UNIT 2: URBANIZATION

A. THEORY REVIEW
WORDLIST:
1. agricultural (adj) /ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəl/ thuộc về nông nghiệp
- Labour shortages in rural areas are likely to result in a decrease in agricultural and food production
as well.
- Over the past ten years, their agricultural exports to the United States grew by 133%.
2. centralise (v) /ˈsentrəlaɪz/ tập trung
- The king is trying to centralise all power in his own hands.
- Attempts to centralize the economy have failed.
3. cost-effective (adj) /ˌkɒst ɪˈfektɪv/: hiệu quả, xứng đáng với chi phí
- It wouldn't be cost-effective to buy an expensive new computer when all you want to do is store your
photos.
- It’s not cost-effective to heat the whole building if only three people are working here.
4. counter-urbanisation /ˈkaʊntə(r) ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃn/: phản đô thị hóa, dãn dân
- Counter-urbanisation happens when a great number of people move from urban areas into rural
areas.
- Counter-urbanisation causes serious problems in the shrinking cities.
5. densely populated / ˌdensli ˈpɒpjuleɪtɪd/: dân cư đông đúc/mật độ dân số cao
- The city is densely populated with the second highest number of people per hectare in the whole of
the south-east.
- London's main airport is surrounded by densely populated residential areas.
6. discrimination (n) /dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃn/: sự phân biệt đối xử
- Many employers have recognized that age discrimination is unfair.
- People from ethnic minorities often face prejudice and discrimination.
7. double (v) /dʌbl/: tăng gấp đôi
- The government aims to double the number of students in higher education within 25 years.
- Company profits have doubled since the introduction of new technology.
8. downmarket (adj) /ˌdaʊnˈmɑːkɪt/: giá rẻ, bình dân
- The company wants to break away from its downmarket image.
- A town that has everything from luxury hotels to downmarket bars.
9. down-to-earth (adj) /ˌdaʊn tə ˈɜːθ/: thực tế, sát thực tế
- The players like the coach because he’s down-to-earth and honest with them.
- She was friendly and down-to-earth and quickly put me at my ease.
10. energy-saving (adj) /ˌɛnədʒi ˈseɪvɪŋ/: tiết kiệm năng lượng
- We started using energy-saving light bulbs.
- We believe that both sides should focus more on energy-saving projects.
11. expand (v) /ɪkˈspænd/: mở rộng
- They expanded their retail operations during the 1980s.
- The college is not able to expand because of restrictive planning laws.

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12. industrialisation (n) /ɪnˌdʌstriəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/: công nghiệp hóa
- The government has proposed new measures to boost industrialisation in the country.
- The transformation of China into a modern economy started in 1950s through the process of
industrialisation.
13. interest-free (adj) /ˌɪntrəst ˈfriː/: không tính lãi, không lãi suất
- Customers allowed the banks to use their money interest-free.
- Many banks are now offering interest-free overdrafts to students.
14. kind-hearted (adj) /kaɪnd ˈhɑːtɪd/: tử tế, tốt bụng
- The sweet and kindhearted child loved to share her toys with other kids.
- Being a kind-hearted woman, she felt sorry for the poor child.
15. long-lasting (adj) /ˌlɒŋ ˈlɑːstɪŋ/: kéo dài, diễn ra trong thời gian dài
- The debate on whether man and woman were created equal has been long-lasting and significant.
- Even a small incident may leave a long-lasting effect on child.
16. migrate (v) /maɪˈɡreɪt/ di cư
- These animals migrate annually in search of food.
- People migrate to urban areas on a massive scale due to lack of resources in rural areas.
17. mindset (n) /ˈmaɪndset/: định kiến
- It's extraordinary how hard it is to change the mindset of the public and the press.
- To succeed, you must be creative, open-minded and ready to change mindset.
18. overload (v) /ˌəʊvəˈləʊd/: làm cho quá tải
- Students can easily overload their short-term memory with unnecessary information.
- The talk was long and overloaded with useless information, so I switched off.
19. sanitation (n) /ˌsænɪˈteɪʃn/: vệ sinh
- The shortage of accommodation in big cities can result in creation of very poor areas with no
sanitation or clean water.
- The shortage of affordable housing in big cities can result in growth of slums with no sanitation or
drinking water.
20. self-motivated (adj) /self ˈməʊtɪveɪtɪd/: có động cơ từ nội lực, tự tạo ra động cơ cho mình
- I am a very self-motivated person and have always had a passion for my work.
- Most teachers prefer to work with students who are self-motivated in.
21. slum (n) /slʌm/ nhà ổ chuột
- Many of them are jobless and have to live in slums.
- In Rio de Janeiro, 20% of the population lives in slums.
22. switch off (v) /ˈswɪtʃ ɒf/: ngừng, thôi không chú ý đến nữa
- The lecture was two hours long and boring, so by the end of it, I completely switched off.
- You may find you've got so many things to think about that it's difficult to switch off.
23. time-consuming (adj) /ˈtaɪm kənˈsjuːmɪŋ/: tốn thời gian
- This method is less time-consuming as one teacher will be teaching several learners.
- The process of applying to a college is often very time-consuming.
24. thought-provoking (adj) /ˈθɔːt prəˈvəʊkɪŋ/: đáng để suy nghĩ
- We attended an in-depth and thought-provoking presentation on urbanisation and its impact on
society.
- The speaker’s thought-provoking presentation led to an interesting debate on urbanisation and

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sustainable development.
25. unemployment (n) /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/: tình trạng thất nghiệp
- We are firmly committed to reducing unemployment.
- The government must make new policies to reduce unemployment.
27. urbanisation (n) /ˌɜːbənaɪˈzeɪʃn/: đô thị hóa
- Urbanization of the town can only occur if large employers move into the area.
- During the 1900s, urbanization of once small towns led to booming cities.
28. weather-beaten (adj) /ˌweðə(r) ˈbiːtn/: dãi dầu sương gió
- Many young people in rural areas don’t want to spend their lives on the farm like their weather-
beaten parents.
- In big cities, sometimes we can see weather-beaten faces of people migrating from the rural areas.
29. well-established (adj) /ˌwel ɪˈstæblɪʃt/: được hình thành từ lâu, có tiếng tăm
- World Music is now well-established and popular with mass audiences.
- Everything was running smoothly in the well-established beauty salon business because it has been
working well for many years.
30. worldwide (adv): /ˈwɜːldwaɪd/: trên phạm vi toàn cầu
- The story of Larry Stewart has attracted worldwide attention.
- These three industries employ more than 20m workers worldwide.

