CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING (LAB)

CHEN – 3202

LAB MANUAL

Chemical Engineering

(6th SEMESTER)
Chen-18111017
Daniyal Ahmed

LAB RESOURCE PERSON:

Engr. Muhammad Amir

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

KHWAJA FAREED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY, RAHIM YAR KHAN
 LIST OF EXPERIEMNTS IN CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING (LAB)

Sr. No Experiment
1. Introduction to fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering. CLO-1
2. To analyze the effect of concentration on the rate of a chemical reaction. CLO-2
3. To Analyze the effect of Temperature on the Rate of a Chemical Reaction on
varying concentration reactant. CLO-2

4. To Describe the effect of surface area (particle size of a solid reactant) on

Heterogeneous chemical reaction. CLO-1

5. To Measure the conversion of saponification reaction in Batch reactor. CLO-2

6. To Measure the value of n and k for the given reaction by using integral analysis.
CLO-1

7. To Measure the rate of given chemical reaction at room temperature with or without
agitation. CLO-2
8. To Measure the kinetics of saponification reaction (i.e. K) at different temperatures by
using conductometric method. CLO-2

9. To Measure the conversion of saponification reaction in Plug Flow Reactor (PFR).

CLO-2
10. To Describe the effect of reaction temperature on conversion Plug Flow Reactor.
CLO-1
11. To Describe the effect of feed concentration on conversion in Plug Flow Reactor.
CLO-1
12. To Analyse the preparation of Senitizer using Liquid Liquid mixer. CLO-2
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLOs)

The course learning outcomes for the chemical reaction engineering lab are presented below:

1. Describe the fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering lab experiments and

associated lab equipment

2. Analyze and measure he effect of different parameters on chemical reactions, working

principle and functions of major components of different lab-scale/industrial equipment
related to the subject lab

PROGRAMME LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLOs)

The program learning outcomes are depicted as below:
1. Investigation
2. Modern Tool Usage
3. Individual and Teamwork
 Assessment Plan
Description Weightage CLOs Covered
Lab Rubric 1 5% 1,2
Lab Rubric 2 8% 1,2
Lab Rubric 3 / Open Ended Lab 12% 1,2
End term Examination 80% 1,2

Safety Rules and Regulations

PRE-CHECKS:

Before starting any laboratory operation, ask and answer the following questions by
yourself:

1. Have I done this before?

2. Do I have the proper equipment?

3. Does anything look wrong?

4. What are the hazards?

5. Should I work in a fume hood?

6. Do I need goggles or other safety equipment?

7. Do I need additional help?

8. Should I check further with my instructor?

9. Have I planned this experiment or exercise?

10. Do I know what to do, if there is an accident?

11. Do I know where the fire extinguishers are located?

LABORATORY SAFETY RULES

1. NO SMOKING IS ALLOWED IN THE LABORATORY PREMISES.

2. Safety glasses must be worn at all times (where applicable) during laboratory periods.
These glasses should be kept between laboratory sessions in the racks provided.

3. Wear apron (lab overall) in the lab when running apparatus and handling liquids.

4. Wear rubber gloves when handling liquids.

5. When dangerous chemicals are in use, a second person should be within call.

6. Find out the location of First Aid Box.

7. Before operating any valve, switch, etc., know precisely what the effect of your
manipulation will be.

8. Turn off all the valves on cylinders of compressed or liquefied gases when not in use.

9. Students are not allowed to open gas cylinders. Ask the technician..

10. Keep all inflammable liquids or gases away from open electrical equipment and other
sources of ignition.

11. Avoid inhalation of gases or vapors of any kind.

12. Do not leave cables trailing across the floor of the lab.

13.
14. Make sure any system being heated is properly vented.

15. Know the location and use of all emergency, protective, and firefighting equipment.

16. Do not smell directly any chemical being heated.

17. Remember that, if a lab smells, do not use it. Inform instructor/lab technician.

18. Do not leave lab while apparatus is on, always inform the instructor if you are in a
situation to leave the lab.

19. When working with others, be especially careful not to drop tools.

20. Do not wear loose clothing or neckties when working with machinery. You will not be
allowed to enter the lab if you are in loose dress or not wearing covered shoes.

