Mitotic Cell

Division
Prepared By
Marjorie L. Elambo

Lesson
Senior High School
 SUBJECT CODE: GNBIO1

SUBJECT TITLE: General Biology 1

CURRICULAR AREA: Science and Technology

SUBJECT DESCRIPTION:
This subject is designed to enhance the understanding of the principles and
concepts in the study of biology, particularly life processes at the cellular and
molecular levels. It also covers the transformation of energy in organisms.

TIME ALLOTMENT: 4 hours/week

Mitotic Cell Division

 OBJECTIVES
At the end of lesson, learners will be able to:

 characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points
 describe the stages of mitosis
 identify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction
of the cell during the cell cycle
 Recognize the importance of cell division in growth and
reproduction

The Atom
Mitotic Cell Lesson
Division
PRE LEVEL ASSESSMENT
Choose the letter of the correct answer.

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the

middle of the dividing cell?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase

Mitotic Cell Division

PRE LEVEL ASSESSMENT

The two main stages of the cell cycle are called:

A. Mitosis and interphase
B. Telophase and cytokinesis
C. Interphase and anaphase
D. Cytokinesis and mitosis

Mitotic Cell Division

PRE LEVEL ASSESSMENT

DNA in a cell is copied during:

A. G1 phase
B. G2 phase
C. Cytokinesis
D. S phase

Mitotic Cell Division

PRE LEVEL ASSESSMENT

Cells spend most of their time in what phase?

A. Cytokinesis
B. Prophase
C. Mitosis
D. Interphase

Mitotic Cell Division

Identify the phase of mitosis in each image

Mitotic Cell Division

Introduction

Cells divide for many reasons. For example, when you skin your knee, cells divide
to replace old, dead, or damaged cells. Cells also divide so living things can grow.
When organisms grow, it isn't because cells are getting larger. Organisms grow
because cells are dividing to produce more and more cells. In human bodies, nearly
two trillion cells divide every day.
Mitosis is now known to be a highly regulated process involving hundreds of
distinct cellular proteins, according to researchers. When mitosis is observed in
living cells, the dynamic aspect of the process is best comprehended

Mitotic Cell Division

Here are some words that can help you grasp the lesson and expand your
vocabulary.

Cdks- Cyclin dependent kinases are a multifunctional enzyme family that may
change a variety of protein substrates that are involved in cell cycle progression.

Cohesin - Cohesins are ring-shaped protein complexes whose many functions are
based on their capacity to bring two separate DNA molecules or two distant
portions of the same DNA molecule together.

Mitotic Cell Division

Here are some words that can help you grasp the lesson and expand your
vocabulary.

Kinetochores - Kinetochores are macromolecular complexes that constitute the

microtubule binding site at the location of centromeric chromatin on each
chromosome.
Tumor suppressor genes- prevents the development of mutated cells, prevents
cancer/tumors

Oncogenes- cancer causing genes

Mitotic Cell Division

 CELL CYCLE
LESSON/ DISCUSSION
• The cell cycle is a repeated pattern of
growth, DNA replication and cell
division that occurs in eukaryotic cells.
• A cell spends most of its time in what is
called interphase, and during this time
it grows, replicates its chromosomes,
and prepares for cell division.
• The cell cycle has four main stages.
-Gap1,S,Gap2,M phase

Mitotic Cell Division

LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Interphase

• The cells spend the majority of

their cell cycle in interphase.
• The cell goes through typical
growth processes while preparing
for cell division during interphase.
• By the end of interphase a cell has
two full sets of DNA
(chromosomes) and is large enough
to begin the division process.
Mitotic Cell Division
LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Interphase

G1 (First Gap)

• The cell, on the other hand, is very active biochemically during

the G1 stage.
• The cell grows and accumulates the components of
chromosomal DNA and related proteins, as well as sufficient
energy reserves, to accomplish the task of nucleosome
replication.

Mitotic Cell Division

LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Interphase
S Phase (Synthesis of DNA)

• Because of the intricacy of the genetic material being copied, the synthesis
phase of interphase takes the longest.

• Nuclear DNA remains in a semi-condensed chromatin structure throughout

interphase. In the S phase, DNA replication produces sister chromatids, which are
identical pairs of DNA molecules firmly connected to the centromeric region.
During the S phase, the centrosome is duplicated.

•The mitotic spindle, which orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during

mitosis, will be formed by the two centrosomes.

Mitotic Cell Division

LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Interphase
G2 Phase (Second Gap)

•The cell refills its energy stores and synthesizes proteins required for
chromosomal manipulation during the G2 phase.
•To generate resources for the mitotic phase, several cell organelles are
duplicated and the cytoskeleton is disassembled.
• During G2, there may be increased cell growth. Before the cell may start the
first stage of mitosis, the last preparations for the mitotic phase must be
completed.