GRAMMAR
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
I. Định nghĩa
Câu giả định hay còn gọi là câu cầu khiến là loại câu đối tượng thứ nhất muốn đối tượng thứ hai làm
việc gì. Câu giả định có tính chất cầu khiến chứ không mang tính ép buộc như câu mệnh lênh.
1. Cách sử dụng
Câu giả định chủ yếu được sử dụng để nói đến những sự việc không chắc chắn sẽ xảy ra. Ví dụ,
chúng ta
sử dụng khi nói về những sự việc mà một ai đó:
+ Muốn xảy ra.
+ Dự đoán sẽ xảy ra.
+ Xảy ra trong tưỏ’ĩig tượng.
2. Phân loại
Thức giả định được chia thành ba loại sau:
Present Subjunctive (hiện tại giả định).
Past Subjunctive (quá khứ giả định).
Past perfect Subjunctive (quá khứ hoàn thành giả định).
2.1. Hiện tại giả định
Hiện tại giả định ở tất cả các ngôi có hình thức giống như động từ nguyên thể không có "to". Từ "that"

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 phải luôn được xuất hiện trong câu giả định hiện tại ngoại trừ một số thành ngữ. (Nếu "that" bị lược
bỏ thì hầu hết các động từ được theo sau bởi to infinitive )
Ví dụ:
They order that people get out of the building immediately.
=> They order people to get out of the building immediately.
Cách dùng
* Dùng trong một số câu thành ngữ/ câu cảm thán để thể hiện một ao ước, hi vọng hay một lời
câu chúc:
Ví dụ:
(God) Bless you! (Chúa phù hộ cho con)
Heaven/God help sb! (Cầu chúa phù hộ cho ai)
Long live Vietnam! (Việt Nam muôn năm) Heaven forbid! (Lạy trời!)
Success attend you! (Chúc bạn thành công)
* Dùng sau một số các động từ đê thể hiện ý muốn, yêu cầu, đề nghị, gợi ý, ra lệnh. Những động
từ đó là:
+ advise / ədˈvaɪz /: khuyên bảo.
+ demand / dɪˈmɑːnd /: đòi hỏi, yêu cầu.
+ prefer / prɪˈfəːr /: thích hơn, ưa hơn.
+ require / rɪˈkwaɪər /: đòi hỏi, yêu cầu.
+ insist / ɪnˈsɪst /: cứ nhất định, khăng khăng đòi, cố nài.
+ propose / prəˈpəʊz /: đề nghị, đề xuất, đưa ra.
+ stipulate / ˈstɪpjuleɪt /: quy định, đặt điều kiện
+ command / kəˈmɑːnd /: ra lệnh, chỉ thị.
+ move / muːv /: chuyển, khuấy động, làm cảm động, đề nghị
+ recommend /rekə'mend/: giới thiệu, tiến cử.
+ suggest / səˈdʒest /: đề nghị, đề xuất, gợi ý.
+ decree / dɪˈkriː/: ra lệnh, quy định bằng sắc lệnh
+ order / ˈɔːdə/: ra lệnh.
+ request / rɪˈkwest/ /: thỉnh cầu, yêu cầu, đề nghị.
+ urge / ɜːdʒ /: hối thúc, thúc giục.
+ ask / ɑːsk /: đòi hỏi, xin, yêu cầu, thỉnh cầu
Cấu trúc
S + V (any tense) + that + S + (not) + V (present subjunctive)

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Vi du:
The law requires that every one have his car checked at least once a month.
She suggested that we meet at the restaurant in the Hilton Garden Inn for a change of venue. The
university requires that all its students take this course
* Dùng sau một sô tính từ sau:
+ important / ɪmˈpɔːtənt /: quan trọng,
+ necessary / ˈnesəseri /: cần thiết, thiết yếu.
+ urgent / ˈɜrdʒənt /: khẩn thiết, cấp bách
+ obligatory / əˈblɪɡətri /: bắt buộc, cưỡng bách
+ essential / ɪˈsenʃl /: cần thiết, cốt yếu, chủ yếu.
+ advisory / ədˈvaɪzəri /: tư vấn, cố vấn.
+ recommended/ ˌrekəˈmend /: được giới thiệu, tiến cử
+ required / rɪˈkwaɪəd/: đòi hỏi, cần thiết
+ mandatory / ˈmændətəri /: có tính cách bắt buộc
+ proposed / prəˈpəʊzd /: được đề nghị, dự kiến
+ suggested / səˈdʒesid /: giới thiệu, đề nghị
+ vital / ˈvaɪtl /: sống còn, quan trọng
+ crucial / ˈkruːʃəl /: quyết định, cốt yếu, chủ yếu
+ imperative / ɪmˈperətɪv /: bắt buộc, cấp bách
Cấu trúc
It + be (any tense) + Adj + that + s + (not) + V (present subjunctive)
Vi du:
It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives. It is important that she attend the meeting on
time.
It is recommended that he take a raincoat with him.
* Tất cả các danh từ xuất phát từ những động từ và tính từ trên đều buộc mệnh đề sau nó
phải ở dạng giả định, nếu như nó diễn đạt các yếu tố như thể hiện ý muốn, yêu cầu đề nghị,
ra lệnh, gợi ý. Những danh từ đó là:
+ demand / dɪˈmɑːnd /: đòi hỏi, yêu cầu
+ recommendation / ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃn /: sự giới thiệu, sự tiến cử
+ insistence / ɪnˈsɪstəns /: sự khăng khăng đòi, sự cố nài
+ request / rɪˈkwest /: lời thỉnh cầu, lời yêu cầu
+ proposal / prəˈpəʊzl /: sự đề nghị, sự đề xuất
+ suggestion / səˈdʒestʃən /: sự đề nghị, sự gợi ý