21. Report to the instructor any conditions that are safety hazards.

22. All power wiring is to be installed by an approved electrician.

23. Always remember: SAFETY IS GOOD TECHNIQUE!

 Lab session # 1

Objectives
Introduction to fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering

Definitions:
 Experiment # 02
Experiment Title: Analyse the effect of concentration.
Pre Lab (CLO1)

2.1 Objective:

To Analyse the effect of concentration on the rate of a chemical reaction

2.2 Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effect of changing the concentration of a
reactant upon the rate of a reaction. The reaction examined is that between sodium thiosulfate and
hydrochloric acid:

Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2 NaCl + H2O + S + SO2

The concentration of the thiosulfate will be changed by adding water and the appearance of the
opaque colloidal sulfur will be used to determine the rate of the reaction.

2.3 Description:

The effect of changing the concentration of thiosulfate ion is studied by observing the time required
for a fixed amount of product to form. As the reaction proceeds, the solution becomes cloudy due
to the formation of a colloidal dispersed precipitate of sulfur. In order to determine the point at
which a specific amount of product has formed, an "x" is observed through the solution. The
reaction is timed until the "x" is no longer visible.

2.4 Chemicals:

0.15 M sodium thiosulfate solution

6 M HCl solution

Equipment:

250-mL beakers

Stirring rods

25-mL graduated cylinder

 Stop Watch, White paper.

2.5 HAZARDS

Concentrated solution of HC1 will burn skin or damage clothing; avoid skin contact with acid.
Reactions should be carried out in a well-ventilated room; some poisonous SO2 (g) is produced.
Students should be cautioned against leaning over reaction vessel too closely as they observe the
"x" under the beaker. Goggles should be worn throughout the experiment.
Theory:
2.6 Procedure:

2.6.1 Obtain five 250-mL beakers, about 30 mL of hydrochloric acid solution, and about 80 mL
of sodium thiosulfate solution. Label the beakers from 1 to 5. Add the amounts of
sodium thiosulfate solution and distilled or deionized water to each cup indicated in the
following Table 1.
2.6.2 Note that the total volume in each beaker is 25 mL.
2.6.3 Make a table that shows the information in the table above and also includes a column for
time (sec) and relative rate (sec-1).
2.6.4 Make a small "x" on a sheet of white paper with a pencil. Place a beaker containing the
sodium thiosulfate solution over this "x." Add 5 mL HCl solution and begin timing the
reaction as soon as the acid touches the sodium thiosulfate solution. Stir the reaction
mixture at a constant rate throughout the reaction.
2.6.5 Stop timing when the "x" under the beaker is no longer visible through the solution. Record
this time in your data table.
2.6.6 Repeat steps 2-4 for the remaining samples.

In-Lab (CLO # 2)

2.7 Safety Observations:

1. Do not run the service unit idle.

2. Ensure that storage tank is at least 80% full when you start the peristaltic pumps.

3. Ensure that at the end of the experimental performance, all parts of the service unit are closed.

4. War gloves and face masks as this experiment involves handling of chemicals.
5. the reactors carefully.

6. Make sure the reactant solutions are prepared in distilled water in order to ensure the safety
ofthe reactor system
 2.8 Observations and Calculations:
Table 2.1
Vol. of Vol. of Volume and Time until cross disappearance.
Na2S2O3 distilled Concentration of
Beakers

solution (ml) water sodium

thiosulfate
1
2
3
4
5

Post-Lab (CLO # 2)
Findings

60
50
Time, (sec)

40
30
20
10
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
Concentration, (M)

Figure 2.1: Effect of concentration on rate

of chemical reaction

Results:
 Experiment # 03
Experiment Title: Analyze the effect of Temperature.

Pre Lab (CLO1)

3.1. Objective:

To Analyse the effect of concentration on the rate of a chemical reaction

3.2 Introduction

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effect of changing the temperature of a reactant
upon the rate of a reaction. The reaction examined is that between sodium thiosulfate and
hydrochloric acid:

Na2S2O3 + 2HCl → 2 NaCl + H2O + S + SO2

The concentration of the thiosulfate will be changed by adding water and the appearance of the
opaque colloidal sulfur will be used to determine the rate of the reaction.

