Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 18

ItconvergesIoan

Whatisthecommonratio r
IffryEl Cdoffrerggeess
convergesto
Ir
Ent IfH p 1 diverges
converges
Ent istheharmonicseries divergesbc pseriesw p D
pe

1 Limitcomparisotest Ifnhjngazn vee


pqg.in BOTHSan Ibn converge ordiverge
2Directcomparisontest
for 0cantbn If bnconverges Sanconverges
If andiverges Ibn diverges

Ifan fix Ispositivecontinuous decreasing


a

ka Ia
an converges if fadfixidxconvergesde an diverges if fanfix DXdiverges

Ifthelimitexists anconverges
IfthelimitDNE Iandiverges

thatare
namesoftests
highlightedblueabove
Concept Check

u Diverges harmonic
a an 0 Ibn Ent byPseries
bn ou
nmmYII.at unm.nfnIitzI unmn2nIIT
i z
nEiYn DY 9
n geometric
b an or Ibn _I L convergesbkr z Incl
bn or

him
him him it
e
convergesbyL.CT
can or Ibn _IF.IE
ffhseViY9s9psi

iimmd3nnI7n.F_him.mn t
linnsn3nhIz.I 7nI 3 q3nnsIcgnverges7
Prooflet'sconsider It 1manwhere2hiseven thepartialsum
San 9 a2Hasa4 tCasAdt aan Azn Alltermswillbenonnegative so
San isincreasing
write
also
could
San a AzAz layas Caan
2Azn1 Azn implying SanEAforevery
integern

Therefore San isboundedmonotonicsequencethatconvergestosomeValueL


Since Sui Aren San
nh SanI him 2ntAzn
himSenthimAzn
L t O
L
SinceSan Sanconvergesto L SnmustAlsoconvergeto L
An or
w
an
1hhFwt O
alarger
Eth since
2anti htt makes
denominator
an In asmallerfraction

i byAlternatingSeriesTest Ethnthconverge
whichdiverges
Thisshouldbealittlesurprisingsincethisshouldremindyouoftheharmonicseries
serieswhichconverges
Thisseriesiscalledthealternatingharmonic
or
IFznT Him an

1tiny O exponentialgrowstasterthantinear or byL'Hopitaltiny Nz


thing 0
2 antiEan
htt top ANDbottom
27k Isthistrue Havetodomoretotellsince
crossmultiplying
by
havechanged start

Vs
siontinifff fht conrergesbyAsf
bkof.iq n

beableto
compare
hikebases
Weknowtherewill
ht vs 2h beonemore2ontopthenon
willbe thebottom
bigger
for h 1

Anti Ean
an nth O
T
I tinyan linkhtt 1 Failsthefirstcondition ofA S
we knowitdiverges the
by term
nth test for failsthe
divergence Ctfeattnweillcadfaitfft
Butthen first conditionofthe ASD

Fromwhatwecansee tinyan o thetermsaregettingsmaller but

Anti2An isnotalwaystrue

Letslookat San za It za It EIf t t aani Azn


equalsSnofEnt mhaerdmiffffentn.es
l t t t tt

sothesequenceofpartialsumsdivergesthereforetheseriesdiverges

ofASTfailsweknowthe seriesdivergesbynthtermtest
Important Soif the1st part ASTjustdoesn'tapply wehaveto use
e butifthesecond partfails
a differentmethod test
basically The ofthesumoftheseriesandthenthpartialsumisthe
difference
remainder

S a rightdistanceofa
Sz a Azrightdistanceofa leftdistance
ofAz
Sz a Azta 3

Thepartialsumsaregetting
closer closertothesumof L
Notice allevenSnareononesideof
LandanoddSnareonthe
other
Thisexampleishelpfulbecausethis is ageometric
Aconcreteexample abletoknowsomethingshere
seriesWewillbe
h1 Thatwenormallywouldn'tthatwillhelp
fI I I t'T ofthe 152t prove whathappenswhenyoudon'tknow
sambasEdt'zY
known that won'tnormallyknow
things you
witharewritewecanseeit is convergessinceit's
1 weknowthis series
an Alternatingseries i geometricwith Irk I
i i
fDYE Iott 7 2 weknowwhatit converges
biggestthingyou
to thisisthe
wouldn'tnormallyknow
Test
UsingAltseries
an In 0

1 lingnan hinman O S 3
2 AntiE An
E V
seriesTest
i theseriesconvergesbyAlternating ta
of them
Let'sLookatsomepartialsums a visual

I T
ta

S I
Sz I I I
ITt 5254 SsS s
start
f
53 1 f 41
3454
1 It'Ttoo

Howfaroff is SyfromS
Ingeneralweknow IS 541 1Rut willforsurebelessthanadding
lookat v
our isual the distancebetweenSyandS bouncesfromeithersideof S
and IRyl Eas sinceeachsuccessivepartialsum
Provingthisin thisexamplesinceweknowmorethistime
wouldn't
usuallywecan'tcalculatesexactlyso we
IS Syl Z E IT so Ry L
IIE knowwhatRnwasexactly

is 1Rnleanti
Thebestwecanusuallysay
so IRuleAs
RyI ETe
Check t
te V
totheright orleft
Is Si anoveror underestimate Dependsonthe
sign ofthe4thterm willitbe
of S
t HP sincethe4thtermisnegative it mustbetotheleftof S i Sw4nmefftgbemMey
Is this sum an overestimate or
underestimate? Why?

in
an
An 0 sothisseriesconvergesbyAST
dismount on
E threw
2 AntidAn n

56 1 It'T 44 240740 19441 2.63194

bytheAlternatingseriesRemainder
IS561 11261 EA 2.0002
0002 and 63194 0002
SO S theactualSumoftheseries liesbetween 63194
63174ESE 63214

The6thtermwouldbenegative 11
1
1 sooursumwouldbe an underestimate
visually the1stterm
whenn4
oftheseries is 1
1a
Whenn 2 thesecondtermis z

I I I
start Sz 5456g S Sss S

IRIE A 7thtermwouldbepositive
wouldtakeyoutotherightof S

So lessthan 5 theactualsumoftheseries
WeKnow IRnI E Anti 4

SOforanerrorof lessthan 001 4 001 Nti14 1000


Nt I 4Tooo
N 4W I24.6
Soyouwillneed atleast
5terms
Concept Check

Ansou
I th
lDnw KIL t or
an antEan EntEt
I converges byAlternatingSeriesTest
IRoolE Aa IRool t
IRoolE F
8 1 soSoo
under estimate termofthisseries ispositive C1
8th
The
Isthisanover or
isanoverestimateof S
converges
AlwayscheckSlantforconvergence First
shouldbesomething like
GivenIan.thethinkingprocess

IsClantconvergent
µ
Issan fan isabsolutelyconvergent
convergent

hey yes
an fanisconditionally
diverges convergent
a It nz In n b If I L L byPseries
divergent
pet
SONOIabs.com
tinny to ibfIYYminfsen.esdiverges
Nowcheckforconditionalconverged

an tr
an or
I converges byAST
conditionally
him
n xfn o
a
EH 5i f In Ish b geometric b lfnYn bi ntqdiatermon9to
convergent c EhTy
a
withrel
hhn
bnean bydirectcomparisontest Iandiverges
H isabsolutelyconvergent No absolutelyconvergent

Checkforconditional
an or
Ariki oi
me

byalternatingseriestest Ethyne conditionally


converges
If aseriesisconditionally
i i it's to toot'sto tat's IT foamarmeranffffiagntyingfferssminskoising

l t It f t toot f fo tat t
I I tte tootfo YztTy
E l It's It's I t 4
z Ln2

You might also like