Ben ladin A. Datuman BS Med.Tech.

-1

1. What is botany? And give at least 5 subdisciples in botany and briefly describe
each.
Botany is a branch of natural sciences that deals on the scientific study of plants,
including their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, distribution, classification, and
economic importance.
Subdisciples are the followings;
 Agronomy and Crop Science-This is an agricultural science dealing with field
crop production and soil management.

 Algology and Phycology-This is the study of algae.

 Bacteriology- This is the study of bacteria (also considered part of microbiology).

 Bryology- This is the study of mosses and liverworts.

 Mycology- This is the study of fungi.

 Paleobotany- This is the study of plant fossils.

 Plant Anatomy and Physiology- This is the study of the structure and function of
plants.

 Plant Cell Biology- This is the study of the structure and function of cells.

 Plant Genetics- This is the study of genetic inheritance in plants.

 Plant Pathology- This is the study of diseases in plants.

 Pteridology- This is the study of ferns and their relatives.

2. What features distinguish plants from non-living things?

Non-livings things have no activities, and hence, do not require energy. Living

things grow and reproduce. Humans and animals produce young ones through
various methods. Plants also have the ability to reproduce through seeds, stems,
etc.
3. List the 6 kingdom of life and the three domains.

1. Animalia, includes animals. Animals without backbones (invertebrates) and with

backbones (vertebrates) are included here. The cells are eukaryotic; the
organisms are heterotrophic. All animals are multicellular, and none has cell
walls. In the kingdom Animalia, biologists classify such organisms as sponges,
hydras, worms, insects, starfish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. The
feeding form is one in which large molecules from the external environment are
consumed and then broken down to usable parts in the animal body.
2. Protista has itself been under intense revision, though it is still referred to as its
own kingdom. The protists include protozoa, algae, and slime molds. The cells of
these organisms are eukaryotic. They can be either unicellular or multicellular,
and they may be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Eukaryotic organisms have a
nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm, possess multiple
chromosomes, have large ribosomes, and reproduce by mitosis.
3. Fungi includes the yeasts, molds, mildews, mushrooms, and other similar
organisms. The cells of this kingdom are eukaryotic and heterotrophic. Yeasts
are unicellular, whereas other species form long chains of cells and are
called filamentous fungi. A cell wall strengthened by chitin is found in most
members. Food is taken in by the absorption of small molecules from the
external environment; thus, fungi are deemed absorptive heterotrophs.
4. Plantae. Classified here are the mosses, ferns, and seed-producing and
flowering plants. All plant cells are eukaryotic and autotrophic. The organisms
synthesize their own foods by photosynthesis, and their cell walls contain
cellulose. All the organisms are multicellular.
5. Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments such as hot boiling water
and thermal vents under conditions with no oxygen or highly acid environments.
6. Eubacteria, like archaebacteria, eubacteria are complex and single celled. Most
bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom. They are the kinds found everywhere
and are the ones people are most familiar with.
 4. Outline the hierarchical levels of classification, from species to domain.

1. Domain
A domain is the highest (most general) rank of organisms.

2. Kingdom
Before domains were introduced, kingdom was the highest taxonomic rank. In the past,
the different kingdoms were Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, and Bacteria
(Archaea and Bacteria were sometimes grouped into one kingdom, Monera).

3. Phylum
Phylum (plural: phyla) is the next rank after kingdom; it is more specific than kingdom,
but less specific than class.

4. Class
Class was the most general rank proposed by Linnaeus; phyla were not introduced until
the 19th Century. There are 108 different classes in the kingdom Animalia, including
Mammalia (mammals), Aves (birds), and Reptilia (reptiles), among many others.
5. Order
Order is more specific than class. Some of Linnaeus’ orders are still used today, such
as Lepidoptera (the order of butterflies and moths).
6. Family
Family is, in turn, more specific. Some families in the order Carnivora, for example, are
Canidae (dogs, wolves, foxes), Felidae (cats), Mephitidae (skunks), and Ursidae
(bears). There are 12 total families in the order Carnivora.
7.Genus
Genus (plural: genera) is even more specific than family. It is the first part of an
organism’s scientific name using binomial nomenclature; the second part is the species
name.
8. Species
Species is the most specific major taxonomic rank; species are sometimes divided into
subspecies, but not all species have multiple forms that are different enough to be
called subspecies.