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+ preference / ˈprefrəns /: sự thích hơn
+ importance / ɪmˈpɔːtənt /: sự quan trọng
Ví dụ:
There is suggestion from the doctor that the patient stop smoking. It is recommendation that the
vehicle owner be present at the court.
Lưu ý:
Trong ngữ pháp Anh-Anh trước động từ ở mệnh đề 2 thường có should, người Anh chỉ bỏ should
khi sau nó là động từ to be nhưng ngữ pháp Anh-Mỹ không dùng should cho toàn bộ động từ ở
mệnh đề 2.
* Dùng trong cấu trúc với “would rather" có hai chủ ngữ
Là loại câu người thứ nhất muốn người thứ hai làm việc gì (nhưng làm hay không còn phụ thuộc
vào người thứ hai). Trong trường hợp này, động từ ở mệnh đề 2 để ở dạng nguyên thể không to.
Nếu muốn thành lập thể phủ định đặt not trước nguyên thể không to.
Cấu trúc:
S1 + would rather that + S2 + (not) + V (present subjunctive)
Ví dụ:
I would rather that you type this letter tomorrow.
He would rather that I not forget the next appointment.
Lưu ý:
Ngữ pháp nói ngày nay, đặc biệt là ngữ pháp Mỹ cho phép bỏ that trong cấu trúc này mà vẫn giữ
nguyên hình thức giả định.
2.2.Quá khứ giả định
a. Hình thức
Quá khứ giả định ở tất cả các ngôi có hình thức giống như thì quá khứ đơn nhưng riêng với to be
thì ta chia là were cho tất cả các ngôi (nhưng trong văn phong giao tiếp hằng ngày thì có xu hướng
dùng was cho các chủ ngữ là danh từ số ít).
b. Cách dùng
* Dùng trong câu điều kiện loại 2 để diễn tả một điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại hoặc không thể
xảy ra được ở tương lai.
Cấu trúc:
If + S + V (quá khứ đơn) +..., S + would/could + V (nguyên dạng)
Ví dụ:
If I were you, I would apologize to her.
If I knew her new address, I would come to see her.
* Dùng trong câu ước không có thực ở hiện tại (wish = If only)
Cấu trúc:

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 (S + wish)/if only + S + V (quá khứ đơn)

Ví dụ:
I wish I were rich and famous.
If only my son could study as well as you.
* Được sử dụng sau "as if / as though" để ám chỉ một điều gì đó là không có thật ở hiện tại hoặc
không thể xảy ra (không có sự khác nhau nào giữa as if và as though).
Cấu trúc:
S1 + V (hiện tại đơn) + as if/ as though + S2 + V (quá khứ đơn)
Ví dụ:
He talks as if he were my father.
He behaves as though he owned the house.
* Dùng trong mẫu câu “would rather" để chỉ một ao ước đối lập với hiện tại.
Cấu trúc:
S1 + would rather that + S2 + V (quá khứ đơn)
Ví dụ:
Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does. (His girlfriend
does not work in the same department).
Jane would rather that it were winter now. (In fact, it is not winter now).
Lưu ý:
Nếu muốn thành lập thể phủ định dùng didn't + verb hoặc were not sau chủ ngữ thứ hai. Ví dụ:
Henry would rather that his girlfriend didn’t work in the same department as he does. Jane
would rather that it were not winter now.
* Dùng trong cấu trúc "it's time..."
Cấu trúc:
It's (high/about) time + S + V (quá khứ đơn) = It's time for sb to do st:
(đã đến lúc cho ai đó làm gì)
Ví dụ:
It's time you stopped playing games and helped me with the housework.
= It's time for you to stop playing games and help me with the housework.
Lưu ý:
Nếu sau: "It's time + I/ he/ she/ it" là động từ to be thì ta dùng was.

2.3. Quá khứ hoàn thành giả định

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a. Hình thức
Quá khứ hoàn thành giả định có hình thức giống như thì quá khứ hoàn thành (had + Vp2)
b. Cách dùng
* Dùng trong mệnh đề điều kiện của câu điều kiện loại 3 để diễn tả những giả thuyết không có
thật ở trong quá khứ.
Cấu trúc:
If + S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)+..., S + would/ could + have + Vp2

Ví dụ:
If I had seen the film last night, I could have told you about it. If I had known you were ill, I
would have visited you.
* Dùng sau "wish/ If only" để diễn đạt ý cầu mong hoặc giả định đã không xảy ra trong
quá khứ. Cấu trúc:
(S + wish)/if only + S + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)

Ví dụ:
I wish that I hadn't spent so much money. If only she had asked someone's advice. Lưu ý:
Ta có thể dùng wished thay thế mà không làm thay đổi thì của mệnh đề phía sau. Ví dụ: I
wished (that) I hadn't spent so much money.
* Dùng sau "as if / as though" để chỉ một giả định không có thật trong quá khứ. Cấu trúc:
S1 + V (quá khứ đơn) + as if/as though + S2 + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)
Ví dụ:
He looked frightened as if he had seen ghosts.
He talked as though he had known everything about it.
Lưu ý: Hai công thức giả định với “as if” và ‘as though" chỉ được áp dụng khi chúng chỉ một điều
đối lập với thực tế ở hiện tại hoặc quá khứ. Nếu nó chỉ một dự đoán về một điều gì đó mà nó có thể
xảy ra hoặc không thì ta không áp dụng hai công thức giả định trên.
Ví dụ:
It looks as if it's going to rain. (Perhaps it will rain.)
* Dùng với cấu trúc would rather (hai chủ ngữ) để chỉ một mong muốn đã không xảy ra trong quá
khứ.
Cấu trúc:
S1 + would rather that + S2 + V (quá khứ hoàn thành)
Ví dụ:
Bob would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday. (Jill did not go to class yesterday) Bill
would rather that his wife hadn't divorced him. (His wife divorced him.)