Mitotic Cell Division

LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Cell Cycle Checkpoint

Cell cycle checkpoints

are systems that ensure
mitotic division integrity
and viability in cells.
Several checkpoints have
been discovered, each
with its own set of
responsibilities:

Mitotic Cell Division

Cell Cycle Checkpoint
LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Cell Cycle Checkpoint
The G1 checkpoint

• The G1 checkpoint, also known as the restriction point is the point at which a
cell irrevocably commits to the process of cell division. Growth factors, for example,
play an important role in getting the cell through the G1 checkpoint.

• The G1 checkpoint checks for genomic DNA damage in addition to appropriate

reserves and cell size.
• A cell that fails to meet all of the criteria will not be allowed to go to the S
phase.
• The cell can halt the cycle and attempt to remedy the problematic condition, or
the cell can advance into G0 and await further signals when conditions improve.
Mitotic Cell Division
LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Cell Cycle Checkpoint
The G2 Checkpoint

• If certain circumstances are not met, the G2 checkpoint prevents the cell from
entering the mitotic phase.
•Cell size and protein reserves are measured, just as they were at the G1
checkpoint.
•The G2 checkpoint's primary function, however, is to guarantee that all
chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged.
•The cell cycle is interrupted if the checkpoint mechanisms identify DNA
abnormalities, and the cell seeks to either finish DNA replication or repair the
damaged DNA.

Mitotic Cell Division

LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Cell Cycle Checkpoint
The M Checkpoint
• M checkpoint occurs at the end of karyokinesis' metaphase stage. Because it
determines whether all sister chromatids are appropriately connected to the
spindle microtubules,
• a.k.a spindle checkpoint
• The cycle will not proceed until the kinetochores of each pair of sister
chromatids are firmly fastened to at least two spindle fibers emanating from
opposing poles of the cell, because sister chromatid separation is an irreversible
step during anaphase.

Mitotic Cell Division

 https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/07%3A_Cell_Reproduction/7.3%3A_Mitotic_Phase_-
_Mitosis_and_Cytokinesis

After DNA replicates, it forms X-shaped chromosomes like the one shown here. 1. Chromatid, 2. Centromere, 3. short
arm, 4. long arm.

Mitotic Cell Division

LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Mitosis
• a cell duplication or reproduction process in
which a single cell produces two genetically
identical daughter cells.

• Mitosis is required for life because it

generates new cells for growth and the
replacement of worn-out ones.

Mitotic Cell Division

LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Mitosis
•Depending on the type
of cell and the species of
organism, mitosis might
take minutes or hours.
The time of day,
temperature, and
chemicals all have an
impact.

https://slideplayer.com/slide/6626983/

Mitotic Cell Division

LESSON/ DISCUSSION

mitotic
LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Prophase

• During prophase, cohesin is largely eliminated

from the arms of sister chromatids in most species,
permitting the resolution of individual sister
chromatids.
• However, cohesin is preserved at the centromere,
the most constrained portion of the chromosome .
• As the two pairs of centrioles travel to opposing
poles and microtubules begin to polymerize from
the duplicated centrosomes during prophase, the
spindle begins to develop.

Mitotic Cell Division

LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Prometaphase

• The nuclear envelope is abruptly fragmented into many small vesicles in

prometaphase, which will later be divided between the future daughter cells.
• The nuclear membrane must be broken down before the spindle can be
assembled.
• The microtubules of the growing spindle do not have access to the chromosomes
until the nuclear membrane breaks apart, because the centrosomes are positioned
outside the nucleus in animal cells.

Mitotic Cell Division

LESSON/ DISCUSSION
• Prometaphase is a very active stage of the cell cycle. As they grow out of the
centrosomes, microtubules rapidly build and disintegrate, looking for attachment
sites at chromosome kinetochores, which are complex plate like structures that
develop during prometaphase on one face of each sister chromatid near its
centromere.
• Microtubules emerging out of both poles of the spindle pull and tug
chromosomes in opposite directions during prometaphase, until the pole-directed
forces are finally balanced. Sister chromatids do not break apart during this tug-
of-war because the cohesin that remains at their centromeres keeps them
together.

Mitotic Cell Division

Mitotic Cell Division
LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Metaphase

• The spindle has collected all of the chromosomes and lined them up
in the center of the cell, ready to divide, during metaphase.
• At the metaphase plate, all of the chromosomes align (not a physical
structure, just a term for the plane where the chromosomes line up).
• Each chromosome's two kinetochores should be linked to
microtubules from opposite spindle poles at this point.

Mitotic Cell Division

Mitotic Cell Division
LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Anaphase
• The sister chromatids split from each other and are pulled to opposing
ends of the cell during anaphase.
• The protein "glue" that connects the sister chromatids is broken down,
allowing them to split. Each chromosome is now its own entity.
• Each pair's chromosomes are dragged to opposing ends of the cell.
• Non-chromosomal microtubules extend and push apart, separating
the poles and lengthening the cell.

Mitotic Cell Division

Mitotic Cell Division
LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Telophase
• As cytokinesis (division of the cell contents)
occurs during telophase, the cell is nearly
finished dividing and begins to re-establish its
usual architecture.
• The mitotic spindle is disassembled into its
constituent parts.
• Each set of chromosomes produces two new
nuclei. Nucleoli and nuclear membranes return.
• The chromosomes start to decondense and
return to their original "stringy" state.
LESSON/ DISCUSSION
Cytokinesis
• Cytokinesis, is the second major stage of
cell division, which the cytoplasmic
components are physically separated into
two daughter cells.
• The cell components must be apportioned
and totally split into the two daughter cells
before division is complete.

Mitotic Cell Division

Mitosis Animation
LESSON/ DISCUSSION
THE CELL CYCLE'S REGULATOR MOLECULES
There are two classes of intracellular molecules that regulate the cell cycle in
addition to the internally controlled checkpoints.
These regulatory substances either stimulate cell progression to the next phase
(positive regulation) or stop the cycle (negative regulation)
The failure of a single regulator may have little impact on the cell cycle,
particularly if multiple mechanisms control the same event. If many processes are
disrupted, the effect of a weak or non-functioning regulator could be wide-
ranging and potentially lethal to the cell.

Mitotic Cell Division

THE CELL CYCLE'S POSITIVE REGULATION

• The progression of the cell through the numerous checkpoints is

controlled by two groups of proteins termed cyclins and cyclin-
dependent kinases (Cdks).
• The levels of the four cyclin proteins fluctuate in a predictable fashion
during the cell cycle .
• Both external and internal signals cause an increase in the
concentration of cyclin proteins.
• The cyclins that were active in the previous stage of the cell cycle are
destroyed as the cell goes on to the next stage.

Mitotic Cell Division

Mitotic Cell Division
• Only when Cyclins are securely linked to Cdks do they govern the cell
cycle.
• Cdk/cyclin complex must also be phosphorylated in particular places to
be fully functional.
• Cdks, like all other kinases, are enzymes that phosphorylate other
proteins. By modifying the structure of the protein, phosphorylation
activates it.
• Cdks phosphorylate proteins that are important in the cell's progression
to the next phase.
• Cdk protein levels remain relatively constant throughout the cell cycle,
whereas cyclin concentrations fluctuate, determining when Cdk/cyclin
complexes form.

Mitotic Cell Division

Mitotic Cell Division
THE CELL CYCLE'S NEGATIVE REGULATION

• Negative regulators are the second type of cell cycle regulating molecules.
• Active chemicals stop the cell cycle under negative regulation.
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are the most well-studied
negative regulatory molecules.

• A defective copy of the regulatory protein was the main cause of the
unregulated progression through the cell cycle in each case.

• As a result, Rb and other proteins that inhibit the cell cycle are sometimes
referred to as tumor suppressors.

Mitotic Cell Division

• The G1 checkpoint is principally regulated by Rb, p53, and p21. p53 is a
multifunctional protein that plays an important role in a cell's commitment to
division by acting when damaged DNA is detected during the preparatory phases
of G1.

• If p53 detects damaged DNA, the cell cycle is halted and enzymes to repair the
DNA are recruited.

• The creation of p21 is activated as p53 levels grow. By attaching to and limiting
the activity of the Cdk/cyclin complexes, p21 enforces the p53-ordered cycle halt.

• Higher amounts of p53 and p21 increase as a cell is exposed to increasing stress,
making it less likely that the cell will enter the S phase.

Mitotic Cell Division

Mitotic Cell Division
Rb regulates the activity of other positive regulator proteins.
Rb is primarily responsible for keeping track of cell size.
Rb binds to proteins known as transcription factors when it is active and
dephosphorylated. Transcription factors enable the creation of proteins encoded
by certain genes by “turning on” those genes.
When Rb binds to transcription factors, it prevents the generation of proteins
required for the G1/S transition.
Rb is steadily phosphorylated until it is inactivated as the cell grows larger. This
particular block is erased when Rb releases the transcription factors, which may
now turn on the gene that produces the transition protein.
For the cell to move past each of the checkpoints, all positive regulators must be
“turned on,” and all negative regulators must be “turned off.”

Mitotic Cell Division

Summary
• Cell growth and division must occur at the right times and in the right places
for adult multicellular creatures to develop from a single fertilized egg.
•Pathological disorders such as cancer can arise when cell cycles go awry (cells
divide uncontrollably, for example).

• During the cell cycle, cells must complete two main tasks:
1. Cellular components are copied,
2. dividing the cell to distribute components uniformly to the offspring cells

• The "cell cycle" refers to the cell's alternating "growth" and "division“
operations.
• “M phase” corresponds to the division action. The activity "growth"
corresponds to "Interphase."
Mitotic Cell Division
 Summary
• During mitosis, the two sister chromatids that make up
each chromosome separate from each other and move to opposite poles of
the cell
• Mitosis occurs in four phases. The phases are
called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
• Internal controls known as checkpoints monitor each step of the cell cycle.
In the cell cycle, there are three major checkpoints: one near the end of G1,
another at the G2/M transition, and the third during metaphase. The cell
cycle can progress to the next stage with the help of positive regulator
molecules. Negative regulator molecules keep an eye on cellular conditions
and can stop the cycle if certain conditions are not satisfied.

Mitotic Cell Division

Exercises
Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which phase of the mitosis do chromosomes line up in the equatorial plate?
(90sec)
a. Anaphase
b. Metaphase
c. Prophase
d. Telophase
2. What are the three stages of INTERPHASE in the cell cycle? (90sec)
a. Gap 1, Gap 2, Gap 3
b. Gap 0, Gap 1, Gap 2
c. Gap 1, S, Gap 2
d. Gap 1, Gap 2, S

Mitotic Cell Division

Exercises

3. Which checkpoint ensures sister chromatids are positioned to be split

correctly?
a. G1 checkpoint c. G2 checkpoint
b. M checkpoint d. none of these

4. Mitosis allows organisms to do the following except…

a. Grow and develop
b. Repair tissues
c. Reproduce asexually
d. Generate genetic diversity

Mitotic Cell Division

Exercises

5. Which of the following sentences best describes the cell cycle?

a. Cells grow and develop during interphase. Cells reproduce during the mitotic
phase.

b. Cells grow and develop during the mitotic phase. Cells reproduce during
interphase.

c. The nucleus of a cell divides during interphase. The cytoplasm of a cell divides
during the mitotic phase.

d. The nucleus of a cell divides during the mitotic phase. The cytoplasm of a cell
divides interphase.
Mitotic Cell Division
POST LEVEL ASSESSMENT
This Performance task will be done during asynchronous class.
PT# 2-3
Mitosis

1.Class will be group into 5

2.Every member should participate in doing the video presentation.
3.Each group will make a video showing the phases of Mitosis. In each
phase of mitosis , students should show the distinct events. They can use
any materials/resources from their home in demonstrating the PMAT
4.The video presentation should be 3-5 minutes long.
5.The video orientation should be in landscape.

Mitotic Cell Division

POST LEVEL ASSESSMENT

Criteria

Content and Completeness (30 pts) All the necessary information is complete; facts are well
researched and presented in a way that audience can
easily understand.

Creativity (20 pts) The video must be presented in an entertaining and

interesting way at the same time being able to effectively
demonstrate the phases of mitosis.

Peer Evaluation (10 pts) Based from the groupmate’s evaluation; if the group does
not pass a peer evaluation, no grade in these criteria (each
member will have a different grade in this part depending
on their rating)

Mitotic Cell Division

 Watch and learn

Here is the link of the video that might help you to recall the lesson.

https://youtu.be/8uzHTKdv_Sw

https://youtu.be/nEMMKzYQf9A

Mitotic Cell Division

Virtual Decorum
• Be mindful that you are still in a classroom thus established norms should be observed.
• Wear proper uniform/decent outfit.
• Attend every class regularly and punctually starting from the first day of school.
• Focus on the activities and participate in active learning.
• Silence /mute your microphone during the online class.
• Use the chatbox to ask questions or ask permission to speak only when necessary.
• All learners must observe proper social media etiquette and are enjoined to communicate
in a professional manner.
• Treat your teacher and classmates with respect in email or any other form of
communication.
• Be mindful of your submittals/requirements.
• Avoid cheating and plagiarism.
• Be aware of the Classroom Recording Policy.

Mitotic Cell Division

This SLM- Flex is prepared by:
Marjorie L. Elambo

Reviewed and Checked by:

Ms. Yolanda C. Lazo

Mitotic Cell Division