:

Propaganda is the manipulation of symbols to transmit accepted attitudes and

skills. It describes political application of publicity and advertising, also on a large
scale, to the end of selling an idea cause or candidate or all three.

4. Campaigns:

These consist of concerted, single-purpose publicity programme, usually on a

more or less elaborate scale, employing coordinated publicity through a variety of
media, aimed, at a number of targets, but focussed on specific objectives. A
campaign objective may be the election of a candidate, the promotion of political
cause or issue, the reaching of a sales goal, or the raising of a quota of funds.
4.Lobbying:

It entails the exertion of influence, smooth and measured pressure on other,

exercise of persuasion cum-pressure. In essence, it means a group putting its points
of view forward in an attempt to win the other groups support.

SOME POSSIBILITIES THAT WOULD CALL FOR PUBLIC

RELATIONS

Promotional Opportunity: To inform the new service / policy which call for
Public Relations to make wider publicity.

Competitive: To over come the resistance (pre-set mind condition).

Controversy: To eliminate the contradictory conditions in between the

organisation and the public.

Adverse publicity: To inform the truth or correct issues and thereby removing the
misunderstanding.
 Catastrophe: Announcement of any unfavourable issues.

Crisis: Whenever threats arises.

PUBLIC RELATIONS IN GOVERNMENT

Public relations role in government: The Government public relations contributes

to:

1. Implementation of public policy.

2. Assisting the news media in coverage of government activities.

3. Reporting the citizenry on agency activities.

4. Increasing the internal cohesion of the agency.

5. Increasing the agency’s sensitive to its public’s.

6. Mobilisation of support for the agency itself.

6 Essential Features of Public Relations

Following are the main features of Public Relations:

(1) Securing Cooperation of Public:

Public relation is an activity to get support from public. Every organisation wants
to run successfully. For this public (i.e., all related protagonists like consumers,
employees, shareholders and society) support is essential or needed. And the
support of public can be earned through Public Relations.

(2) Successful relation with Public:

Sometimes Public develops negative attitude towards any company. This
attitude could be changed by establishing public relations which helps in
developing better relations with public.

(3) Satisfying different Groups:

Public relation is an effort to satisfy different groups (like-consumers,
employees, shareholders and society). For example, with the help of Public
relation, the expectation of any particular group is acknowledged. The group
is tried to satisfy by most possibly meeting their expectations.

(4) Engaging in Dialogue:
Every organisation wishes to enjoy goodwill among all related protagonists.
For establishing good reputation it is essential to engage in dialogue (i.e.,
exchange of ideas). During dialogue organisation provides information and
this is possible only through Public Relations

(5) Ongoing Activity:
This is an effort which has to be repeated again and again. For example, to
keep the employees satisfied, meetings must be arranged with them from
time to time.

(6) Specialized Activity:
Public Relation is recognised in the form of a specialized activity. For
example, like-the other activities (purchase, production, sale, finance,
marketing etc.) in a business organisation, Public Relation activity is also
performed under the same series of activities. This is the reason why all big
organisations establish Public Relation Department separately.

Networking

Networking is a deliberate activity to build, reinforce and maintain

relationships of trust with other people to further your goals. Professional
networking is simply networking focused on professional goal.

Top 5 Types of Communication Network 

The most frequently followed networks are the following:

1. Vertical Network:
The vertical network is usually between the superior and subordinate and vice
versa. It is two-way communication. The immediate feedback is possible in this
type of communication network. It is formal network.

2.Chain Network:
This network of communication follows the organisational hierarchy and chain of
command. All subordinates receive commands or instructions from their superior.
B, C, D and E, F, G are the subordinates to A in the organisational hierarchy and
receive commands from ‘A’ which follows the way shown in the diagram.

3. Wheel Network:
Here all subordinates receive commands from one superior. This is highly
centralized type of communication network where each subordinate receives
commands or instructions from a single authority or superior ‘A’ and wants the
immediate feedback.

