POINTERS IN ENGLISH
1. LISTENING - The process of
receiving, constructing meaning from,
and responding to a spoken and/ or non-
verbal message.
2. APPRECIATIVE LISTENING – For
enjoyment and pleasure; as when we
listen to music, to a comedy routine, or
to an entertaining speech.
3. EMPHATIC LISTENING - To
provide emotional support for the
speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to
a patient or when we lend a sympathetic
ear to a friend.
4. COMPREHENSIVE / ACTIVE
LISTENING - listening to understand
the message of a speaker, as when we
attend a classroom lecture or listen to
directions for finding a friend’s house.
5. CRITICAL / ANALYTICAL -
listening to evaluate a message for
purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as
when we listen to the sales pitch of a
used-car dealer or the campaign speech
of a political candidate.
6. HOTS – High Order Thinking Skills.
7. CRITICISM – judging or forming of
opinion.
8. SYNTAX - states the rules for using
words, phrases, clauses and punctuation,
specifically to form sentences.
9. PARTS OF SPEECH - a category to
which a word is assigned in accordance
with its syntactic functions. In English
the main parts of speech are noun,
pronoun, adjective, determiner, verb,
adverb, preposition, conjunction, and
interjection.
10. NOUN - refers to words that are used to
name persons, things, animals, places,
ideas, or events.
11. PROPER NOUNS - is a noun that
identifies a single entity and is used to
refer to that entity.
12. COMMON NOUNS - is a non-specific
person, place, or thing.
13. CONCRETE NOUNS - refers to nouns
which you can perceive through your
five senses.
14. ABSTRACT NOUNS - represent
intangible ideas—things you can't
perceive with the five main senses.
15. COUNT NOUNS - refers to anything
that is countable, and has a singular and
plural form.
16. MASS NOUNS - are also called non-
countable nouns, and they need to have
“counters” to quantify them.
17. COLLECTIVE NOUNS - refers to a
group of persons, animals, or things.
18. PRONOUN - a pronoun is a word or a
group of words that substitutes a noun or
noun phrase.
19. ADJECTIVES - is used to describe a
noun or a pronoun. They are words that
describe the qualities or states of being
of nouns
20. VERB - is a word that in syntax
conveys an action, an occurrence, or a
state of being.
21. ADVERB - Adverbs are also used to
describe words, but the difference is that
adverbs describe adjectives, verbs, or
another adverb. It is a word or an
expression that modifies a verb,
adjective, another adverb, determiner,
clause, preposition, or sentence.
22. ADVERB OF MANNER - this refers
to how something happens or how an
action is done.
23. ADVERB OF TIME - this states
“when” something happens or “when” it
is done.
24. ADVERB OF PLACE - this tells
something about “where” something
happens or ”where” something is done.
25. ADVERB OF DEGREE - this states
the intensity or the degree to which a
specific thing happens or is done.
26. PREPOSITION - refers to words that
specify location or a location in time.
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27. CONJUNCTION - is a part of a speech
which joins words, phrases, or clauses
together.
28. INTEJECTION - refers to words
which express emotions. Since
interjections are commonly used to
convey strong emotions, they are usually
followed by an exclamation point.
29. DETERMINERS - are words placed in
front of a noun to make it clear what the
noun refers to.
30. DEFINITE ARTICLES – is the word
"the". It is used before a noun to define
it as something specific
31. INDEFINITE ARTICLES – is the
word "a" or "an." It is used before a
noun to define it as something non-
specific
32. DEMONSTRATIVES – are just the
words this, that, these, and those.
33. PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE
DETERMINERS – my, your, his, her,
its, our, their.
34. QUANTIFIERS - a few, a little, much,
many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough
35. NUMBERS - one, ten, thirty.
36. REFERRING - means showing us who
or what the noun is pointing to or talking
about.
37. QUANTIFYING - means showing how
much of something there is, or how
many.
38. NOTE TAKING – The outline method;
The cornell method; Mind-mapping
method.
39. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT -
means that a subject and its verb must be
both singular or both plural.
40. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS - does not
refer to any specific person, thing or
amount. It is vague and "not definite".
41. COMPOUND SUBJECTS - is two or
more individual noun phrases
coordinated to form a single, longer
noun phrase.
42. TENSE – derives from the word
“tempus” that means “time”.
43. ASPECT - refers to the nature of the
action described by the verb.
44. TIME EXPRESSION - to
communicate a period of time, the
duration of something that happens.
DEFINITE POINT IN TIME,
INDEFINITE POINT IN TIME,
PERIOD OF TIME IN THE PAST.
45. PAST TENSE – expresses action,
activity.
46. SIMPLE PAST TENSE - is a verb
tense that is used to talk about things
that happened or existed before now. It
emphasizes that the action is finished.
47. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE -
indicates that a longer action in the past
was interrupted. The interruption is
usually a shorter action in the Simple
Past.
48. PAST PERFECT TENSE - expresses
the idea that something occurred
before another action in the past. It can
also show that something happened
before a specific time in the past.
49. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS - to
show that something started in the past
and continued up until another time in
the past.
50. PRESENT TENSE – expresses action,
activity and state of being in the present.
51. SIMPLE PRESENT - to express the
idea that an action is repeated or usual.
52. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE -
to express the idea that something is
happening now, at this very moment. It
can also be used to show something
that may or will happen later.
53. STATIVE VERBS - usually don’t use
present continuous (or other
continuous/progressive tenses).
54. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE - refers
to an action or state that either occurred
at an indefinite time in the past.
55. PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS - to refer to an event
 POINTERS IN ENGLISH
that may or may not be finished when
it’s effect can be seen now.
56. FUTURE TENSE – expresses action,
activity and state of being in the future.
57. SIMPLE FUTURE - has two different
forms in English: “will” and “be going
to.” Both “will” and “be going to” refer
to a specific time in the future.
58. FUTURE PERFECT - expresses the
idea that something will occur before
action in future will occur before
another action in the future. It can also
show that something will happen before
a specific time in the future.
59. FUTURE CONTINUOUS – has two
different forms: “will be doing” and be
going to be doing.”
60. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
– has two different forms:” will have
you been doing” and “be going to have
been going”.
61. IMPLICATION – to state something;
to strongly suggest the truth or existence
of something that is not expressly stated.
62. INFERENCE – to conclude something;
to deduce or conclude information from
evidence and reasoning rather than from
explicit statement of that information.
63. MOOD OF A VERB – indicative,
imperative, subjunctive.
64. MOOD – is a property of verbs which
shows the mood or attitude of the
speaker.
65. INDICATIVE MOOD – express a fact,
opinion, or question.
66. IMPERATIVE MOOD - used to give
commands or to advise or beg someone
to do something.
67. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD - is the form
of a verb which is used to express a
wish, or a desire, or a hope, or
possibility, or a doubt, or uncertainty.