Population Health Problem:

Communicable Diseases

Herawati, S, Kep., Ns., M.Kep

Community Health Nursing Department
School of Nursing-Universitas Lambung Mangkurat
Tujuan Instruksional Umum

Mahasiswa memahami tentang

konsep askep komunitas pada
kelompok khusus: penyakit
menular
Tujuan Instruksional Khusus
• Mahasiswa memahami ancaman &
dampak penyakit menular
• Mahasiswa memahami konsep
tentang penyakit menular
(transmisi, tahapan penyakit,
spektrum & surveillance)
Tujuan Instruksional Khusus
• Mahasiswa memahami kebijakan
dalam program kesehatan dalam
pemberantasan penyakit menular di
masyarakat
• Mahasiswa memahami peran perawat
komunitas dalam memberikan asuhan
keperawatan pada penyakit menular
di masyarakat
Preface
Rapid proliferation of drug resistant
organism, bioterorism, emerging
infectious/communicable diseases

Mortality & morbidity ↑

Creating formidable challenges worldwide:

nurse should be knowledgeable about
recognizing, preventing & controlling
infectious/communicable diseases
 Transmission of
Communicable Diseases
 The Epidemiologic Triangle
host

agent environment

 The Web of Causation

 The Wheel Genetic
core

host

environment
MULTIPLE CAUSATION

AGENT :
- Biological → microorganism
virus, bacteria, ricketzia,
protozoa, fungi, metazoa
- Physical→ Lead, asbes, Co,
etc
- Social → Maternal
deprivation
 HOST (Intrinsic factors)
- genetic factors
- immunity
Natural immunity, Acquired immunity (active
immunization, passive immunization)
 ENVIRONMENT (extrinsic factors)
-Biological environment
Agents of disease, reservoir, vectors
-Social life environment
eating habits, the way of cooking
-Economic environment
low income, health service payment
- Physical environment :
heat, light, air, water pollution, gravity
atmoshpheric pressure, chemical
- Ideology and politics :
health policy, social conflict, war→ death ,injuries
Modes of Transmission

Vertical
Transmission

Horizontal
Transmission
Modes of Transmission

Direct
Transmission

Indirect
Transmission
Stages Of Disease
Disease Spectrum
1 •Endemic

2 •Epidemic

3 •Pandemic
Prevention & control of
communicable disease
Prevention • The reduction of
incidence/prevalence to a
& Control locally acceptable level

• The reduction of
Elimination incidence/prevalence to near
zero

• The reduction of
Eradication incidence/prevalence to zero
 Level Prevention
Primary prevention
- purpose → to limit the incidence of disease by
controlling causes and risk factor (health promotion &
spesific protection)
 Secondary prevention
-Aim to cure patients and reduce the more
serious sequences of disease through
early diagnosis and treatment
- It is directed at the period b/w onset of
disease and the normal time of D/ and
aim to reduce the prevalence of disease
- 2nd prevention can be applied to disease in which
the natural history includes an early period when it is
easily identified and treated
 Tertiary prevention
- aim at reducing the progress or complication of establish
disease and is an important aspect of therapeutic and
rehabilitation medicine.
 THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPE OF
SCREENING
 Mass Screening → Involves the screening of a whole
population
 Multiple or Multiphase Screening → Involves the use
of a variety of screening test on the same occasion
 Targeted Screening of group with specific exposures
 Case Finding or Opportunistic Screening is Restricted
to patiens who consult a health practitioner for some
other purpose
 Surveillance of
Communicable Disease
• Gathers the who, when, where
and what; to answer why
 Systematic Surveillance
of Communicable Disease
Systematically
organize
collect

Analyze
Accurate
current

Complete
data
 Nurse role:
Assesment/Collecting data √
Making diagnoses √
Nursing Intervention √
Nursing Evaluation √
Reporting cases, providing feedback information to the general
public.
Resulting information is promtly released to those who need
it for effective planning, implementation and evaluation of
disease prevention and control program.