5. Star Network:
Under star communication network all members of the group communicate with
each other and exchange information. This network is a must for group
communication or where teamwork is involved. This network channel of
communication is open to all members of the group. The members communicate
with each other without hesitation.

communication
Meaning and Nature of Communication:
The exchange of information or passing of information, ideas or thought
from one person to the other or from one end to the other is communication.
According to McFarland communication is, “a process of meaningful interaction
among human beings. More specifically, it is the process by which meanings are
perceived and understandings are reached among human beings.” Newman and
summer defined communication as “an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or
emotions by two or more persons.”

Communication is the process of passing information from one person to another.

The purpose of communication understands of information. Whatever one wants to
say to someone should be clearly understood by him else the very purpose of the
communication would be defeated.
In an organisation communication facilitates the flow of information and
understanding between different people and departments through different media
using all the channels and networks. This flow of information is vital for
managerial effectiveness and decision making in general and for human resource
manager in particular as he has to be in contact with the managers of various
departments, employees and workers and trade union leaders.

Communication thus helps understand people better removing misunderstanding

and creating clarity of thoughts and expression. It also educates people. The
communication may be written or oral, formal, informal, and upward, downward,
horizontal, diagonal, interpersonal, intrapersonal, interdepartmental, intra-
organisational.

The communication brings people together, closer to each other. The

communication is an important management function closely associated with all
other managerial functions. It bridges the gap between individuals and groups
through flow of information and understanding between them. Information is the
most vital aspect for communication. It is the information which is transmitted,
studied, analyzed and interpreted and stored. The manager therefore has to spare
time to collect, analyze and store the information for decision-making and routine
day to day business.

Administrative process - Bureaucratic, Democratic & Human Relation Model

Bureaucratic Model

A bureaucratic organization is a form of management that has a pyramidal

command structure. The bureaucratic organization is very organized with a high
degree of formality in the way it operates. Organizational charts generally exist for
every department, and decisions are made through an organized process.

For an administrator the bureaucratic model provides valuable insights as

well as potential pitfalls. Although you can more easily identify the bureaucratic
model in a larger company, a small business may be called "bureaucratic" in nature
as long as there is a hierarchy of authority, a "departmental" separation of duties,
and an established set of policies or rules. Common details such as company
property, right of appeal, and job qualifications all stem from the bureaucratic
model -- as does a certain potential for inflexibility and inefficiency.

Components of bureaucratic model

1.Rules and Policies --- Weber's bureaucratic model is defined by a

"rational-legal" approach, in which order and reason is utilized to further the goal
of the organization. This applies to a number of aspects of the service; while the
most literal interpretation involves an established organizational policy, including
codes of conduct and methods of discipline, the bureaucratic model also involves
an ethic of professionalism and a dedication to serving the needs of the people or
beneficiaries.
2. Hierarchy
Simply put, hierarchy exists as long as someone has authority over another.
When one of your employees has to defer any kind of decision-making or progress
reports to you, this is evidence of a hierarchy. A more bureaucratic example of
hierarchy involves separate "chains of command," in which there are subordinates
and superiors for each distinct department. An important distinction of the
Weberian bureaucratic model is the "right of appeal," in which subordinates have
the ability to challenge the decisions of superiors, based on organisations rules.
Technically, this even applies to the head or service co0ordinator , ideally
safeguarding the business as a whole against arbitrary or counter-productive
decisions.
Other Characteristics
Weber developed his definition of the bureaucratic model in the early 20th century,
and some of the essential details may seem commonplace to the modern
organizational structure. For example, his bureaucracy model expressly
distinguishes office property from personal property, and considers employment as
a long-term condition that should ultimately result in some kind of tenure or other
protection from arbitrary termination. Personal needs in general are thought of as
secondary, or even counter-productive, to the goals of the organization. These
aspects lead to employment of specifically qualified individuals for each position,
and to making rule-based decisions that benefit the business, but with potential for
depersonalization and a loss of individual freedoms.

