Simple Categorical

Proposition
Proposition
It is a statement in which something is affirmed or denied.

Example:
a. John has stood witness to the truth.
b. The Lord hat heard my supplication.
c. There are two telescopic stars nearby lying parallel to the
equator.
d. Napoleon was not a timid man.
e. The nebulous nature of the cluster cannot be detected in small
telescopes.
A proposition is a declarative sentence and must be
distinguished from a question, exclamation, wish, command, and
request.

These are NOT propositions:

a. Lift up your hearts

b. Why is the market aging?
c. Make ready the way of the Lord, make straight his paths.
d. Hallelujah!
e. Amen!
A proposition is a judgment expressed in a
sentence, a discourse that expresses truth of falsity. It
is the only kind of discourse which we may believe,
assume, refute, prove, deny, or doubt.

Example:
a. All Galaxies are unimaginably vast.
b. Some businessmen are dishonest.
c. Some autistic children are not dull.
d. No statesmen are cheap politicians.
 The Subject, the Predicate, and the Copula

• The subject is the term designating an idea about

which the pronouncement that which is proposed is
made.
• The predicate is the term designating the idea,
which is either denied or affirmed in the subject.
• The copula is the act of the mind, which pronounces
the agreement between the subject and predicate.
The copula is either is, am, are, or it can be is not, am
not, and are not.
 Types of Simple
Categorical Proposition
(A, E, I, and O)
The Quality and Quantity of Propositions
 The Quality of Propositions
Quality of propositions may either be affirmative or negative.

In an affirmative proposition, the predicate is always

affirmed of it’s subject; the subject, therefore, is part of the
predicate, The copula joins, unites or copulates the subject and
the predicate.

In a negative proposition there is a denial of agreement

between the subject and the predicate; the subject is not made a
part of the predicate. The copula separates or divides the
predicate from the subject.
 The Quantity of Propositions

A proposition is universal if the subject is a

universal term applied to each and all of the
class of objects or ideas, which the subject
separates.

Example: All humans are mortal.

No Math majors are English majors.
A proposition is particular when the
subject is used partly.

Example: Some houses are not made of

strong materials
Some historians are biased
A proposition may also be singular
when the subject applies to a single
individual only.

Example: Paris is a city.

John was an apostle.
Jupiter is a planet.
A, E, I, and O propositions
The A proposition
The A proposition is universal and affirmative.

Example:

All microscopes are equipment.

All entrepreneurs are businessmen.
All political analyst are smart.
The E proposition
The E proposition is universal and negative.

Example:

No Noble Prize winners are ordinary men.

No heroes are cowards.
No whales are birds.
The I proposition
The I proposition is particular and affirmative.

Example:

Some politicians are corrupt.

Some educators are strict.
Some students are kind.
The O proposition
The O proposition is particular and negative.

Example:

Some athletes are not disciplined.

Some books are not cheap.
Some professors are not young.
 Quantity of Terms of the
A, E, I, and O Propositions
The A proposition

Subject – Universal
Animals
Predicate – Particular

All dogs (u) are animals (p) Dogs

The E proposition
Subject – Universal
Predicate – Universal

No dogs (u) are cats (u) Dogs Cats

The I proposition
Subject – Particular
Predicate – Particular
Old Professors x Handsome

Some old professors (p) are handsome (p)

The O proposition
Subject – particular
Predicate – universal cats
black
x

Some cats (p) are not black (u)