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B. PRACTICE

PART 1: Elementary & Pre-Intermediate levels

Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the
underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
1. The promise of jobs and prosperity pulls people to cities.
A. education B. employment C. stabilization D. wealth
2. With so many daily design resources, how do you stay up-to-date with technology without spending
too much time on it?
A. connect to Internet all day C. get latest information
B. update new status D. use social network daily
3. Online Business School also offers interest-free student loans to UK students.
A. no extra fee B. no limited time C. no repayment D. no interest payments
4. Many illnesses in refugee camps are the result of inadequate sanitation.
A. cleanliness B. dirtiness C. pollution D. uncleanliness
5. There has been a hot debate among the scientists relating to the pros and cons of using robotic
probes to study distant objects in space.
A. problems and solutions C. solutions and limitations
B. advantages and disadvantages D. causes and effects
6. Her style of dress was conservative. She never wears items that are too tight, short or low-cut.
A. high-fashion B. traditional C. trendy D. up to date
7. Many of the immigrants have intermarried with the island's original inhabitants.
A. foreigners B. landlord C. newcomer D. dwellers
8. She's a down-to-earth woman with no pretensions.
A. ambitious B. creative C. idealistic D. practical
9. It is crucial that urban people not look down on rural areas.
A. evil B. optional C. unnecessary D. vital
10. Polish artist Pawel Kuzinsky creates satirical paintings filled with thought-provoking messages
about the world.
A. inspirational B. provocative C. stimulating D. universal
11. She was brought up in the slums of Leeds.
A. downtown area B. industrial area C. poor area D. rural area
12. The Freephone 24 Hour National Domestic Violence Helpline is a national service for women
experiencing domestic violence, their family, friends, colleagues and others calling on their behalf.
A. in the same country B. in the same family C. in the same office D. in the same school

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Exercise 2. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the
underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
13. This restaurant was highly recommended for good service, delicious food and kind-hearted boss.
A. ambitious and greedy B. attentive and helpful C. generous and gracious D. polite and friendly
14. Since 1979, ULI has honored outstanding development projects in the private, public, and non-
profit sectors with the ULI Global Awards for Excellence program, which today is widely recognized
as the development community's most prestigious awards program.
A. important B. notable C. ordinary D. respected
15. Many people move to urban areas seeking for job opportunity as well as stable employment.
A. durable B. long-lasting C. steady D. temporary
16. In cities, two of the most pressing problems facing the world today also come together: poverty
and environmental degradation./ pollution/ issues/ matters/
A. destruction B. poisoning C. pollution D. progression
17. Unemployment is a massive problem for the government at the moment.
A. main B. major C. minor D. primary cause
18. A cost-effective way to fight crime is that instead of making punishments more severe, the
authorities should increase the odds that lawbreakers will be apprehended and punished quickly.
A. economical B. practical C. profitable D. worthless
19. I propose that we wait until the budget has been announced before committing ourselves to any
expenditure.
A. approve B. recommend C. reject D. suggest
20. Until 1986 most companies would not even allow women to take the exams, but such gender
discrimination is now disappearing.
A. unfairness B. injustice C. partiality D. equality
21. The best hope of' avoiding downmarket tabloid TV future lies in the pressure currently being put
on the networks to clean up their act.
A. expensive B. famous C. poor quality D. uncreative
22. Without economic security and amid poor living conditions, crime is inevitable.
A. assured B. compulsory C. inescapable D. preventable
23. Increases in motor vehicle usage have resulted in congestion on the roads.
A. blockage B. obstruction C. opening D. overcrowding
24. Urbanization is the shift of people from rural to urban areas, and the result is the growth of cities.
A. maintenance B. movement C. transposition D. variation
25. However, urbanization has also resulted in massive problems.
A. major B. serious C. a few D. minor
Exercise 3: Choose the suitable word to complete the following passage
industrialization levels Housing Productivity
Poverty discrimination opportunities Growth
Rapid urbanization in Ghana over the past three decades has coincided with rapid GDP 26. __ Growth
_______ This has helped to create jobs, increase human capital, decrease 27. _ Poverty ________, and
expand job 28. _____ opportunities ____ and improve living conditions for millions of Ghanaians.
Ghana’s urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique: a similar process has

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characterized other countries at similar 29. ____levels_____ of development. Ghana’s key challenge
now is to ensure that urbanization continues to complement growth through improvements in 30. ____
Productivity _____and inclusion, rather than detracting from these goals.
Exercise 4: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
31. It is necessary that children of their old parents.
A. takes care B. to take care C. take care D. took care
32. I wish you complaining about the weather.
A. stops B. stop C. stopped D. had stopped
33. It is essential that every student to learn English at university.
A. had B. have C. has D. to have
34. We wish we a large house but we can't afford it now.
A. have B. had C. can have D. will have
35. My friend won't lend me his car. I wish
A. he lent me his car C. he would lend me his car
B. he didn't lend me his car D. he will lend me his car
36. I'm sorry I haven't got any money on me. I wish
A. I have got no money on me C. I had some money on me
B. I have some money on me D. I had got no money on me
37. My friends didn’t take part in the game. I wish
A. my friends took part in the game C. my friends would take part in the game
B. my friends had taken part in the game D. my friends did take part in the game
38. It wasn't fine yesterday. I wish
A. it was fine yesterday C. it will fine yesterday
B. it would fine yesterday D. it had been fine yesterday
39. I wish I__________ Psychology when I was a college student.
A. had studied B. would study C. studied D. study
40. I wish someone to help me with that work tomorrow.
A. offer B. offered C. would offer D. had offered
41. If only I play the guitar as well as you!
A. would B. should C. could D. might
42. When I saw Tom, he looked he had been ill.
A. so B. such as C. the same D. as if
43. Mrs White always talks to her baby as though he an adult.

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A. is B. were C. had been D. will be
44. When he came out of the room, he looked he had seen a ghost.
A. as B. as though C. when D. if
45. Susan's doctor insists for a few days.
A. that she is resting B. her resting C. that she rest D. her to rest
46. The doctor suggested that his patient
A. stop smoking B. stops smoking C. stopped smoking D. to stop smoking
47. It is necessary that he the books.
A. find B. doesn't find C. don't find D. did not find
48. It has been proposed that we the topic.
A. to change B. changed C. changing D. change
49. It's important that every student all the lectures.
A. attends B. attend C. has attended D. attended
50. It's time we all now.
A. leave B. to leave C. left D. have left
51. He acts as if he English perfectly.
A. know B. knew C. have known D. had known
52. She acted as though she him before.
A. knew B. know C. had known D. has known
53. I would rather that I him to my birthday party yesterday.
A. invited B. have invited C. had invited D. invite
54. She would rather Mary here right now.
A. be B. were C. was D. were/ was
55. I suggest that he harder.
A. should study B. study C. studied D. should study/ study
56. Yesterday I met a very beautiful girl. I really want to see her again but I don’t know how to go
about it. I wish _________.
A. I didn’t meet her yesterday C. I knew her address
B. I had known her address D. I will meet her tomorrow
57. I wish you _________ to me before you went and bought that car.
A. spoke B. have spoken C. had spoken D. would have spoken
58. I wish I _________ that Gary was ill. I would have gone to see him.
A. had known B. know C. knew D. have known
59. If only he _________ harder, he wouldn’t have lost his job.