3.3 Description:

The effect of changing the concentration of thiosulfate ion is studied by observing the time required
for a fixed amount of product to form. As the reaction proceeds, the solution becomes cloudy due
to the formation of a colloidal dispersed precipitate of sulfur. In order to determine the point at
which a specific amount of product has formed, an "x" is observed through the solution. The
reaction is timed until the "x" is no longer visible.

3.4 Chemicals:

0.15 M sodium thiosulfate solution

6 M HCl solution

Equipment:

250-mL beakers

Stirring rods

25-mL graduated cylinder

 Stop Watch, White paper.

3.5 HAZARDS

Concentrated solution of HC1 will burn skin or damage clothing; avoid skin contact with acid.
Reactions should be carried out in a well-ventilated room; some poisonous SO2 (g) is produced.
Students should be cautioned against leaning over reaction vessel too closely as they observe the
"x" under the beaker. Goggles should be worn throughout the experiment.
Theory:
3.6 Procedure:

3.6.1 Obtain five 250-mL beakers, about 30 mL of hydrochloric acid solution, and about 80 mL
of sodium thiosulfate solution. Label the beakers from 1 to 5. Add the amounts of
sodium thiosulfate solution and distilled or deionized water to each cup indicated in the
following Table 1.
3.6.2 Note that the total volume in each beaker is 25 mL.
3.6.3 Make a table that shows the information in the table above and also includes a column for
time (sec) and relative rate (sec-1).
3.6.4 Make a small "x" on a sheet of white paper with a pencil. Place a beaker containing the
sodium thiosulfate solution over this "x." Add 5 mL HCl solution and begin timing the
reaction as soon as the acid touches the sodium thiosulfate solution. Stir the reaction
mixture at a constant rate throughout the reaction.
3.6.5 Stop timing when the "x" under the beaker is no longer visible through the solution. Record
this time in your data table.
3.6.6 Repeat steps 2-4 for the remaining samples.

In-Lab (CLO # 2)

3.7 Safety Observations:

1. Do not run the service unit idle.

2. Ensure that storage tank is at least 80% full when you start the peristaltic pumps.

3. Ensure that at the end of the experimental performance, all parts of the service unit are closed.

4. Wear gloves and face masks as this experiment involves handling of chemicals.

5. Drain the reactors carefully.

6. Make sure the reactant solutions are prepared in distilled water in order to ensure the safety of
the reactor system
3.8 Observations and Calculations:

Table 2.2
Vol. of Vol. of Volume and Time until cross Reaction Rate
Beakers

Na2S2O3 distilled Concentratio disappearance (1/time, sec-1)

solution water n of sodium (sec)
(ml) thiosulfate 35˚C 60˚C 35˚C 75˚C
1
2
3
4
5

Post-Lab (CLO # 2)
Findings
60
50
Time, (sec)

40
30
35C
20
60C
10
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
Concentration, (M)

Figure 3.1: Effect of concentration on rate

of chemical reaction

Organization of lab reports

Point *2.1 to 2.8

Results:
 Experiment # 04
Experiment Title: Analyze the effect of surface area.

Pre-Lab (CLO # 1)

4.1 Objective:

To describe the effect of surface area (particle size of a solid reactant) on heterogeneous
chemical reaction

4.2 Introduction:

If a chemical reaction involves one or more solid reactants, the particle sizes of the solid reactants
will affect the rate of the reaction. It is because surface area increases as the particles become
smaller. Increasing the reactants’ surface area allows the reactants approach to each other more
frequently, and so the reaction rates are often enhanced. A daily example is the burning of
charcoal. Powdered charcoal burns more fiercely than large lumps of charcoal. It is because
powdered charcoal has a much larger surface for reacting with oxygen.

Calcium carbonate reacts with diluted hydrochloric acid to give calcium chloride and carbon
dioxide gas. The rate of CO2 gas formation allows us to observe the reaction rate conveniently.
In this experiment we will compare the reaction rates of diluted hydrochloric acid with CaCO3
powder and CaCO3 granules.

You are going to collect and analyze data to find the order of this reaction with respect to
hydrochloric acid.

CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

The calcium carbonate you will use is in the form of marble. Fairly large pieces are used so that
the surface area does not change significantly during the reaction. However, the quantity and
concentration of hydrochloric acid is such that it is almost all used up during the reaction. Wear
eye protection and take care with the gas syringe.

Theory:
4.3 Procedure:

1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.

2. Place about 10 g of marble in the test tube.
3. Use a measuring cylinder to measure 10ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid.
4. Put the acid into the test tube. Allow a few seconds for the solution to become saturated
with carbon dioxide. Put the stopper in place and start timing.
5. Take readings of volume (Vt) every 30 seconds, until the reaction is over and the volume no
longer changes. Record the final volume as well.
6. When the reaction is over, the total volume of carbon dioxide collected (Vfinal) is
proportional to the concentration of the hydrochloric acid at the moment when timing
started. So (Vfinal – Vt) is proportional to the concentration of hydrochloric acid at each
time t. Complete the third column.
7. Plot a graph of (Vfinal – Vt) against t, putting t on the horizontal axis.
8. Record your results in a table.

In-Lab (CLO # 2)

4.4 Safety Observations:

1. Do not run the service unit idle.

2. Ensure that storage tank is at least 80% full when you start the peristaltic pumps.

3. Ensure that at the end of the experimental performance, all parts of the service unit are closed.

4. Wear gloves and face masks as this experiment involves handling of chemicals.

5. Drain the reactors carefully.

6. Make sure the reactant solutions are prepared in distilled water in order to ensure the safety of
the reactor system.
3.5 Observations and Calculations:
Table 4.3

Time (sec) Volume of CO2 (ml), Vt Vf-Vt (ml)

Figure 3: Schematic diagram and result presentation to study effect of particle size on rate
of chemical reaction

Results:
 Experiment # 05

Experiment Title: Batch Reactor

Pre-Lab (CLO # 1)

5.1 Objective:

To Measure the conversion of saponification reaction in Batch reactor

5.2 Process and Applications:

The Batch reactor is the generic term for a type of vessel widely used in the process industries. In
a batch reactor the reactants and the catalyst are placed in the reactor and the reaction is allowed
to proceed for a given time whereupon the mixture of unreacted material together with the products
is withdrawn. Provision for mixing may be required. In an ideal batch reactor, the concentration
and temperature are assumed to be spatially uniform. In practice, the condition can be
approximately realized by vigorous agitation or stirring. All the elements of the fluid spend the
same amount of time in the reactor, and hence have the same residence time.

Batch reactors are simple and needs little supporting equipment, and is therefore ideal for small
scale experimental studies on reaction kinetics. Industrially it is used when relatively small
amounts of material are to be treated and when the product demand varies. Batch reactors are often
used in the pharmaceutical industry, where small volumes of high-value products are made.

Researchers typically use a batch reactor to study reaction kinetics under ideal conditions. A batch
reactor can be used to find the reaction rate constant, activation energy and order of the reaction.
The data reflect the intrinsic kinetics for the reaction being investigated.

A typical batch reactor consists of a tank with an agitator and integral heating/cooling system.
Liquids and solids are usually charged via connections in the top cover of the reactor. Vapors and
gases also discharge through connections in the top. Liquids are usually discharged out of the
bottom.
 The advantages of a batch reactor lies in its versatility. A single vessel can carry out a sequence of
different operations without the need to break containment. This is particularly useful when
processing, toxic or highly potent compounds.

Saponification of ethyl acetate using sodium hydroxide is carried out in a batch reactor. The
reaction is as follows:

CH3COOC2H5+ NaOH →CH3COONa + C2H5OH

The conversion of sodium hydroxide is calculated as:

X NaOH = ((CNaOH,o − CNaOH)/ CNaOH,o)*100%

Where CNaOH,o denotes the initial concentration and CNaOH is the concentration of sodium
hydroxide measured at the outlet.

