shinySIR: Interactive plotting for

infectious disease models

shinySIR provides interactive plotting for mathematical models of infectious disease spread. Users can choose
from a variety of common built-in ODE models (such as the SIR, SIRS, and SIS models), or create their own.
This latter flexibility allows shinySIR to be applied to simple ODEs from any discipline. The package is a useful
teaching tool as students can visualize how changing different parameters can impact model dynamics, with
minimal knowledge of coding in R. Models are inspired by those featured in the references below [1-4].

Basic information

Author and maintainer

Sinead E Morris

Contributors

Ottar N Bjørnstad

Citing this package

Citation information can be found with citation("shinySIR").

Getting help

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 If you encounter any bugs related to this package please contact the author directly. Additional descriptions of
the mathematical theory and package functionality can be found in the vignette. Further details on the
mathematical theory can also be found in the references listed below [1-4].

Recent updates

Version 0.1.1
Added flexibility in plotting appearance: axis labels and legend titles can now be customized using the
following arguments: xlabel, ylabel, and legend_title.
Includes deSolve error messages if equation solving fails

Quick start example

The package can be installed from CRAN by running

install.packages("shinySIR")

To install the most recent version from Github, first install and load devtools, then install shinySIR as follows

install.packages("devtools")
library("devtools")

install_github("SineadMorris/shinySIR")

To create an interactive plot of the SIR (susceptible-infected-recovered) model simply load the package and use
the run_shiny() command. A window, similar to the one below, will appear. This shows the dynamics of the SIR
model at the default parameter starting values; you can then change these values to explore their impact on
model dynamics.

library(shinySIR)

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 run_shiny(model = "SIR")

Model specification

A number of common models are supplied with the package, including the SIR, SIRS, and SIS models. They can
be accessed using the model argument, as shown above for the SIR model. These built-in models are
parameterized using R0 and the infectious period (1/γ), since these may be more intuitive for new students
than the slightly abstract transmission rate (β ) and recovery rate (γ ). The values for β and γ are calculated from
the other parameters and printed in a table below the graph (as shown in the SIR example above). A

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 comprehensive description of all built-in models is given below. Brief information can also be obtained by calling
default_models().

User-defined models

Users can also specify their own models using the neweqns argument. neweqns takes a function containing the
equations for the new model, with syntax as outlined in the example below. Note the syntax follows that used by
the popular ODE solver deSolve.

mySIRS <- function(t, y, parms) {

with(as.list(c(y, parms)),{

# Change in Susceptibles
dS <- - beta * S * I + delta * R

# Change in Infecteds
dI <- beta * S * I - gamma * I

# Change in Recovereds
dR <- gamma * I - delta * R

return(list(c(dS, dI, dR)))

})
}

The interactive plot can then be created by calling this function with neweqns, specifying initial conditions for all
model variables (ics), and specifying vectors for the parameter attributes, including parameter starting values
(parm0), names to be displayed in the interactive menu (parm_names), and minimum and maximum values for the
interactive menu (parm_min and parm_max, respectively).

run_shiny(model = "SIRS (w/out demography)",

neweqns = mySIRS,

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 ics = c(S = 9999, I = 1, R = 0),
parm0 = c(beta = 5e-5, gamma = 1/7, delta = 0.1),
parm_names = c("Transmission rate", "Recovery rate", "Loss of immunity"),
parm_min = c(beta = 1e-5, gamma = 1/21, delta = 1/365),
parm_max = c(beta = 9e-5, gamma = 1 , delta = 1))

Built-in models

Interactive plots can be generated for all built-in models using the run_shiny() function with the model argument.
Starting parameters and parameter ranges will be specified by default, but these can be modified if desired using
the arguments parm0, parm_names, parm_min, and parm_max (described above). The built-in models are detailed
below, with their corresponding equations, model arguments, and default parameter attributes.

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 SIR

model = "SIR"

In the simple SIR model (without births or deaths), susceptible individuals (S ) become infected and move into
the infected class (I ). After some period of time, infected individuals recover and move into the recovered (or
immune) class (R). Once immune, they remain so for life (i.e. they do not leave the recovered class). The
corresponding equations are given by

dS
= −βSI
dt

dI
= βSI − γI
dt
dR
= γI .
dt

where S, I , and R, are the numbers of susceptible, infected, and recovered individuals in the population.
Suppose the unit of time we are considering is days, then
β is the transmission rate and βSI represents the number of susceptible individuals that become
infected per day;
γ is the recovery rate and γI is the number of infected individuals that recover per day;

1/γ is the infectious period i.e. the average duration of time an individual remains infected.