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A. worked B. would work C. had worked D. has worked
60. He always talks as though he _________ a public meeting.
A. addressing B. addressed C. were addressing D. is addressing
61. He talks as if he _________ all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it.
A. was doing B. had done C. did D. has done
62. If only we _________ a car. I'm tired of the bad service of public transport.
A. were B. had C. have D. are
63. If only we _________ more time, we could have seen more of the country.
A. would have had B. have had C. had had D. had
64. She treats us as if we _________ all idiots.
A. are B. had been C. have been D. were
65. The cheese looks as if rats _________ it.
A. nibbled B. were being nibbled C. had nibbled D. nibbling
66. I wish I _________ so much money when I was in town yesterday.
A. wouldn't have spent B. hadn’t spent C. wouldn’t spend D. didn’t spend
67. You talk as though it _________ a small thing to leave your country forever.
A. is B. were C. will be D. would be
68. Everybody feels sorry for him and says that “If only he _________ more time revising.”
A. should have spent B. would have spent C. had spent D. spent
69. He looks as though he _________ a square meal in his life, but in fact his wife feeds him very
well.
A. has never got B. never gets C. never got D. had never got
70. If only he _________ accept some help with the work instead of trying research.
A. can B. may C. would D. were
71. If only he _________ told us the truth in the first place, things wouldn’t have gone so wrong.
A. had B. has C. would have D. should have
72. I wish I _________ to rewrite my essay. I only made it worse.
A. wouldn’t have tried B. wouldn’t try C. hadn’t tried D. didn’t try
73. I wish I _________ you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself.
A. can lend B. would lend C. could lend D. will lend
74. Last year the potato harvest was very disappointing but this year it looks _________ we shall
have a better crop.
A. as though B. like that C. like D. to be that
75. That man has brought us nothing but trouble. I wish I _________ eyes in him.
A. would never have set B. had never set C. would have never set D. would have set
76. When he is asked to say about it, it is clear that he knows nothing about their secret but they treat
him as if he _________ all about it.

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 A. knew B. had known C. would know D. must know
77. I feel terrible. The heavy truck raced by me at full speed. I feel as if I _________ over.
A. was run B. have been run C. had been run D. was being run
78. She speaks English as though it _________ her native language.
A. is B. being C. were D. be
79. My sister says she can’t come to the party with us. We wish she _________ her mind and
_________ to come with us.
A. changed - decided C. will change - decide
B. would change - decide D. had changed - decided
80. The cat turned her head toward John and looked at him quizzically, almost as if she _________
what he said.
A. understands B. understood C. had understood D. would have understood

PART 2: Intermediate & Upper-Intermediate levels

Exercise 5: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
81. Urbanization is the process by which areas grow bigger as more and
more people leave the countryside to live in towns and cities.
A. rural B. remote C. suburban D. urban
82. The new policies include cutting subsidies and trade barriers.
A. agriculture B. agricultural C. agriculturalist D. agriculturally
83. Rapid urbanization happened during the period of in Europe and North America
in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
A. industry B. industrial C. industrious D. industrialization
84. A lot of people left their home villages for urban areas hoping to find jobs in the rapidly
industries in big towns and cities.
A. spreading B. expanding C. surrounding D. boarding
85. Since 1950s urbanization has become slower in most MEDCs. Now, some of the biggest cities
are losing population because people go back to live in rural areas. This is known as
A. counter-productivity B. counter-partnership
C. counter-urbanization D. counter-effect
86. People to ______________ urban areas on a massive scale due to lack of resources in rural areas.
A. travel B. immigrate C. migrate D. emigrate
87. Small farmers find it harder to a living not just because of bad weather
conditions such as drought, floods, or storms, but because they can’t compete with large
agricultural companies.

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 A. make B. get C. have D. try
88. People living in rural areas are also "pulled" to cities, which are known to be places of financial
centers, services, and opportunities.
A. health B. wealth C. stealth D. heath
89. Believing that the standard of living in urban areas will be higher than in rural areas, many
people come to the city seeking their
A. luck B. opportunity C. fortune D. promotion
90. Urbanization has provided job opportunities, higher and better access
to health facilities and education.
A. wages B. salaries C. pensions D. incomes
91. The urban population will continue to grow and it is expected that its will increase to 70%
by 2050.
A. level B. population C. habitants D. proportion
92. MEDCs stands for more developed countries.
A. economic B. economical C. economically D. economics
93. Thailand's urbanization rate has increased gradually over the past 50 years, bringing
and wide-ranging benefits to the country.
A. apparent B. apparently C. unapparent D. unapparently
94. In terms of economic benefits, the national income statistics have shown that Bangkok and the
surrounding areas usually more than 50% of the gross domestic product.
A. produce B. create C. generate D. make
95. Regarding the social benefits, Bangkok's inhabitants have access to better services and facilities
to any other area of the country.
A. comparison B. compared C. comparing D. comparative
96. In the South, development concentrated on rice cultivation, and
nationally, rice and rubber were the main items of export.
A. industrial B. agricultural C. mining D. textile
97. Thousands of migrants live in the modern surrounded by poverty,
crime and drugs, and with no hope of getting a job.
A. hostages B. mortgages C. slums D. inners
98. Traffic is another big problem in the city whose road system is unable to
cope with the increasing number of cars.
A. congestion B. tram C. rules D. troubles
99. The traffic congestion combined with the large concentration of factories has severely affected
the air and water .
A. standard B. condition C. quality D. quantity