Democratic Model of administration

In political theory public administration does not appear as a defining element

of democracy. Moreover, traditional public administration is by definition a non-
democratic organization. This paper argues that the democratisation of public
administration is both necessary and appropriate. It is necessary in order to
overcome some of the theoretical and empirical limitations of the
politics/administration dychotomy. It is appropriate because it allows us to tackle
these limitations and the difficulties derived from it by helping improve the
efficiency and effectiveness, as well as the institutional performance, of
administrations. First, the paper addresses, from a conceptual perspective, the
question of ‘Why democratise public administration?’. Second, it explores the
mechanisms through which democratisation may be achieved both in public
administration's internal and external relations – that is, ‘How can public
administration be democratised?’. The conclusions point out some implications for
traditional models of administrative efficiency and political responsiveness – that is,
for democratic politics.

From a political science perspective, the alternative argument builds on the

idea that decentralization, civic engagement, active citizenship and better
representation of citizens are not only able to preserve the legitimacy of political
action but also to enhance public service performance and efficiency. The
emphasis on financial performance approximate public to private management
style, which, of course, has its advantages. However, it may seriously distance its
uniqueness and the respect for democratic values that is supposed to ensure. In
fact, no democracy can survive if the government lacks the ability to provide
citizens with the services they need. However, no expectations of prosperity are
sustainable if stripped of legitimacy). Local governments are therefore expected to
balance the trade-off between financial performance and democratic values.  )
centers on the Democratic Efficiency argument, a combination of political
competition, and civic participation mechanisms with full access to information
that leads to transparency and accountability, which in turn promotes accurate
service delivery and financial sustainability.

Human Relation model of administration

Human relations in administration simply means accomplishing the goals of the

organization without friction. It presupposes a knowledge of the goals and the
needs of individuals belonging to the group. In a library set-up the official
responsible for accomplishing the goals of the library revolves on the librarian and
the personnel officer, if any. Usually in the Phillippine setting the librarian is the
personnel officer at the same time.

It is easier to administer a small library than a big one because there are fewer
people to know and deal with and there is more chance of knowing the people
better in a small group. However, in bigger libraries there are division chiefs and
section heads who will help the librarian in administration. On the choice,
therefore, of these heads rests the success of the function of coordination and
cooperation.

An administrator who can be democratic and fair, and who can meet the emotional
needs of his staff will surely be a success. If he is democratic he will make rules in
cooperation with the staff and will treat them as equals (1). He will not be
judgemental (2) in his relations but rather helpful by seeing the other fellow's point
of view. He will open all channels of communication freely. He will try to meet the
emotional needs of his men by accepting each one as he really is; knowing his
problems and ambitions he can coordinate them with the goals of the library; he
provides affection by showing interest in everyone's welfare; and lastly he provides
room for achievement. He sets a good example for them to follow.
I think that all of you must have read books and articles on administration and
personnel work. You more or less know the principles and the do's and don'ts of
administration. I presume that our difficulty lies in the interpretation of these
principles in actual practice. We are all human and we all commit mistakes.
Sometimes we are not aware of our mistakes because we have to attend to so many
things and we are but human in thinking that we try to do the right things.
Therefore, I will confine myself to cases so that when we get into a parallel
situation we will know whether we fared badly or well. All these cases are made
up only.

As the leader of the organization the librarian sets the tone of the administration,
whether it is democratic or authoritarian. He may formulate democratic rules but in
practice he might deviate from them without his being aware of it. The littlest act, a
word uttered at the wrong moment may give him away. The staff can feel his
sincerity and fairness in many little ways. No matter how the best policies are
written if the administrator deviates in his actions, the staff will always take note.
They are most sensitive to faults.

The Human Relations Theory has human beings at its center as can be
understood by the name, but it also had more to it. It viewed human beings not as
machine models but as individuals with differing psychological motivations and
with distinct and dynamic group behavior affecting performances.

Some specific contributions of this approach are:

(i) An organization is a social system; with a culture of its own.

(ii) Informal groups have a serious impact on workers’ productivity.

(iii) There are conflicts between the organisation and the individuals.

(iv) Friendly supervision has a favourable influence on human efficiency at work.

(v) Free flow of communication, in the organization makes for good human
relations.