An important quantity of any disease model is the the reproductive number, R0 , which represents the average
number of secondary infections generated from one infectious individual in a completely susceptible population.
For the SIR model,

R0 = βN /γ,

where N = S + I + R is the total (constant) population size. Since R0 and the infectious period are more
intuitive parameters, we use these as inputs for the built-in SIR model. We can then calculate β as

β = R0 γ/N .

The default parameter arguments for the SIR model are:

parm0 = c(R0 = 3, Ip = 7)

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 parm_names = c("R0", "Infectious period")
parm_min = c(R0 = 0, Ip = 1)
parm_max = c(R0 = 20, Ip = 21)

These can also be viewed by calling get_params(model = "SIR").

SIR with demography

model = "SIRbirths"

We can also add births into the SIR model. Assuming the birth rate is equal to the death rate (μ) gives:

dS
= μN − βSI − μS
dt

dI
= βSI − γI − μI
dt

dR
= γI − μR.
dt

Then
μN represents the number of births into the population per unit time (we assume everyone is born
susceptible)
μS (or μI / μR) is the number of susceptible (or infected/ immune) individuals that die per unit time.

For this model,

R0 = βN /(γ + μ),

and so

β = R0 (γ + μ)/N .

The default parameter arguments are:

parm0 = c(R0 = 3, Ip = 7, mu = round(0.25/365, 3))
parm_names = c("R0", "Infectious period", "Birth rate")
parm_min = c(R0 = 0, Ip = 1, mu = 0)
parm_max = c(R0 = 20, Ip = 21, mu = round(10/365, 3))

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 These can also be viewed by calling get_params(model = "SIRbirths"). Note the round(..., 3) function
rounds the parameter value to 3 decimal points. This improves readability for the shiny app slider scale.

SIR with vaccination at birth

model = "SIRvaccination"

To incorporate vaccination, assume a proportion, p, of new births into the population are vaccinated (and thus
immune to infection). Those that are vaccinated will avoid the susceptible class and go straight to the recovered
class, whereas those that are unvaccinated will go into the susceptible class as before. If p is the proportion
vaccinated, then 1 − p is the proportion left unvaccinated, and the equations become:

dS
= μN (1 − p) − βSI − μS
dt

dI
= βSI − γI − μI
dt
dR
= γI − μR + μN p.
dt

Here
μN p is the number of newborns vaccinated per unit time and μN (1 − p) is the number not vaccinated.
R0 is the same as in the SIR model with demography

The default parameter arguments are:

parm0 = c(R0 = 3, Ip = 7, mu = round(0.25/365, 3), p = 0.75)
parm_names = c("R0", "Infectious period", "Birth rate", "Proportion vaccinated")
parm_min = c(R0 = 0, Ip = 1, mu = 0, p = 0)
parm_max = c(R0 = 20, Ip = 21, mu = round(10/365, 3), p = 1)

These can also be viewed by calling get_params(model = "SIRvaccination").

SIS

model = "SIS"

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 For the SIS model, susceptible individuals (S ) become infected and move into the infected class (I ), and then
infected individuals who recover move straight back to the susceptible class (so there’s no period of immunity
like in the SIR model).
The corresponding equations (without demography) are

dS
= −βSI + γI
dt

dI
= βSI − γI .
dt

As in the SIR model without demography,

R0 = βN /γ,

and so

β = R0 γ/N .

The default parameter arguments are:

parm0 = c(R0 = 3, Ip = 7)
parm_names = c("R0", "Infectious period")
parm_min = c(R0 = 0, Ip = 1)
parm_max = c(R0 = 20, Ip = 21)

These can also be viewed by calling get_params(model = "SIS").

SIS with demography

model = "SISbirths"

Similar to the SIR model, we add in demography by assuming the birth rate is equal to the death rate (μ):

dS
= μN − βSI + γI − μS
dt

dI
= βSI − γI − μI
dt

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 It follows that

R0 = βN /(γ + μ),

and so

β = R0 (γ + μ)/N .