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100. For more than 20 years, the Vietnamese government has pursued the open-door _________
and continued to woo foreign investment.
A. policy B. way C. export D. guideline

Exercise 6:
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.
101. This evening the surface of the lake is completely still. It looks as if it _________ of glass.
A. is made B. was made C. were made D. has been made
102. Why didn’t you tell me about this before? I certainly wish I _________ earlier.
A. would be informed B. was informed C. were informed D. had been informed
103. I know a farmer who talks to his animals as if they _________ people.
A. are B. would be C. were D. had been
104. Ann is grown up now. You shouldn’t speak to her as if she _________ a child.
A. is B. were C. had been D. would be
105. We became good friends almost immediately. After talking to each other for only a short time, we
felt as if we _________ each other all of our lives.
A. knew B. had known C. know D. have known
106. It is important that he _________ well in his exam.
A. does B. did C. do D. will do
107. I requested that he _________ because he was making so much noise.
A. should have left B. must have left C. should leave D. would leave
108. The local council recommended that John _________ to the head of the department.
A. is appointed B. was appointed C. be appointed D. could be appointed
109. It's necessary that the train _________ on time.
A. is B. will be C. would be D. be
110. Rose suggested _________ a suit and tie when he went for the interview.
A. him to wear B. he wear C. he must wear D. that he wears
111. She urged that her husband _________ the letter.
A. write B. wrote C. had written D. has written
112. The doctor recommended that John _________ for a couple of days.
A. could rest B. might rest C. must rest D. rest
113. The officer demanded that the soldiers _________ the hill.
A. captured B. would capture C. had captured D. capture
114. We suggested that she _________ the 10.30 train immediately.
A. take B. may take C. might take D. has to take
115. Our teacher insists that we _________ more careful in our writings.
A. are B. were C. would be D. be
116. The movie director insisted that everything about his productions _________ authentic.
A. would be B. is C. can be D. be
117. It is essential that pollution _________ and eventually _________.

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A. must be controlled - must be eliminated C. is controlled - is eliminated
B. be controlled - be eliminated D. Both B and C are correct
118. The students requested that the test _________, but the professor decided against a postponement.
A. be postponed B. must be postponed C. postponed D. could be postponed
119. The director recommended that all the staff _________ anyone outside the company during the
training session.
A. do not contact B. cannot contact C. must not contact D. not contact
120. The recommendation that all people affected by the storm _________ immediately was approved.
A. must be evacuated B. be evacuated C. ought to be evacuated D. had to be evacuated
121. Linda insisted that the newly-born baby _________ after her husband’s father.
A. could be named B. be named C. must be named D. ought to be named
122. It was such a beautiful evening that one of us suggested we _________ the meeting outside.
A. could have B. had C. might have D. have
123. I requested that first-year students _________ to change their courses in the first two weeks.
A. would be permitted B. be permitted C. were permitted D. are permitted
124. His advisor recommended that he _________ at least three courses each semester.
A. takes B. can take C. should take D. would take
125. It is important that he _________ to the director of the programme.
A. must speak B. speak C. would speak D. speaks
126. The law requires that everyone _________ his car checked at least once a year.
A. has B. have C. must have D. be having
127. It is not necessary that he _________ an entrance examination to be admitted to an American
university.
A. take B. takes C. must take D. be taking
128. It is imperative that everyone _________ home immediately.
A. must return B. return C. returns D. to return
129. It is essential that vitamins _________ either by foods or by supplementary tablets.
A. are supplied B. be supplied C. can be supplied D. supplied
130. The City Planning Department proposed that the new highway _________ in the fiscal year 2015.
A. be built B. will be built C. would be built D. is to be built
131. It is important that you _________ late.
A. not be B. will not be C. are not D. be not
132. It is essential that no one _________ to the meeting hall without proper identification.
A. is admitted B. can be admitted C. be admitted D. admitted
133. The manager asked that we _________ sure to lock all the doors before we left.
A. were B. would be C. be D. must be
134. It is vital that no one else _________ about the secret military operation near the border.
A. know B. knows C. can know D. could know
135. It is the recommendation of the consultants that the patient _________ under medical supervision.
A. treating B. treated C. be treated D. is treated

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Rewrite the following sentences with the given words without changing the meaning of each.
136. Please don't tell anyone about it.
- I'd rather you ___________________________________________________________________.
137. I would prefer you deliver the sofa this afternoon.
- I'd rather you ___________________________________________________________________.
138. "Why don't you ask her yourself?”
- My friend suggests that __________________________________________________________.
139. She urged her husband to apply for the post in the government.
- She urged that her husband ________________________________________________________.
140. They insisted on my coming early.
- They insisted that ________________________________________________________________.
Exercise 7. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct word
or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Rapid urbanization can (141) ____ long-term economic, social and environmental promise for
developing countries (142) ____ investments made now in infrastructure, housing and public services
are efficient and sustainable, the World Bank says in a new report.
In the next two decades, cities are (143) ____ to expand by another two billion residents, as people
move in unprecedented (144) ____ from rural areas to pursue hopes and aspirations in cities. More
than 90 (145) ____ of this urban population growth is expected to occur in the developing world,
(146) ____ many cities are already struggling to provide basic (147) ____ such as water, electricity,
transport, health services and education.
Report authors note that (148) ____ new urban growth will not take (149) ____ in the “megacities” of
the world e.g. Rio de Janeiro, Jakarta or New Delhi (150) ____ rather in less commonly recognized
“secondary” cities - places like Fushun in China, and Surat in India.
To help policymakers prepare for and manage growth, the report distils lessons (151) ____ from 12
countries across all geographic regions and stages of urbanization. It then translates these global
lessons (152) ____ practical policy advice.
141. A. bring B. carry C. hold D. take
142. A. if B. unless C. whether D. while
143. A. predictable B. predicted C. predicting D. predictions
144. A. amounts B. numbers C. ranges D. sums
145. A. per cent B. percentage C. proportion D. rate
146. A. what B. where C. which D. why
147. A. demands B. needs C. orders D. uses
148. A. almost B. most C. nearly D. mostly
149. A. form B. time C. hand D. place

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 150. A. but B. or C. nor D. yet
151. A. are learned B. being learned C. learned D. learning
152. A. by B. up to C. into D. up with