The changing concentration of acetate and hydroxide ions has the most significant influence on
the total conductivity. As the reaction progresses, the acetate ions, with a less molar conductivity
replace the same number of hydroxide ions, which have a much higher molar conductivity. As a
result, the total conductivity proportionally decreases with the increasing conversion.
Theory:
5.3 Experimental Procedure:

1. 500mL solution of NaOH with molarity of 0.03M and 500mL solution of ethyl acetate
having molarity of 0.05 were prepared.
2. Check all the electrical connections and flow lines.
3. Carefully switch on the electronic console and service unit.
4. Provide the feed to reactor by attaching the inlet pipe of batch reactor to the containers
having NaOH and CH3COOC2H5 solutions (set the RPM of peristaltic pumps at 100 %.)
5. Reaction starts as soon as the reactants enter the batch reactor.
6. Keep on noticing the reading of conductivity of reaction mixture by measuring with
conductivity meter.
7. As the reaction proceeds, concentration of NaOH will drop in the reaction mixture and so is
the value of conductivity.
8. Let the system run until no change in the value of conductivity is observed.
9. Use the table 5.1 in order to plot the concentration (x-axis) vs conductivity (y-axis) graph.
 10. Complete the table 5.2 by using graph potted in step 9 (Write the values of concentration
against every reading of conductivity using the concentration vs conductivity graph)

In-Lab (CLO # 2)

5.4 Safety Observations:

1. Do not run the service unit idle.

2. Ensure that storage tank is at least 80% full when you start the peristaltic pumps.

3. Ensure that at the end of the experimental performance, all parts of the service unit are closed.

4. Wear gloves and face masks as this experiment involves handling of chemicals.

5. Drain the reactors carefully.

6. Make sure the reactant solutions are prepared in distilled water in order to ensure the safety of
the reactor system.

5.5 Observations and Calculations:

Table 4.1: Experimental Readings

No. of Time (min) Conductivity Concentration

Conversion of
(M)
obs. (µS/cm) NaOH
1
2
3
4
5

Initial concentration of NaOH = CNaOH,o = 0.03M

Final concentration of NaOH = CNaOH = (final reading from table 4.1)
Find the conversion using formula:
X NaOH = ((CNaOH,o − CNaOH)/ CNaOH,o)*100%
 Concentration v/s Conductivity
7000 y = 20 318x + .66
287
6000 R² =
Conductivity (uS/cm)
0.9982
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
Concentration of NaOH (M)

Figure 5.1: Effect of concentration of NaOH on conductivity

5.6 Conclusion
The changing concentration of acetate and hydroxide ions has the most significant influence on
the total conductivity. As the reaction progresses, the acetate ions, with a less molar conductivity
replace the same number of hydroxide ions, which have a much higher molar conductivity. As a
result, the total conductivity proportionally decreases with the increasing conversion until it
becomes constant.

Results:
 EXPERIMENT NO. 06

Pre-Lab (CLO # 1)
Objective:
To compare the rate of given chemical reaction at room temperature with or without agitation.
Apparatus:
Batch reactor with stirrer, beaker, conductivity meter, standard solution of NaOH and ethyl acetate,
cylinder, stop watch, stirrer.
Theory:
Procedure:
1. Take 1000ml or as per required standard solution (0.1 M) each for NaOH and ethyl acetate in
a beaker.
2. Put these solutions in batch reactor simultaneously.
3. First the readings without agitation at room temperature and then with agitation at room
temperature from new solutions.
4. Plot graphs between concentration vs. time and rate of chemical reaction vs. time with and
without agitation.

Observations and Calculations:

Without agitation
Using k= 6.42 L/(gmol)(min)
Sr. No Time Conductivity Conc. -rA=kCA2
(min) (mS/cm) (mg/L)

With agitation
Using k= 6.42 L/(gmol)(min)
Sr. No Time Conductivity(mS/cm Conc. -rA=kCA2
(min) ) (mg/L)

Post-Lab (CLO # 2)
Graphs:
 Without
Conc. agitation

With
agitation

With
agitation

-rA
Without
agitation

The following topics should be covered by students

 Concept of rate of reaction.