The default parameter arguments are:

parm0 = c(R0 = 3, Ip = 7, mu = round(0.25/365, 3))
parm_names = c("R0", "Infectious period", "Birth rate")
parm_min = c(R0 = 0, Ip = 1, mu = 0)
parm_max = c(R0 = 20, Ip = 21, mu = round(10/365, 3))

These can also be viewed by calling get_params(model = "SISbirths").

SIRS

model = "SIRS"

The SIRS model is similar to the SIR model in that individuals become immune to the disease once they recover.
However, instead of remaining immune for life (i.e. staying in the R class), they can instead lose this immunity
(at rate δ) and re-enter the susceptible class. The equations are given by

dS
= −βSI + δR
dt

dI
= βSI − γI
dt
dR
= γI − δR.
dt

Here
δR is the number of recovered individuals losing immunity per unit time
1/δ is the duration of immunity i.e. the average period of time an individual remains immune/recovered.

As with the SIR model,

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 R0 = βN /γ

and so

β = R0 γ/N .

Since the duration of immunity (Rp) may be a more intuitive quantity to parameterize than the rate of immune
loss, we use this as an input alongside R0 and the infectious period. The default parameter arguments are:
parm0 = c(R0 = 3, Ip = 7, Rp = 365)
parm_names = c("R0", "Infectious period", "Duration of immunity")
parm_min = c(R0 = 0, Ip = 1, Rp = 30)
parm_max = c(R0 = 20, Ip = 21, Rp = 30 * 365)

These can also be viewed by calling get_params(model = "SIRS").

SIRS with demography

model = "SIRSbirths"

Similar to the SIR and SIS models, we add in demography by assuming the birth rate is equal to the death rate (
μ):

dS
= μN − βSI + δR − μS
dt

dI
= βSI − γI − μI
dt

dR
= γI − δR − μR.
dt

It follows that

R0 = βN /(γ + μ),

and so

β = R0 (γ + μ)/N .

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 The default parameter arguments are:
parm0 = c(R0 = 3, Ip = 7, Rp = 365, mu = round(0.25/365, 3))
parm_names = c("R0", "Infectious period", "Duration of immunity", "Birth rate")
parm_min = c(R0 = 0, Ip = 1, Rp = 30, mu = 0)
parm_max = c(R0 = 20, Ip = 21, Rp = 30 * 365, mu = round(10/365, 3))

These can also be viewed by calling get_params(model = "SIRSbirths").

SIRS with vaccination

model = "SIRSvaccination"

Similar to the SIR mode, we incorporate vaccination by assuming a proportion, p, of new births into the
population are vaccinated (and thus immune to infection). The equations become:

dS
= μN (1 − p) − βSI + δR − μS
dt
dI
= βSI − γI − μI
dt
dR
= γI − δR − μR + μN p.
dt

Again

R0 = βN /(γ + μ),

and so

β = R0 (γ + μ)/N .

The default parameter arguments are:

parm0 = c(R0 = 3, Ip = 7, Rp = 365, mu = round(0.25/365, 3), p = 0.75)
parm_names = c("R0", "Infectious period", "Duration of immunity", "Birth rate", "Proportion
vaccinated")
parm_min = c(R0 = 0, Ip = 1, Rp = 30, mu = 0, p = 0)
parm_max = c(R0 = 20, Ip = 21, Rp = 30 * 365, mu = round(10/365, 3), p = 1)

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 These can also be viewed by calling get_params(model = "SIRSvaccination").

More detailed examples

There are also two more detailed examples that include phase plane visualization: the seasonal SEIR model can
be run by typing seir.app; and the SEIRS model can be run with seirs.app.
seir.app: The SEIR model is similar to the SIR model, with an extra compartment for latent infection
i.e. once infected, there is a delay (called the ‘latent’ or ‘exposed’ phase) in which individuals are infected
but not yet infectious. Seasonal forcing in transmission is incorporated using a cosine function. Equations
can be viewed by running the app.
seirs.app: The SEIRS model is similar to the SEIR model. However, instead of remaining immune for life,
individuals can lose immunity and re-enter the susceptible class. Equations can be viewed by running the
app.

References

1. RM Anderson and R May (1992) Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control. Oxford Science
Publications.
2. MJ Keeling and P Rohani (2008) Modeling Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals. Princeton
University Press.
3. ON Bjørnstad (2018) Epidemics: Models and Data using R. Springer.
4. DJD Earn, P Rohani, BM Bolker, BT Grenfell (2000) A simple model for complex dynamical transitions in
epidemics. Science 287: 667-670

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