Exercise 8. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct
answer to each of the questions.
The increase in urbanization causes different problems. Air and water pollution are amongst the major
issue we have to tackle.
In the first place, cars, factories and burning waste emit dangerous gases that change the air quality in
our cities and pose threats to our health. Dangerous gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides
cause respiratory diseases, for instant, bronchitis and asthma. Those are also proved to have long-term
effects on the environment.
Furthermore, with the increased population, it becomes difficult to manage the waste generated in
cities. Most of the waste is discharged or dumped into rivers or onto streets. The waste pollutes water
and makes it unfit for human consumption. Subsequently, it becomes more and more difficult for city
dwellers to get clean water. Some cities in Africa are unable to provide adequate water supply because
most of the water is lost in pipe leakages. In fact, most city dwellers in developing countries are forced
to boil their water or to buy bottled water, which is very expensive.
There are several actions that could be taken to eradicate the problems described above. Firstly, a
simple solution would be joining community efforts to address problems affecting your city. Ask your
parents, friends and relatives to join in as well. These efforts might include clean-up campaigns,
recycling projects and a signature campaign to ask the government to do something about the situation.
A second measure would be encouraging your teacher to talk about these problems and to discuss how
young people can help to solve them. Finally, writing to local organizations working on these issues
for ideas on how you can contribute to solve them.
153. The word tackle in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ____.
A. deal with B. make up C. try on D. turn down
154. The word those in paragraph 2 refers to ____.
A. bronchitis and asthma C. dangerous gases
B. carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides D. respiratory diseases
155. According to the passage, in some cities in Africa ____.
A. people are allowed to dump waste into rivers and on streets
B. people aren't provided enough water due to leaking pipes
C. people have found some solutions to the problems
D. people would rather use boiling water and bottled water
156. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. City problems should be taught and be topic for students to discuss at school.
B. Children must ask for their parent's permission before joining community efforts.
C. Participators might take part in different kinds of projects and campaigns.
D. People can contribute in solving the problems by writing to local organizations working on these
issues.
157. Which of the following would serve as the best title for the passage?

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A. Environment degradation: Air and water pollution
B. Environmental pollution: Problems and actions
C. Increasing urbanization: Causes and effects
D. Increasing urbanization: Effects and solutions

Exercise 9. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct
answer to each of the following questions.
Today’s cars are smaller, safer, cleaner, and more economical than their predecessors, but the car of
the future will be far more pollution-free than those on the road today. Several new types of
automobile engines have already been developed than run on alternative sources of power, such as
electricity, compressed natural gas, methanol, steam, hydrogen, and propane. Electricity, however, is
the only zero-emission option presently available.
Although electric vehicles will not be truly practical until a powerful, compact battery or other
dependable source of current is available, transport experts foresee a new assortment of electric
vehicles entering everyday life: shorter-range commuter electric cars, three-wheeled neighbourhood
cars, electronic delivery vans, bikes and rolleys.
As automakers work to develop practical electrical vehicles, urban planners and utility engineers are
focusing on infrastructure systems to support and make the best use of the new cars. Public charging
facilities will need to be as common as today’s gas stations. Public parking spots on the street or in
commercial lots will need to be equipped with devices that allow drivers to charge their batteries while
they stop, dine, or attend a concert. To encourage the use of electric vehicles, the most convenient
parking in transportation centres might be reserved for electric cars.
Planners foresee electric shuttle buses, trains, buses and neighbourhood vehicles all meeting at transit
centres that would have facilities for charging and renting. Commuters will be able to rent a variety of
electric cars to suit their needs: light trucks, one-person three-wheelers, small cars, or electric/gasoline
hybrid cars for longer trips, which will no doubt take place on automated freeways capable of
handling five times the number of vehicles that can be carried by freeway today.

158. The author’s purpose in the passage is to...........

A. criticize conventional vehicles
B. support the invention of electric cars
C. narrate a story about alternative energy vehicles
D. describe the possibilities for transportation in the future
159. The following electrical vehicles are all mentioned in the passage EXCEPT..........
A. planes B. trolleys C. vans D. trains
160. The passage would most likely be followed by details about...........
A. the neighbourhood of the fixture C. electric shuttle buses
B. automated freeways D. pollution restrictions in the future
161. The word ‘compact’ in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to...........
A. squared B. long-range C. inexpensive D. concentrated
162. According to the passage, public parking lots of the future will be ...........
A. much larger than they are today C. common as today’s gas stations
B. more convenient than they are today D. equipped with charging devices

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163. The word ‘foresee’ in this passage could best be replaced with ......
A. imagine B. count on C. rely on D. invent
164. The word ‘commuters’ in paragraph 4 refers to............
A. visitors B. cab drivers C. shoppers D. daily travellers

Exercise 10: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct
answer to each of the following questions.

A pilot cannot fly by sight alone. In many conditions, such as flying at night and landing in dense fog,
a pilot must use radar, an alternative way of navigating. Since human eyes are not very good at
determining speeds of approaching objects, radar can show a pilot how fast nearby planes are moving.
The basic principle of radar is exemplified by what happens when one shouts in a cave. The echo of
the sounds against the walls helps a person determine the size of the cave. With radar, however, the
waves are radio waves instead of sound waves. Radio waves travel at the speed of light, about 300,000
kilometres in one second. A radar set sends out a short burst of radio waves. Then it receives the
echoes produced when the waves bounce off objects. By determining the tune it takes for the echoes to
return to the radar set, a trained technician can determine the distance between the radar set and other
objects. The word “radar”，in fact，gets its name from the term “radio detection and ranging”.
“Ranging” is the term for detection of the distance between an object and the radar set. Besides being
of critical importance to pilots，radar is essential for air traffic control，tracking ships at sea, and for
tracking weather systems and storms.

165. What is the main topic of this passage?

A. Alternatives to radar B. The nature of radar C. History of radar D. Types of ranging
166. According to the passage, what can radar detect besides location of objects?
A. shape B. size C. speed D. weight
167. The word “exemplified" m the passage can be replaced by........... .
A. “illustrated’ B. “specified” C. “resembled” D. “justified”
168. According to the passage, the distance between a radar set and an object can be determined by
________.
A. the term “ranging" used for detection of the distance between an object and the radar set
B. the time it takes for the radio waves to produce echoes and bounce off the object
C. the tune it takes for a burst of radio waves to produce echoes when the waves bounce off the object
D. the time it takes for the echoes produced by the radio waves to return to the radar set
169. Which type of waves does radar use?
A. radio B. sound C. tidal D. heat
170. The word “tracking” in the passage most closely means...........
A. sending B. ranging C. repairing D. searching for
171. Which of the following would most likely be the topic of the next paragraph?
A. A history of flying. C. The technology used by pilots.
B. Other uses of radar. D. Uses of some technology.
172. What might be inferred about radar?
A. It was developed from a study of sound waves. B. It takes the place of a radio.

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C. It gave birth to the invention of the airplane. D. It has improved navigational safety.

Exercise 11: Read the following passage and mark the letter A,B, C, or D to indicate the correct
answer to each of the following questions.
In the world today, particular in the two most industrialized areas, North America and Europe,
recycling is the big news. People are talking about it, practicing it, and discovering new ways to be
sensitive to the environment. Recycling means finding ways to use products a second time. The motto
of the recycling movement is “Reduce, Reuse, Recycle”.
The first step is to reduce garbage. In stores, a shopper has to buy products in blister packs,
boxes and expensive plastic wrappings. A hamburger from a fast-food restaurant comes in lots of
packaging: usually paper, a box and a bag. All that packaging is wasted resources. People should try to
buy things that are wrapped simply, and to reuse cups and utensils. Another way to reduce waste is to
buy high-quality products. When low-quality appliances break, many customers throw them away and
buy new ones - a loss of more resources and more energy. For example, if a customer buys a high-
quality appliance that can be easily repaired, the manufacturer receives an important message. In the
same way, if a customer chooses a product with less packaging, that customer sends an important
message to the manufacturers. To reduce garbage, the throw-away must stop.
The second step is to reuse. It is better to buy juices and soft drinks in returnable bottles. After
customers empty the bottles, they return them to the stores. The manufacturers of the drinks collect
bottles, wash them, and then fill them again. The energy that is necessary to make new bottles is saved.
In some parts of the world, returning bottles for money is a common practice. In those places, the
garbage dumps have relatively little glass and plastic from throw-away bottles.
The third step being environmentally sensitive is to recycle. Spent motor oil can be cleaned and
used again. Aluminum cans are expensive to make. It takes the same amount of energy to make one
aluminum can as it does to run a color TV set for three hours. When people collect and recycle
aluminum (for new cans), they help save one of the world’s precious resources.

173. Which area is considered one of the most industrialized?

A. South America B. Middle East C. Europe D. Asia
174. What does the word “sensitive” means?
A. cautious B. logical C. responding D. friendly
175. It is a waste when customers buy low-quality products because _______.
A. they have to be repaired many times. C. customers always change their idea
B. they will soon throw them away D. they are very cheap.
176. What is the topic of the passage?
A. How to live sensitively to the environment. C. What is involved in the recycling movement.
B. How to reduce garbage disposal. D. What people understand the term “recycle”
177. People can do the following to reduce waste EXCEPT _______.
A. buy high-quality products C. reuse cups
B. buy simply-wrapped things D. buy more hamburgers
178. What best describe the process of reuse?
A. The bottles are filled again after being returned, collected and washed.
B. The bottles are collected, washed, returned and filled again.

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C. The bottles are washed, returned filled again and collected.
D. The bottles are collected, returned, filled again and washed.
179. Garbage dumps in some areas have relatively little glass and plastic because _______.
A. people are ordered to return bottles C. each returned bottle is paid
B. returned bottles are few D. few bottles are made of glass or plastic
180. What are the two things mentioned as examples of recycling?
A. TV sets and aluminum cans. C. Aluminum cans and plastic wrappings.
B. Hamburger wrappings and spent motor oil. D. Aluminum cans and spent motor oil.

PART 3: Advanced level

Exercise 12: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the
underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
181. The Persians were eating round bread with cheese in the 500s. That was nearly 1,000 years
before pizza caught on in Naples, Italy.
A. became unpopular B. became infamous C. became well-known D. became common
182. Through this new partnership we will continue the positive progress made in recent years and
ensure the area goes from strength to strength.
A. becomes worse and worse C. develops gradually
B. gets better and better D. decreases sharply
183. Danny put the cat among the pigeons by suggesting that the company might have to make some
redundancies.
A. made other people disappointed C. made a lot of people satisfied
B. made other people nervous D. made a lot of people annoyed
184 Dame Stella is out of touch with modern archive services, which can be innovative and
challenging.
A. old-fashioned B. popular C. up-to-date D. out-of-date
185. While the Web was a dead loss, the cell-phone ringtone market seemed very promising.
A. completely useless B. profitable C. unsuccessful D. available
Exercise 14: Rewrite the following sentences using the words given without changing the meaning
of them.
186. An accountant needs to master computer science.
- It is necessary that ..........................................................................................................................
187. It's time for us to leave now.
- It's time we .....................................................................................................................................
188. What a pity! Your sister can't come with us.
- If only ……....................................................................................................................................
189. Everyone finds it important for us to do something save the environment.
- It is important that we……….........................................................................................................
190. Michael lost his job last month, so he cannot buy a car.

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 - If Michael ....................................................................................................................................
191. He regrets applying for the job in that company.
- He wishes .....................................................................................................................................
192. The headmaster insists on every schoolgirl's wearing ao dai every Monday.
- The headmaster insists that…………….......................................................................................
193. They advise her to eat less meat and fat to keep herself healthy.
- It is advisable that she .........................................................................................................
194. Naturally, a child had better respect his parents.
- It is natural that ....................................................................................................................
195. He needs to come to the interview early.
- It is necessary that ................................................................................................................
196. She must find it important to take two medicines every day.
- It is important that .................................................................................................................
197. It's too late. He must go home.
- It's high time he ....................................................................................................................
198. Every student must wear uniform. It is obligatory.
- It is obligatory that ...............................................................................................................
199. They recommended her to go to the best doctor in town.
- They recommended that she ................................................................................................
200. The man demanded to be told everything about the accident.
- The man demanded that ........................................................................................................
THE END.

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