Results:
 Experiment # 07

Pre-Lab (CLO #1)

Objective:
To Measure the value of n and k for the given reaction by using integral analysis.
Apparatus:
Batch reactor with and without agitator, glass rod, conductivity meter, standard solution of NaOH and
ethyl acetate, cylinder.
Reaction:
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5Na
Theory:
Procedure:
1. Take 100ml standard solution (1 M or 0.1 M) of NaOH and 100ml of ethyl acetate in separate
beakers. Note the conductivity of (0.1 M) NaOH solution by conductivity meter, it will be C A0
at time t=0.
2. Put 100ml each solution in a batch reactor in the lab simultaneously as the reaction starts, note
the conductivity (ppm,mg/L, mS, μS) by conductivity meter after every 20 sconds and prepare
the following table.
3. Plot ln(CA0/CA) vs time for first order kinetics.
4. Plot (1/CA-1/ CA0) vs time with CA0=CB0 or 1/CA vs. time with “1/CA0” as an intercept; if
“CA0” is not known for 2nd order kinetics.
5. Plot ½[1/CA2-1/ C A0
2
] vs. time for third order kinetics.
6. If the above plots in 3,4 and 5 are perfect straight lines with more than (85-90)% of the data
falling on this line, integral analysis is correct, otherwise it fails.
7. For perfect straight line the order (n=1, 2, 3) will be known and from slope of this line “k” can
be found. Remember this method will give integral order only.

Observations and Calculations:

Time Conc. CA0/CA ln(CA0/CA) 1/CA-1/ CA0 1/CA ½[1/CA2-1/ CA02]

(min) (CA)
5
10
15
20
25

Results:
 Experiment 08
Pre-Lab (CLO #1)
Objective:
To Measure the kinetics of saponification reaction (i.e. K) at different temperatures by using
conductometric method.
Apparatus:
Batch reactor, conductivity meter, standard solution of NaOH and ethyl acetate, cylinder, stop
watch.
Theory:
Procedure:
1. First take data of previous experiment i.e. between time and conductivity.
2. Then calculate C0 – Ct for all the temperatures i.e. 35 0C, 45 0C, 55 0C and 65 0C.
3. After that calculate C0 – Ct for all the temperatures.
4. Find the value of k by using the formula
k= 1/0.01(C0 – Ct/ Ct – Cf) t
5. At the end calculate kavg for all these temperatures which are our objective function.

Observations and Calculations:

At t= 35 0C
(C0 at t=0 sec/min)
(Cf at t where reading becomes constant)
Time Conductivity Conc. C0 – Ct Ct – Cf k= 1/0.01(C0 – Ct/ Ct – Cf) t
(min) mg/L or M
ppm

k1= (kavg) at 35 0C
Similar table should be prepared for temperature i.e. 35 0C, 45 0C, 55 0C and 65 0C and also calculate
the values for average “k” against each temperature i.e. k2,k3,k1.

Result:
 Experiment # 09

Experiment Title: Plug Flow Reactor

Pre-Lab (CLO # 1)

Objective:

Measure the conversion of saponification reaction in Plug Flow Reactor

9.1 Process and Applications:

Plug flow, or tubular, reactors consist of a hollow pipe or tube through which reactants flow.
Plug flow reactor in the form of a tube wrapped around an acrylic mold which is encased in a
tank. Water at a controlled temperature is circulated through the tank to maintain constant
reactant temperature. Plug flow reactors, also known as tubular reactors, consist of a cylindrical
pipe with openings on each end for reactants and products to flow through. Plug flow reactors
are usually operated at steady-state. Reactants are continually consumed as they flow down the
length of the reactor. Plugs of reactants are continuously fed into the reactor from the left. As the
plug flows down the reactor the reaction takes place, resulting in an axial concentration gradient.
Products and unreacted reactants flow out of the reactor continuously. Plug flow reactors have a
wide variety of applications in either gas or liquid phase systems. Common industrial uses of
tubular reactors are in gasoline production, oil cracking, synthesis of ammonia from its elements,
and the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.
Theory:
9.2 Experimental Procedure:

1. Prepare 3 L solution of NaOH with molarity of 0.02M and 3 L solution of ethyl acetate
having molarity of 0.05 were prepared.
2. Check all the electrical connections and flow lines.
3. Carefully switch on the electronic console and service unit.
4. Provide the feed to reactor by attaching the inlet pipe of first reactor to the containers
having NaOH and CH3COOC2H5 solutions (set the RPM of peristaltic pumps at 100 %.)
 5. Reaction starts as soon as the reactants enter the plug flow reactor.
6. Keep on noticing the reading of conductivity.
7. As the reaction proceeds, concentration of NaOH will drop in the reaction mixture and so
is the value of conductivity in all the reactors.
8. Let the system run until no change in the value of conductivity is observed.
9. Use the table 8.1 in order to plot the concentration (x-axis) vs conductivity (y-axis) graph.
10. Complete the table 8.2 by using graph potted in step 9 (Write the values of concentration
against every reading of conductivity using the concentration vs conductivity graph)

In-Lab (CLO 2)

9.4 Safety Observations:

1. Do not run the service unit idle.

2. Ensure that storage tank is at least 80% full when you start the peristaltic pumps.

3. Ensure that at the end of the experimental performance, all parts of the service unit are closed.

4. Wear gloves and face masks as this experiment involves handling of chemicals.

5. Drain the reactors carefully.

6. Make sure the reactant solutions are prepared in distilled water in order to ensure the safety of
the reactor system.

9.5 Observations and Calculations:

Table 8.1: Experimental Readings

No of Time (min) Conductivity (µS/cm) Concentration

obs. (M)
1
2
3
4
5

Initial Concentration of NaOH = Cao = 0.02M

 Final Concentration of NaOH = Ca (final reading of concentration in first table) =
X = ((Cao – Ca)/Cao)*100%

Post-Lab (CLO # 2)
9.6 Finding

Concentration v/s Conductivity

5000
y = 209187x + 235.8
R² = 0.9955
Conductivity (uS/cm)

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
Concentration of NaOH (M)

Figure 7: Effect of concentration of NaOH on conductivity

9.7 Conclusion
9.7.1 Results show that concentration of key component decreases with the increase in time
because of its consumption and product formation.
9.7.2 Results shows that Instantaneous conversion of the product (based upon Initial
Concentration) increases with time.
9.7.3 Results shows that conductivity decreases with time as conversion

Result:
 Experiment # 10

Experiment Title: Plug Flow Reactor

Objective:
To Describe the effect of reaction temperature on conversion Plug Flow Reactor. CLO-1

Apparatus:
Plug Flow Reactor

Chemicals:
NaOH, Ethyl acetate, Distilled Water

Procedure:
1. Prepare NaOH and ethyl acetate solutions and fill them in the feed tanks,
2. Turn the water flow at a specific flowrate.
3. Turn on the pump and fill the reactants in the feed tanks.
4. After a specific time take some sample and measure its conductivity to find out the
concentration.
5. Calculate the conversion with respect to the sample.

Observations and Calculations:

Sr. No Temperature Initial Final Conductivity Conversion %= (1- Initial
Conductivity condc./final condc)* 100

Result:
 Experiment # 11

Experiment Title: Plug Flow Reactor

Objective:
To Describe the effect of feed Concentration on conversion Plug Flow Reactor. CLO-1

Apparatus:
Plug Flow Reactor

Chemicals:
NaOH, Ethyl acetate, Distilled Water

Theory:
Procedure:
1. Prepare NaOH and ethyl acetate solutions and fill them in the feed tanks,
2. Turn the water flow at a specific flowrate.
3. Turn on the pump and fill the reactants in the feed tanks.
4. After a specific time take some sample and measure its conductivity to find out the
concentration.
5. Calculate the conversion with respect to the sample.

Observations and Calculations:

Sr. No Concentration Initial Final Conductivity Conversion %= (1- Initial
(M) Conductivity condc./final condc)* 100

Results:
\
 Experiment # 12

Objective:
To Analyse the preparation of Sanitizer using Liquid Liquid mixer.
Apparatus:
Liquid-Liquid Mixer

Chemicals:
Ethanol, Alovera gel, Hydrogen Peroxide, Glycerin, Distilled Water

Theory:
Procedure:
1. Take 7.8L ethanol in a large tank up to the graduated mark.
2. 75 ml Hydrogen peroxide is added in the tank by using the measuring cylinder.
3. Glycerin is added using a measuring cylinder.
4. Take 1.92L filtered water and add it in the tank.
5. The lid or the cap is used to cover the tank immediately after preparation to prevent
evaporation.
6. Mix and Shake this solution carefully.
7. Then add fragrance, coloring agent and alovera gel in the optional bases. Immediately
divide this solutions in the final containers such as 110ml plastic bottles.

Results: